C1_Configuration_Manual_-_fm_1.0.0.1.doc
Altai C1 WiFi CPE
Configuration Manual
For
Firmware Version 1.0.0.1
Version 1.0
Date: 22-Oct-2009
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Copyright © 2009 Altai Technologies Limited
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Altai Technologies Limited
Unit 209, 2nd Floor,
No.10 Science Park West Avenue, Phase 2,
Hong Kong Science Park,
Shatin, New Territories,
Hong Kong
Telephone: +852 3758 6000
Fax: +852 2607 4021
Web: www.altaitechnologies.com
Customer Support Centre:
Email: support@altaitechnologies.com
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Radio Frequency Interference Requirements
This device complies with Part 15 of FCC Rules.
Operation is subject to the following conditions:
1. This device may not cause harmful interference.
2. This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operation.
3. This device should not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna
or transmitter.
Interference Statement
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection
against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can
radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions,
may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this
equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one of the following measures:
- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
- Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
- Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the
receiver is connected.
- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC Caution: To assure continued compliance, (example – use only shielded interface cables
when connecting to computer or peripheral devices). Any changes or modifications not
expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to
operate this equipment.
Warning
The user is advised to keep apart from the base-station and antenna with at least 45cm when the
base-station is in operation.
Disclaimer
All specifications are subject to change without prior notice. Altai Technologies assumes no
responsibilities for any inaccuracies in this document or for any obligation to update information
in this document. This document is provided for information purposes only. Altai Technologies
reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice.
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Table of Contents
1 I
NTRODUCTION
2 C1 M
3 G
4 C
5 P
ODEL AND FIRMWARE VERSION
ETTING START
3.1
Setup Local Area Connection on Your PC.................................................................................7
3.2
Check Access..............................................................................................................................9
ONFIGURATION WITH WEB-ADMIN
4.1
Web Browser Connection...........................................................................................................9
4.2
Checking the C1 Versions ........................................................................................................11
4.3
Setup – User Name, Password and System Name....................................................................12
4.4
NTP Configuration ...................................................................................................................13
4.5
SNMP Configuration ................................................................................................................13
4.6
Telnet ........................................................................................................................................14
4.7
Network Operation Mode .........................................................................................................14
4.8
Switch Mode.............................................................................................................................15
4.9
Gateway Mode..........................................................................................................................17
4.10 Access Link Safe Mode/ Backhaul Link Self-healing..............................................................22
4.11 Setup – 2.4GHz Radio Parameter .............................................................................................23
4.12 System Log ...............................................................................................................................32
4.13 Reboot.......................................................................................................................................33
4.14 Restore Configuration to Default Setting .................................................................................34
ERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT MONITORING IN WEB-ADMIN
5.1
System.......................................................................................................................................35
5.2
2.4GHz Statistics ......................................................................................................................36
5.3
2.4GHz Association Client .......................................................................................................37
5.4
2.4GHz Association AP............................................................................................................38
........................................................................................................................................7
.......................................................................................................................................7
.....................................................................................................7
.......................................................................................................9
.............................................................35
6 S
OFTWARE UPGRADE THROUGH WEB-ADMIN
6.1
Firmware Update Through HTTP or HTTPS ...........................................................................39
7 G
LOSSARY
..............................................................................................................................................41
......................................................................................39
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Table of Figures
F
IGURE 1 CONTROL PANEL IN WINDOWS
F
IGURE 2 NETWORK CONNECTIONS IN WINDOWS
F
IGURE 3 LOCAL AREA CONNECTION PROPERTIES IN WINDOWS
F
IGURE 4 INTERNET PROTOCOL
F
IGURE 5 ENTER USER NAME AND PASSWORD
F
IGURE 6 WEB-ADMIN LOGIN PAGE
F
IGURE 7 VERSION OF C1 SUPER WIFI
F
IGURE 8 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
F
IGURE 9
F
IGURE 10 THE IP ADDRESS HERE IS THE ETHERNET INTERFACE OF THE
F
IGURE 11 NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS UNDER SWITCH MODE
F
IGURE 12
F
IGURE 13
F
IGURE 14 CONFIGURE
F
IGURE 15 CONFIGURE
F
IGURE 16 CONFIGURE PORT FORWARDING
F
IGURE 17
F
IGURE 18
F
IGURE 19
F
IGURE 23
F
IGURE 24
F
IGURE 25
F
IGURE 26
F
IGURE
F
IGURE 28
F
IGURE 29 SYSTEM LOG SETTING
F
IGURE
F
IGURE
F
IGURE 35
F
IGURE 36
F
IGURE 37
F
IGURE 39 UPLOAD THE FIRMWARE THROUGH
NTP C
ONFIGURATION
N
ETWORK CONFIGURATIONS UNDER GATEWAY MODE
PPPOE C
ONFIGURATION
DHCP S
DHCP R
DMZ C
ONFIGURATION
2.4GHZ R
VAP S
2.4GHZ R
WEP K
WPA-AES S
WPA-TKIP S
27
WPA-PSK S
A
33
D
34
S
2.4GHZ R
2.4GHZ A
2.4GHZ R
ADIO PARAMETER CONFIGURATION
ETTING
ADIO SECURITY CONFIGURATION
EY SETTINGS
DVANCED
ETAILS OF THE SYSTEM
TATUSES OF THE VAPS
ADIO STATISTICS MENU
SSOCIATION TABLE
ADIO STATISTICS PER
(TCP/IP) P
............................................................................................................................... 13
ERVER
ELAY SERVER
.......................................................................................................................................... 25
............................................................................................................................... 29
ETTINGS
ETTINGS
ETTINGS
2.4GHZ R
XP.............................................................................................................. 7
XP................................................................................................. 8
XP.......................................................................... 8
ROPERTIES IN WINDOWS
XP.................................................................... 9
......................................................................................................... 10
......................................................................................................................... 11
CPE ............................................................................................................. 11
.......................................................................................................................... 12
C1............................................................. 15
............................................................................... 15
.......................................................................... 17
......................................................................................................................... 18
.................................................................................................................... 19
......................................................................................................... 20
............................................................................................................. 21
............................................................................................................................ 22
........................................................................................ 23
............................................................................................ 28
............................................................................................................................. 29
............................................................................................................................ 30
............................................................................................................................. 30
ADIO SETTING
..................................................................................................... 32
........................................................................................................................... 33
....................................................................................................................... 35
......................................................................................................................... 36
.......................................................................................................... 36
................................................................................................................. 37
MAC A
DDRESS (DATA IS CUMULATIVE
) ............................................... 38
HTTP .............................................................................................. 40
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names,
Within commands, items enclosed in square brackets are optional
Within commands, item enclosed in braces are options from which the
Manual Conventions
Bold
Italic
_____
Bold type within paragraph text indicates commands, files
directory names, paths, output, or returned values.
Within commands, italics indicate a variable that the user must specify.
Titles of manuals or other published documents are also set in italics.
Underline means that the words you have to pay attention.
Courier
[ ]
{ }
|
…
>
The courier font indicates output or display.
parameters or values that the user can choose to specify or omit.
user must choose.
Within commands, the vertical bar separates options.
An ellipsis indicates a repetition of preceding parameter.
The right angle bracket separates successive menu selection.
NOTE: This message denotes neutral or positive information that calls out important points
to the text. A note provides information that applies only in special cases.
Caution: Cautions call special attention to hazards that can cause system damage or
data corruption, to a lesser degree than warnings.
Warnings: Warnings call special attention to hazards that can cause system damage,
data corruption, personal injury, or death.
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1 I
NTRODUCTION
This manual is to summarize how to perform configuration for the ALTAI C1 Super WiFi CPE
through web-admin interface.
2 C1 M
This manual is applicable for the following models and firmware version:
Product name : Altai C1 WiFi CPE
Model number : WA1011C
Firmware version: v1.0.0.1
3 G
3.1 S
C1 Super WiFi CPE can be connected with your PC in wired mode or in wireless mode. In the
followings, wired mode will be introduced. This is because the configurations are similar in
wireless mode, unless SSID has to be configured in both C1 Super WiFi CPE and PC.
• RJ-45 Ethernet Cable Straight Cable has to be used if C1 Super WiFi CPE and your PC
• RJ-45 Ethernet Cable Crossover Cable has to be used if C1 Super WiFi CPE and your
Please kindly refer to the Altai C1 Super WiFi CPE Installation Guide.
Start Network Configuration on your PC.
ODEL AND FIRMWARE VERSION
ETTING START
ETUP LOCAL AREA CONNECTION ON YOUR
are connected by a switch or a hub.
PC are connected directly.
PC
For Windows XP user,
1. Click the “start” menu and choose “Control Panel”.
2. Click “Network Connections”.
Figure 1 Control Panel in Windows XP
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3. Right-click on the “Local Area Connection” and select “Properties”.
Figure 2 Network Connections in Windows XP
4. After clicking on “Properties”, you will see the diagram as below.
Figure 3 Local Area Connection Properties in Windows XP
5. Marking the “Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)” and click the “Properties”.
6. Type in an “IP address”, for example, 192.168.1.2, which is under the same subnet as
the Default IP address of C1 Super WiFi CPE (192.168.1.20).
7. Using the default “Subnet mask” (default: 255.255.255.0) setting at the first time.
8. Keep the “Default gateway” as “Blank”.
9. Keep the “Preferred DNS server” and “Alternate DNS server” as “Blank” also.
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10. Click “OK” when you finish setting and close the Window.
Figure 4 Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties in Windows XP
3.2 C
HECK ACCESS
“ping” utility of DOS mode is a handy tool to check the access to the C1 Super WiFi CPE.
1. Go to DOS mode by typing “cmd” in “Run”.
2. Type command:
ping 192.168.1.20
The C1 Super WiFi CPE shall respond to your ping request if it has a correct connection
with your PC.
NOTE: Using the same PC to ping different C1 Super WiFi CPE may cause ping failure. This is
because the C1 Super WiFi CPE have the same default IP address but different MAC addresses.
You need to type a command “arp –d” in DOS mode to clear ARP table on PC before each
ping.
4 C
4.1 W
ONFIGURATION WITH WEB-ADMIN
EB BROWSER CONNECTION
The C1 can be accessed through a Web Browser, for example, Internet Explorer (IE).
1. Open an IE session and type the IP address of the C1 Super WiFi CPE. Example:
https://192.168.1.20, where 192.168.1.20 is the C1’s IP address. The C1 default IP
Address is 192.168.1.20. Note: the release version 5.4.0.2 only supports http format
URL link.
2. A window will pop up, as shown in Figure 5. Enter the user name and password in the
corresponding fields. The default User Name and Password are shown in Table 1.
They are case sensitive.
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Default User Name Default Password
From version 5.0. onwards
Table 1 Default User Name and Password for logging in C1 Super WiFi CPE
altai wag
Figure 5 Enter User Name and Password
A login page in IE appears, as shown in below
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3. A Menu Bar is located on the left hand side of the IE window. Different configurations
can be chosen through the menu bar.
Figure 6 Web-admin Login Page
4.2 C
HECKING THE C1 VERSIONS
The running version can be checked by selecting About under Administration in the menu bar.
In Figure 7, it shows:
Firmware Version: v1.0.0.1 or above versions
Figure 7 Version of C1 Super WiFi CPE
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4.3 S
ETUP – USER NAME, PASSWORD AND SYSTEM NAME
The Password and System Name can be configured by selecting System under Configuration
in the menu bar, as shown in Figure 8
Figure 8 System Configuration
The User Name and Password for login are mentioned in Section 4.1, but only password can be
changed by entering a new string in the field of Password. Note: it is need to re-enter to
confirm the password. Please press Change Password button to store the new password.
The System Name is the name of the C1 Super WiFi CPE.
NOTE: Click the Update icon to store the changed settings.
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4.4 NTP C
ONFIGURATION
NTP is a network time protocol for the AP to synchronize the system time. There is no NTP
server IP address by default. If NTP is needed, IP address of the NTP server must be added and
C1 will synchronize with the NTP server. This measure is useful to maintain the network and
make sure all APs using the same system time by setting the same NTP server.
Figure 9 NTP Configuration
NOTE: Click the Update icon to store the changed settings.
4.5 SNMP C
ONFIGURATION
In the SNMP Manager, the administrator can change the Read Community and Write
Community. Access Subnet IP and Access Subnet Mask can be configured to specify the C1’s
SNMP Manger. Notification Server IP addresses can be added for SNMP control. They are
parameters used for SNMP control between Altai C1 and AWMS system.
By enabling SNMP Manager ACL mode, the C1 will only be managed by the AWMS which IP
is located in the ACL list with correct Read Community, Write Community and SNMP IP
address.
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It also supports SNMP Manager Access Control List which allows user to configure a list of
allowed SNMP manager IPs for managing the C1. When the SNMP manger ACL mode is
enabled, only SNMP request generated from the any of configured SNMP manger on the ACL
will be handled.
NOTE: Click the Update icon to store the changed settings.
4.6 T
ELNET
Administrator can login to the C1 Super WiFi CPE by telnet command in Command Prompt via
Ethernet or WiFi. For example, to telnet C1 with IP address of 192.168.1.20; telnet command is
“telnet 192.168.1.20 2223”.
NOTE: The telnet port number is limited at 2223.
4.7 N
ETWORK OPERATION MODE
The default setting for the Network Operation Mode is Switch Mode. If the C1 Super WiFi CPE
is set to Switch Mode, it acts as a switch and routes traffic between the DS and wireless clients
accordingly. When it is in Gateway mode, it acts as a gateway and the Local IP Address and
Local IP Address Mask information must be entered to specify the C1 local interface for serving
the wireless client.
In Switch mode, VLAN mode is by default disabled and clients in different SSID under the
same C1 can communicate with each other. However, if VLAN is enabled, each SSID can be
edited with a specific VLAN tag value. Only clients with same VLAN tag in same or different
SSID can communicate. Moreover, in this mode, DHCPS, NAT and PPPoE configuration have
no effort.
However, in Gateway mode, the DHCPS, NAT and PPPoE configurations can be configured but
the VLAN has no effort.
In Switch mode,
• VLAN can be configured
• DHCPS, NAT and PPPoE are disabled
In Gateway mode
• VLAN is disabled
• DHCPS, NAT and PPPoE can be configured
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4.8 S
WITCH MODE
4.8.1 Static IP address
In IP Assignation, there are two kinds of working mode for C1 CPE: Static IP address and
DHCP Client. In Switch mode, by clicking Network Configuration in the System page, users
can configure the IP Address, Subnet Mask and Gateway Address, as shown in Figure 10 and
Figure 11.
Figure 10 The IP address here is the Ethernet interface of the C1
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Figure 11 Network Configurations under Switch mode
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4.8.2 VLAN Configuration
Default setting of VLAN is “Disabled”. By clicking “Enabled”, VLAN can be enabled. C1
supports VLAN to VAP mappings to provide network security.
Management VLAN is used to configure the management VLAN of C1. C1 can only be
accessed through the specified management VLAN when VLAN is enabled. It will be ignored
when VLAN is disabled.
Native VLAN Tagging control is used to control the untagged packet when VLAN is enabled.
All the packets without VLAN tags should be sent to the VLAN with Native VLAN Tag ID.
The default setting of Native VLAN Tagging is “Disabled”. Native VLAN Tagging can be
enabled when VLAN is enabled.
4.8.3 STP Configuration
STP ensures a loop free topology for any bridged LAN. Under switch mode, STP can be
configured with choice of “Enabled” and “Disabled”, where the default setting is “Disabled”.
The system supports the following fixed default STP parameters:
• Bridge priority: 32768
• Bridge maximum age: 20 seconds
• Bridge hello time: 2 seconds
• Bridge forwarding delay: 15 seconds
• Ethernet port path cost: 80
• Ethernet port priority: 128
• 802.11a bridge port path cost for each bridge link: 100
• 802.11a bridge port path priority for each bridge link: 128
4.8.4 DHCP Client
By enabling DHCP Client and clicking the icon Update, the C1 CPE will acquire a dynamic IP
address from a DHCP server after rebooting.
Without enabling DHCP Client, the IP Address, Subnet Mask and the Default Gateway
Address should be configured by the user, unless the user prefers using the default setting.
NOTE: It is not recommend enabling DHCP client to allocate the IP address of C1 CPE
which is hard to predict after rebooting the C1. If the IP address of C1 CPE is unknown, there is
no way to maintain the C1 CPE via web-admin page.
4.8.5 DNS Auto Update
By setting DNS Auto Update to Enabled and clicking the icon Update, the C1 Super WiFi CPE
will acquire a DNS Server IP address via the DHCP Server after rebooting. User need not to set
a DNS Server IP Address manually.
Without enabling the C1 as a DHCP Client, the DNS IP Address and DNS Domain Name
should be configured by the user.
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NOTE: DNS Auto Update can only be enabled when DHCP client is enabled. If the
DNS Auto Update is enabled, it must be used in conjugation with either the DHCP Client or the
PPPoE Mode being enabled. If both the DHCP Client and the PPPoE Mode are disabled then the
DNS Auto Update must also be set to Disabled.
4.9 G
ATEWAY MODE
In Gateway mode, by clicking Network Configuration in the System page, users can configure
the WAN and LAN settings.
Figure 12 Network Configurations under Gateway mode
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4.9.1 WAN Configuration
NAT is set to “Enabled” as default.
The settings for Static IP address and DHCP Client are similar to those in switch mode. Please
refer to the previous section for details.
4.9.1.1 WAN Interface
Default setting is "Ethernet". This control is used to specify the WAN interface. The Ethernet
interface or 5G bridge interfaces can be used as the WAN interface when VAP0 works on the
AP mode. Use the pull down menu to select either one. The 2.4G Radio Client interface is
used as the WAN interface when VAP0 works on the Station mode.
4.9.1.2 PPPoE Configuration
If PPPoE is chosen, a PPPoE login will be attempted for the PPPoE Username, PPPoE
Password and PPPoE Service Name, see Figure 13.
Figure 13 PPPoE Configuration
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NOTE: The DNS Auto Update should be set to Disable when using PPPoE. User need
to configure the DNS server IP address manually.
PPPoE Active Mode, Max Idle Time and Redial Period can be configured.
When “Connect on Demand” is selected, PPPoE will establish the connection with the remote
access concentrator only when hosts in the local subnet need to access the internet. If the
parameter is set “Keep Alive”, PPPoE will establish the connection with the remote access
concentrator upon boot-up.
Default setting of Max Idle Time is 30 minutes. Only when PPPoE works under Connect on
Demand mode, it will be disconnected if PPPoE connection has been idle for the Max Idle
Time.
When last attempt failed, C1 CPE will attempt to establish the PPPoE connection at Redial
Period.
4.9.2 LAN Configuration
In Gateway Mode, the C1 can be a DHCP server, a DHCP relay or none of them.
When the DHCP Server Mode sets to Server, the C1 will act as a DHCP server and use the
settings specified in the field Start IP Address, Maximum Number of DHCP Users and DNS to
serve the wireless clients.
1. Configure the Local IP Address and Subnet Mask Length. Local IP Address is the
gateway IP address for the client who associates C1 CPE. Only the clients under the
same subnet of local IP address can get IP address from C1 Super WiFi CPE.
2. Configure the Start IP Address, Maximum Number of DHCP Users, and DNS, see
Figure 14.
3. Reboot the C1
Figure 14 Configure DHCP Server
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When the DHCP Server Mode sets to Relay, the C1 will redirect all DHCP requests from the
wireless clients to a backend DHCP server with IP address specified by the Relay Server IP
Address.
1. Configure the Relay Server IP Address, see Figure 15.
2. Reboot the C1
Figure 15 Configure DHCP Relay Server
When the DHCP Server Mode sets to Disabled, the C1 will neither be a DHCP server nor a
DHCP Relay and hence the wireless clients CANNOT get IP addresses from the C1 CPE to
access the Internet. Instead, each wireless client should set a fixed static IP address which is in
the same network domain as the C1.
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4.9.3 Port Forwarding Configuration
In Gateway mode, the user can configure the Port Forwarding. Port Forwarding is the technique
to forward a private port to public port. The external user can reach a port on a private IP address
from the outside via C1. This allows the remote computers to connect a specific computer with a
private LAN.
1. Configure the Private IP, Private Port, Type and Public Port, see Figure 16.
2. Choose Enable
3. Reboot the C1
Figure 16 Configure Port Forwarding
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4.9.4 DMZ Configuration
Demilitarized Zone is a physical or logical sub network that contains and exposes services to
external network. By enable DMZ zone, external user can only access client with IP configured
in DMZ IP. DMZ feature could be configured only under gateway mode and DMZ IP should be
under LAN IP subnet.
Figure 17 DMZ Configuration
4.10 A
CCESS LINK SAFE MODE/ BACKHAUL LINK SELF-HEALING
Access Link Safe Mode is for detecting the backhaul link integrity. If the AP loses its backhaul
connectivity, it forces the clients to re-associate with another AP by changing its SSID to a
default “C1 Safe Mode XXX”, where “XXX” is the MAC address of the 2.4GHz radio in
hexadecimal. This action can protect the client from connecting to a AP which has no backhaul
to the Internet end. Default Access Link Safe Mode is Disabled. Press the icon Enabled, C1
CPE will work under Access Link Safe Mode.
In the case where multiple physical backhauls are available, the Backhaul Link Self-Healing
feature will switch to other backhaul if the current one goes down. For example, when default
backhaul is set to 5GHz Radio, once the 5GHz Bridge link is broken down, C1 Super WiFi CPE
will try Ethernet end as its new backhaul. Default setting is Disabled. After enabled the
Backhaul Link Self-Healing, Default Backhaul Link can be configured.
Three different Ping Host can be added to the list for monitoring the connectivity. If either
Access Link Safe Mode or Backhaul Link Self-Healing is enabled, the AP will ping those
specified hosts periodically at the Ping Interval configured.
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4.11 S
ETUP –
2.4GHZ R
ADIO PARAMETER
The 2.4GHz Radio, Wireless Mode, Auto Channel Selection, Radio Frequency (Channel),
Transmit Power, Maximum Clients, Advanced Settings and VAP can be configured by
selecting 2.4GHz Radio under Configuration in the menu bar, as shown in Figure 18.
Figure 18 2.4GHz Radio Parameter Configuration
The 2.4GHz Radio can be enabled or disabled by selecting 2.4GHz Radio.
By default, the Auto Channel Selection is disabled; the C1 is fixed on Channel 6. When Enabled
of Auto Channel Selection is chosen, C1 Super WiFi CPE can scan all available radio channels
which are assigned to the regulatory domain. The “cleanest” channel is then selected as the
operating channel.
NOTE: After changing frequency channel, it takes around 3 minutes for C1 to optimize
its 2.4GHz radio performance.
4.11.1 Transmit Power
The value of the Transmit Power depends on both the gain of the 2.4GHz antenna and the
maximum value of the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (Max EIRP) allowed by the country
in which C1 is used. The Transmit Power should be configured within the given range as shown
in Figure 18.
NOTE: Click the Update icon to store the changed settings.
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For CE configuration, the max. Transmit Power is limited to 10dBm
4.11.2 Wireless Mode and Radio Frequency
Altai C1 Super WiFi CPE can offer 2.4GHz radio access, the following tables list the operation
mode and available frequency under the particularly wireless mode. Default setting of AP mode
radio is working on 2.4GHz 54Mbps (802.11b/g) and default channel is channel 6 (2437MHz).
2.4GHz Radio Mode Data Rate Channels Radio Frequency
802.11b 11 Mbps 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 2.412GHz-2.462GHz
802.11b/g 54 Mbps 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 2.412GHz-2.462GHz
802.11g 54 Mbps 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 2.432GHz-2.462GHz
Table 2 2.4GHz Radio Frenquency
NOTE: In CE configuration, Ch 1 -13 is supported.
4.11.3 Service Set IDentifier (SSID) and Virtual Access Point (VAP)
In order for the C1 CPE and mobile clients to communicate, they must all be configured to use
the same SSID for communication both at the VAP and clients ends. SSID broadcast can be
enabled or disabled by selecting Suppress SSID. Suppress SSID is used to prevent unauthorized
users scanning for SSID while still allowing users who know the correct SSID to connect.
VLAN can be enabled by adding different VLAN Tag ID. The traffic will pass through the
specific VLAN switch port when VLAN is enabled.
Each VAP setting (including SSID) can be altered by selecting Edit. The setting of each VAP is
shown in Figure 19. The default SSID for each VAP ID is Altai Wireless Network. VLAN Tag
can also be set here.
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Figure 19 VAP Setting
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4.11.4 Repeater Mode
Under VAP web-site interface, AP mode and Station mode can be chosen. While one of the
VAPs operates on station mode, other VAPs can work under AP mode only. By clicking Station,
backhaul link can be established through associating the Station VAP with the remote APs. That
means Station VAP works as backhaul link, clients can associate with other VAPs who work
under AP mode. The local wireless clients associating with the other AP mode VAPs can
communicate with remote AP through the backhaul link which is established by Station VAP.
The Security configuration should match to the remote SSID security type and pass phase.
There are three different repeater modes: NAT mode, WDS mode and MAC address
translation mode (MAT mode).
When repeater works in NAT mode, C1 works in Gateway mode and the Station mode VAP is
enabled. Repeater works in WDS mode when WDS is enabled and C1 works in Station mode.
The MAT mode can be enabled when C1 runs in Switch mode and WDS is disabled.
Repeater Mode
System Mode VAP0 working mode WDS status
NAT mode Gateway mode
Station mode
WDS mode Switch mode Station mode
MAT mode Switch mode Station mode
Table 3 Repeater Mode Setting Method
Disabled
Enabled
Disabled
Figure 20 Repeater Mode Setting
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4.11.5 2.4G Radio Channel Scanning and Preferred AP Mac
Under Repeater Mode, C1 will automatically scans neighboring AP SSID by clicking Scan icon.
Channel scanning result is list on the web-page, as shown in Figure 21 . Administrator can
choose the appropriate SSID as C1 repeater mode wireless backhaul.
Figure 21 2.4G Radio Channel Scanning
One preferred AP Mac address could be added to Station Mode VAP, shown in Figure . C1
Super WiFi CPE will only associate to the SSID with matching MAC address.
4.11.6 Minimum AP signal
Min AP signal can be configured under station mode VAP. C1 measure the signal strength of
remote SSID. Station mode VAP can only associate to remote SSID with higher signal strength
than min AP signal threshold.
4.11.7 Access Control List (ACL)
By selecting Access Configurations, a window, as shown in Figure , is brought up for choosing
the ACL mode, adding MAC Address with ACL Type (Allow or Deny).
There are three modes in the Access Control List (ACL). They are Disabled, Enabled-Allow and
Strict-Deny:
1. Disabled
- The function of ACL is disabled.
2. Enabled–Allow
- The function of ACL is enabled.
- The MAC addresses which are specified in the ACL will consider as Allow.
- i.e. No computer can access to the base station, unless the computer which has an
MAC address matches one of the entries of the ACL with its ACL Type is Allow.
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3. Enabled–Deny
- The function of ACL is enabled.
- The MAC addresses which are specified in the ACL will consider as Deny.
-
i.e. Every computer can access to the base station, unless the computer which has
an MAC address matches one of the entries of the ACL with its ACL Type is
Deny.
Figure 22 ACL
4.11.8 Encryption and Authentication
By selecting Security Configurations, a window, as shown in Figure 20, is brought up for
choosing the Authentication Mode and Cipher Mode.
Figure 20 2.4GHz Radio Security Configuration
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After selecting Open or Shared-Key for Authentication Mode, WEP for Cipher Mode, the WEP
key settings can be defined as shown in Figure 21.
WPA/WPA2 or WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK can be enabled by selecting WPA/WPA2 or
WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK for Authentication Mode. The AES and TKIP are the two available
options for Cipher Mode. The related settings are shown in Figure 20 and Figure 24
respectively.
NOTE: Click the Update icon to store the WEP or WPA settings.
Figure 21 WEP Key Settings
Figure 22 WPA-AES Settings
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Figure 23 WPA-TKIP Settings
RADIUS server is used for authentication. C1 can store separate RADIUS server address for
each VAP. It is only visible when the Authentication Mode is set to “WPA”. The default setting
of RADIUS server port is 1812. RADIUS secret shared password between the RADIUS server
and C1 CPE. A password up to 128 characters long can be added. The VLAN IP address and
VLAN Subnet Mask configured on the VAP security web page will be used only when C1 runs
in the following conditions.
1. C1 Super WiFi CPE runs in switch mode and VLAN is enabled.
2. The VAP does not belong to native VLAN.
3. The authentication mode is WPA.
Figure 24 WPA-PSK Settings
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4.11.9 Advanced Radio Setting
More radio parameters can be verified and altered by selecting the Advanced icon in the field of
Advanced Setting. The parameters are shown in Figure 25. The following table showed is the
best suggested interval worked with the current operated APs. Note that it is not suggested to
change the parameters in Advanced Radio Settings unless you are experienced administrators.
Number of active
VAPs
Auto Beacon Interval
(ms)
1 100
2 150
3 150
4 200
5 200
6 240
7 280
8 320
9 360
10 400
11 440
12 480
13 520
14 560
15 600
16 640
Table 4 Beacon Interval Table
Fragment Threshold: It means the size of each frame. If it is set to 256 bytes and the size of data
block is 1024 bytes, the data block will be divided to four frames to send.
RTS/CTS Threshold: RTS is a flow control mechanism to prevent collision between 802.11b
and 802.11g mobile stations to send data to the access point in the same time. CTS is another
flow control mechanism to prevent collision when two mobile stations, who do not know the
existence of each other, send data to the access point in the same time. RTS and CTS are used
for point-to-multipoint bridge application and they are enabled when the threshold set to 2346.
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Figure 25 Advanced 2.4GHz Radio Setting
4.12 S
YSTEM LOG
C1 Super WiFi CPE supports event logs for diagnostic purpose. The System Log can be
chosen under the System Log in the menu bar. Administrator can classify system log by
configuring digit of Kernel Log Level. The following from lists Kernel log level which is
presented by digits.
Digit Kernel Log Level
0 KERNER_EMERG
1 KERNER_ALERT
2 KERNER_CRIT
3 KERNER_ERR
4 KERNER_WARNING
5 KERNER_NOTICE
6 KERNER_INFO
7 KERNER_DEBUG
Table 5 Kernel Log Level
System Log allows C1 sending system log messages into a System Log server instantaneously to
the IP address of the System Log Server. Administrator could choose either Local System Log
Server or Remote System Log Server. When System Log To Local is enabled, the system
message is send to Local System Log Server and listed on the Web-Admin Interface. Click the
Browser button will load the system messages stored in the AP buffer. By typing remote
System Log server IP address in System Log to Remote IP field, C1 will send System messages
to remote server.
NOTE: All event logs will be lost after A8 is rebooted.
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Figure 26 System Log Setting
4.13 R
EBOOT
System reboot of C1 CPE can be chosen by selecting Reboot under Administration in the
menu bar. It is required to select Reboot Base Station to confirm this action, as shown in
Figure .
When the C1 CPE is rebooting, a message “Please wait… Base Station is Rebooting” is
shown on the window, as shown in Figure . It will take about 20 seconds for the access point to
boot up.
Figure 30 Reboot Window
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Figure 31 Access Point is Rebooting
4.14 R
ESTORE CONFIGURATION TO DEFAULT SETTING
The choices of factory default can be chosen by selecting Factory Default under
Administrations in the menu bar.
The default settings (IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway Address and Remote
Bridge Configurations are retained) can be restored by selecting the icon Reset to Factory
Default (address retained) or Reset to Factory Default, as shown in Figure . Please reboot the
C1 CPE afterwards.
Note: after resetting to factory default without address retained, please type
<http://192.168.1.20> to open C1 CPE web-admin.
Figure 32 Reset to Factory Default Setting in Web-admin
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5 P
ERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT MONITORING IN WEB-ADMIN
5.1 S
YSTEM
The statistics can be monitored by selecting System under Status in the menu bar. All details
are shown on the window, as shown in Figure .
Figure 27 Details of the system
The status of each VAP can be shown by clicking Vap under the field of 2.4GHz Radio, as
shown in Figure .
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Figure 28 Statuses of the Vaps
5.2 2.4GHZ S
TATISTICS
The 2.4GHz radio statistics can be monitored by selecting 2.4GHz Statistics under the field of
Status in the menu bar, as shown in Figure .
The Address Lease Table shows the Client MAC Address, Client IP Address of each end user.
Figure 29 2.4GHz Radio Statistics Menu
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5.3 2.4GHZ A
SSOCIATION CLIENT
The 2.4GHz radio association can be monitored by selecting 2.4GHz Association Client under
the field of Status in the menu bar. The 2.4GHz Association Table shows the ID, Mac Address,
RSSI, and VAP of each station as shown in Figure 36. A more detailed 2.4GHz Association
Statistic of each station can be brought up by selecting the related Mac Address as shown in
Figure 31.
Status Description
ID Station ID, a number randomly generated by C1 to
represent a mobile client
Mac Address Station Mac Address
RSSI Receiver Signal Strength
VAP Virtual Access Point ID Number that the mobile
client associates to
Table 6 2.4GHz Client Association Status
NOTE: The association page would be refreshed for every 15 seconds
Figure 30 2.4GHz Association Table
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Figure 31 2.4GHz Radio Statistics per MAC Address (data is cumulative)
5.4 2.4GHZ A
SSOCIATION
AP
The 2.4GHz radio association can be monitored by selecting 2.4GHz Association Client under
the field of Status in the menu bar.
Figure 38 2.4GHz Radio Association AP List
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6 S
OFTWARE UPGRADE THROUGH WEB-ADMIN
The firmware can be upgraded by selecting Firmware Update under the field of
Administrations in the menu bar respectively. Please note that the connection link should be
maintained during file transfer to prevent interruption to the system.
6.1 F
IRMWARE UPDATE THROUGH
HTTP
OR
HTTPS
Follow the steps below to perform the Firmware Update with a firmware image file (.bin) in
local directory through HTTP or HTTPS.
1. Click the Browse… bottom to bring up a file chooser dialog which you can specify the
name and location of the firmware image you want to import.
2. Click the Update Firmware bottom to start uploading the new firmware from the local
directory, see Figure .
3. If the firmware upgrade is successful, a window will appear as Figure . C1 Super WiFi
CPE will reboot automatically.
4. Type in URL with http://<ip address of C1>, note ‘http’ can not link to the web admin
of C1 under the new firmware version.
5. After the C1 reboots, check the firmware version by selecting About under the field of
Administrations in the menu bar, as discussed in Section 4.2, to ensure the expected
firmware is uploaded.
6. Select Factory Default under the field Administrations in the menu bar and click Reset
to Factory Default (address retained) or Reset to Factory Default to make the default
settings effective. Note: If press Reset to Factory Default with address retained, the IP
address of C1 web-admin will not be changed after rebooting the AP. While Reset to
Factory Default is chosen, IP address of C1 Super WiFi CPE will be changed into
192.168.1.20 .
7. Click the icon REBOOT AP to reboot the C1 Super WiFi CPE.
Warning: The C1 Access Point will not be working properly if there is some mistaken in the
upgrade process. You are NOT advised to perform firmware upgrade if you have not received
any training from ALTAI or its partners.
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Figure 32 Upload the Firmware through HTTP
Figure 40 Successful Firmware Update – Web-admin
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7 G
LOSSARY
802.1q IEEE 802.1Q was a project in the IEEE 802 standards process to develop a mechanism
to allow multiple bridged networks to transparently share the same physical network link
without leakage of information between networks (i.e. trunking). IEEE 802.1Q is also the
name of the standard issued by this process, and in common usage the name of the encapsulation
protocol used to implement this mechanism over Ethernet networks. This protocol allows for
individual VLANs to communicate with one another with the use of a layer-3 (network) router.
802.11 802.11 refers to a family of specifications developed by the IEEE for wireless LAN
technology. 802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless client and a base
station or between two wireless clients. The IEEE accepted the specification in 1997.
802.11a An extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to 54 Mbps in
the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
encoding scheme rather than Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) or Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum.
802.11b Also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi. It is an extension to 802.11 that
applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1
Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the
original 802.11 standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet.
802.11e A supplement to the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN) specification for
enhancements to the 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) to improve and manage Quality of
Service (QoS), provide Classes of Service (CoS), and enhanced security and authentication
mechanisms.
802.11g The 802.11g specification is a standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
that offers transmission over relatively short distances at up to 54 megabits per second (Mbps),
compared with the 11 Mbps theoretical maximum with the earlier 802.11b standard. Networks
employing 802.11g operate at radio frequencies between 2.400 GHz and 2.4835 GHz, the same
band as 802.11b. But the 802.11g specification employs Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM), the modulation scheme used in 802.11a, to obtain higher data speed.
Computers or terminals set up for 802.11g can fall back to speeds of 11 Mbps. This feature
makes 802.11b and 802.11g devices compatible within a single network. Modification of an
802.11b access point to 802.11g compliance usually involves only a firmware upgrade.
802.11i A supplement to the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN) specification for enhanced
security through the use of stronger encryption protocols such as the Temporal Key Integrity
Protocol (TKIP) and AES Counter-Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code
Protocol (AES-CCMP). These protocols provide replay protection, cryptographically keyed
integrity checks, and key derivation based on the IEEE 802.1X port authentication standard.
ACL Access Control List: It is a table that tells a computer operating system which access
rights each user has to a particular system object, such as a file directory or individual file.
ad-hoc mode An 802.11 networking framework in which devices or stations communicate
directly with each other, without the use of an Access Point (AP). Ad-hoc mode is also
referred to as peer-to-peer mode or an Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). Ad-hoc mode is
useful for establishing a network where wireless infrastructure does not exist or where services
are not required.
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antenna gain The measure of an antenna assembly performance relative to a theoretical
antenna, called an isotropic radiator (radiator is another term for antenna). Certain antenna
designs feature higher performance relative to vectors or frequencies.
AP Access Point: A hardware unit that acts as a communication hub by linking wireless
mobile 802.11 stations such as PCs to a wired backbone network. A Trapeze Networks
Mobility System has Mobility Point APs.
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange: An 8-bit code for representing
characters, consisting of 7 data bits plus 1 parity bit.
association The relationship established between mobile (wireless) stations and a wireless AP
(AP) in which the stations receive services from the AP.
bandwidth The gap between the highest and lowest frequencies employed by network signals.
More commonly, it refers to the rated throughput capacity of a network protocol or medium.
The frequency range necessary to convey a signal measured in units of hertz (Hz).
broadcast A data frame or packet that is transmitted to every node on the local network
segment (as defined by the broadcast domain). Broadcasts are known by their broadcast
address, which is a destination network and host address with all the bits turned on.
channel Communication path wide enough to permit a single RF transmission. Multiple
channels can be multiplexed over a single cable in certain environments.
dB decibels: Unit for measuring relative power ratios in terms of gain or loss. Units are
expressed in terms of the logarithm to base 10 of a ratio and typically are expressed in watts.
dB is not an absolute value, rather it is the measure of power lost or gained between two devices.
Because antennas and other RF devices/systems commonly have power gains or losses on the
orders of magnitude or even orders of four orders of magnitude, dB is a more easily used
expression.
dBd decibels over Dipole: A relative gain measurement with respect to a half wave dipole (0
dBd = 2.14 dBi) using a standard dipole antenna as a reference.
dBi dBi referenced to an isotropic antenna, which theoretically is perfect in terms of
symmetric patterns of radiation. Real world antennas do not perform with even nominal
amounts of symmetry, but this effect generally is used to the advantage of the system designer.
dBm decibels per Milliwatt: 0 dBm is defined as 1 mw at 1 kHz of frequency at 600 ohms of
impedance.
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: Provides a mechanism for allocating IP
addresses dynamically so that addresses can be reused when hosts no longer need them.
DNS Domain Name Server: System used on the Internet for translating names of network
nodes into addresses.
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum: One of two types of spread spectrum radio
technology used in wireless LAN (WLAN) transmissions. To increase a data signal's
resistance to interference, the signal at the sending station is combined with a higher-rate bit
sequence that spreads the user data in frequency by a factor equal to the spreading ratio.
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EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power: Term for the expression of the performance of an
antenna in a given direction relative to the performance of a theoretical (isotropic) antenna and is
expressed in watts or dBW. EIRP is the sum of the power sent to the antenna plus antenna
gain.
encryption The conversion of information into a scrambled form that effectively disguises it
to prevent unauthorized access. Every encryption scheme uses some well-defined algorithm,
which is reversed at the receiving end by an opposite algorithm in a process known as
decryption.
Ethernet Baseband LAN specification invented by Xerox Corporation and developed jointly
by Xerox, Intel, and Digital Equipment Corporation. Ethernet networks use CSMA/CD and
run over a variety of cable types at 10 Mbps. Ethernet is similar to the IEEE 802.3 series of
standards.
FastRoamingTM The Trapeze Mobility System feature that quickly hands off a roaming user's
credentials. Mobility Exchanges in a Trapeze Mobility Domain pass each other this vital user
information to permit seamless roaming. This allows 802.1X and non-802.1X,
MAC-authenticated devices, such as 802.11 phones, to roam quickly between Mobility
Exchanges.
FCC Federal Communications Commission: U.S. government agency that supervises, licenses,
and controls electronic and electromagnetic transmission standards. The FCC Rules in Title 47
of the Code of Federal Regulations govern telecommunications in the United States. Wireless
LANs must comply with Part 15 of the FCC rules, which are written specifically for RF devices.
firmware Software instructions set permanently or semipermanently in ROM.
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum: One of two types of spread spectrum radio
technology used in wireless LAN (WLAN) transmissions. The FHSS technique modulates the
data signal with a narrowband carrier signal that “hops” in a predictable sequence from
frequency to frequency as a function of time over a wide band of frequencies. Interference is
reduced, because a narrowband interferer affects the spread spectrum signal only if both are
transmitting at the same frequency at the same time. The transmission frequencies are
determined by a spreading (hopping) code. The receiver must be set to the same hopping code
and must listen to the incoming signal at the proper time and frequency to receive the signal.
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array: An FPGA is a specially made digital semiconductor
often used for prototyping. With an FPGA, a design engineer is able to program electrical
connections on site for a specific application, without paying thousands of dollars to have the
chip manufactured in mass quantities.
FTP File Transfer Protocol: Defined in RFC 959, it is a Application protocol that is part of the
TCP/IP protocol stack, used for transferring files between network nodes.
gateway In the IP community, an older term referring to a routing device. Today, the term
router is used to describe nodes that perform this function, and gateway refers to a
special-purpose device that performs an application-layer conversion of information from one
protocol stack to another.
handoff The process of transferring the handling of that cellular call to the new base station.
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host address Logical address configured by an administrator or server on a device.
Logically identifies this device on an internetwork.
https Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Sockets Layer: An Internet protocol developed
by Netscape to encrypt and decrypt network connections to web servers. Built into all secure
browsers, HTTPS uses the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol as a sublayer under the regular
HTTP application layer, and uses port 443 instead of HTTP Port 80 in its interactions with the
lower layer, TCP/IP.
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol: Defined in RFC 792, it is a Network layer Internet
protocol that reports errors and provides other information relevant to IP packet processing.
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: An American professional society
whose standards for the computer and electronics industry often become national or international
standards. In particular, the IEEE 802 standards for LANs are widely followed.
infrastructure network In an infrastructure network, all communications are relayed through
an AP (AP). Wireless devices can communicate with each other or with a wired network.
The network is defined by the distance of mobile stations from the AP, but no restriction is
placed on the distance between stations. Stations must request association with the AP to
obtain network services, which the AP can grant or deny based on the contents of the association
request. Like most corporate wireless LANs (WLANs), which must access a wired LAN for
file servers and printers, Trapeze Networks Mobility System is an infrastructure network.
IP Internet Protocol: Defined in RFC 791, it is a Network Layer protocol that is part of the
TCP/IP stack and allows connectionless service. IP furnishes an array of features for
addressing, type-of-service specification, fragmentation and reassembly, and security.
IP address Often called an “Internet address”, this is an address uniquely identifying any
device (host) on the Internet (or any TCP/IP network). Each address consists of four octets (32
bits), represented as decimal numbers separated by periods (a format known as
“dotted-decimal”). Every address is made up of a network number, an optional subnetwork
number, and a host number. The network and subnetwork numbers together are used for
routing, while the host number addresses an individual host within the network or subnetwork.
The network and subnetwork information is extracted from the IP address by using the subnet
mask. There are five classes of IP addresses (A-E), which allocate different numbers of bits to
the network, subnetwork, and host portions of the address.
LOS Line Of Sight: Refers to the fact that there must be a clear, unobstructed path between
the transmitters and receivers. This is essential for our LMDS products and enhances general
performance in every RF deployment as opposed to partial or completely obstructed data paths.
The opposite to LOS is NLOS, or Non Line Of Sight.
MAC address Media Access Control address: A Data Link Layer hardware address that every
port or device needs to connect to a LAN segment. These addresses are used by various
devices in the network for accurate location of logical addresses. MAC addresses are defined
by the IEEE standard, and their length is six characters, typically using the burned-in address
(BIA) of the local LAN interface. Variously called “hardware address”, “physical address”,
“burned-in address” or “MAC-layer address”.
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit: The largest packet size, measured in bytes, that an
interface can handle.
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NAT Network Address Translation: An algorithm instrumental in minimizing the requirement
for globally unique IP addresses, permitting an organization whose addresses are not all globally
unique to connect to the Internet, regardless, by translating those addresses into globally routable
address space.
NLOS Non Line Of Sight. Also known as obstructed path or pathway.
noise Undesirable communications channel signals.
NTP Network Time Protocol: Protocol built on top of TCP that ensures accurate local
time-keeping with reference to radio and atomic clocks located on the Internet. This protocol is
capable of synchronizing distributed clocks within milliseconds over long time periods.
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: A technique that splits a wide
frequency band into a number of narrow frequency bands and sends data across the subchannels.
The wireless networking standards 802.11a and 802.11g are based on OFDM.
open system authentication The sender and the recipient do not share a secret key. Each
party generates its own key-pair and asks the receiver to accept the (usually randomly) generated
key. Once accepted, this key is used for a short time only, then a new key is generated and
agreed upon. So, it is a two-step authentication method, in which sender first sends its identity
and in response of that it gets the authentication results.
ping Packet Internet Groper: ICMP echo message and its reply. Often used in IP networks to
test the reach ability of a network device.
PoE Power over Ethernet: A technology, defined in the developing IEEE 802.3af standard, to
deliver dc power over twisted-pair Ethernet data cables rather than power cords. The electrical
current, which enters the data cable at the power-supply end and comes out at the device end, is
kept separate from the data signal so neither interferes with the other.
Remote Bridge A bridge located on a network system separate from the host system.
RF Radio Frequency: Any frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with
radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic
field is created that then is able to propagate through space. Many wireless technologies are
based on RF field propagation.
RFC Request For Comments: Document series used as the primary means for communicating
information about the Internet. Some RFCs are designated by the IAB as Internet standards.
Most RFCs document protocol specifications, such as Telnet and FTP, but some are humorous
or historical. RFCs are available online from numerous sources.
shared key authentication Shared key authentication supports authentication of STAs as
either a member of those who know a shared secret key or a member of those who do not.
Shared key authentication accomplishes this with the use of the WEP privacy mechanism.
Therefore, this authentication scheme is only available if the WEP option is implemented. The
required secret, shared key is presumed to have been delivered to participating STAs via a
secure channel that is independent of IEEE 802.11. During the shared key authentication
exchange, both the challenge and the encrypted challenge are transmitted. This facilitates
unauthorized discovery of the pseudorandom number (PRN) sequence for the key/IV pair used
for the exchange. Implementations should therefore avoid using the same key/IV pair for
subsequent frames.
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SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol: SNMP forms part of the Internet Protocol
suite, as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It is a Network management
protocol used almost exclusively in TCP/IP networks. SNMP provides a means to monitor and
control network devices, and to manage configurations, statistics collection, performance, and
security.
SNMP2 Simple Network Management Protocol Version 2: Version 2 of the popular network
management protocol. SNMP2 supports centralized as well as distributed network
management strategies, and includes improvements in the SMI, protocol operations,
management architecture, and security.
SSID Service Set Identifier: A 32-character (maximum) unique identifier attached to the
header of packets sent over a WLAN that acts as a password when a mobile device tries to
connect to the Basic Service Set.
STP Spanning-Tree Protocol: Bridge protocol that uses the spanning-tree algorithm, enabling
a learning bridge to dynamically work around loops in a network topology by creating a
spanning tree. Bridges exchange BPDU messages with other bridges to detect loops, and then
remove the loops by shutting down selected bridge interfaces. Refers to both the IEEE 802.1
Spanning-Tree Protocol standard and the earlier Digital Equipment Corporation Spanning-Tree
Protocol upon which it is based. The IEEE version supports bridge domains and allows the
bridge to construct a loop-free topology across an extended LAN. The IEEE version generally
is preferred over the Digital version.
subnet mask A 32-bit address mask used in IP to identify the bits of an IP address that are
used for the subnet address. Using a mask, the router does not need to examine all 32 bits, only
those selected by the mask.
telnet The standard terminal emulation protocol within the TCP/IP protocol stack. Defined
in RFC 854, it is a method of remote terminal connection, enabling users to log in to remote
networks and use those resources as if they were locally connected.
throughput Rate of information arriving at, and possibly passing through, a particular point in
a network system.
VAP Virtual Access Point: It is a logical entity that exists within a physical Access Point (AP).
When a single physical AP supports multiple “Virtual APs”, each Virtual AP appears to stations
(STAs) to be an independent physical AP, even though only a single physical AP is present.
VLAN Virtual LAN: Group of devices on one or more LANs that are configured (using
management software) so that they can communicate as if they were attached to the same wire,
when in fact they are located on a number of different LAN segments. Because VLANs are
based on logical instead of physical connections, they are extremely flexible.
VLAN tag It works by tagging each frame, i.e. an Ethernet header extension that enlarges the
header from 14 to 18 bytes. The VLAN tag contains the VLAN ID and priority.
WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy: A security protocol for wireless local area networks
(WLANs) defined in the 802.11b standard. WEP is designed to provide the same level of
security as that of a wired LAN. LANs are inherently more secure than WLANs because
LANs are somewhat protected by the physicalities of their structure, having some or all part of
the network inside a building that can be protected from unauthorized access. WLANs, which
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are over radio waves, do not have the same physical structure and therefore are more vulnerable
to tampering. WEP aims to provide security by encrypting data over radio waves so that it is
protected as it is transmitted from one end point to another. However, it has been found that
WEP is not as secure as once believed. WEP is used at the two lowest layers of the OSI model
- the data link and physical layers; it therefore does not offer end-to-end security.
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity: Wi-Fi is a label for devices conforming to the IEEE 802.11b standard
for WLAN. The IEEE 802.11b standard has been published by the IEEE, which does not
perform conformance testing. In order to establish such a conformance testing process, the
Wi-Fi Alliance (formerly known as WECA) has been formed, which tests devices for
conformance with the IEEE 802.11b standard and issues the Wi-Fi label for conforming devices.
WME Wireless Multimedia Extensions: Also known as Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM), it is a
Wi-Fi Alliance interpretability certification, based on the IEEE 802.11e draft standard. It
provides basic Quality of service (QoS) features to IEEE 802.11 networks. WMM prioritizes
traffic according to 4 AC (Access Categories) - voice, video, best effort and background.
However, it does not provide guaranteed throughput. It is suitable for simple applications that
require QoS, such as Wi-Fi Voice over IP (VoIP) phone.
WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access: WPA was created by the Wi-Fi Alliance in 2002, in part out of
impatience with the slow-moving IEEE 802.11i standard. The industry consortium’s
consensus was that an alternative to WEP was needed quickly, and WPA was the result. To
avoid multiple standards and conflicts later on, WPA was designed from the get-go to be
compatible with IEEE 802.11i and was based on its early draft specifications.
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