Agilent E4445A External Source Control Personality Guide

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Page 1

External Source Control

Personality Guide

Agilent Technologies

PSA Series Spectrum Analyzers

Option 215

This manual provides documentation for the following instruments

with Option 215 Installed:

PSA Series E4440A (3 Hz - 26.50 GHz) E4443A (3 Hz - 6.70 GHz) E4445A (3 Hz - 13.20 GHz) E4446A (3 Hz - 44.00 GHz) E4447A (3 Hz - 42.98 GHz) E4448A (3 Hz - 50.00 GHz)

Manufacturing Part Number: E4440-90624

Supersedes E4440-90327

Printed in USA

June 2008

Page 2

Notice

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Agilent Technologies makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Agilent Technologies shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.

Where to Find the Latest Information

Documentation is updated periodically. For the latest information about Agilent PSA Spectrum Analyzers, including firmware upgrades, software upgrades, application information, and product information, please visit the URL listed below.

http://www.agilent.com/find/psa

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Contents

1. Getting Started

Option 215 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Hardware and Firmware Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Connection Hardware and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Using Option 215 External Sweep Control with >2000 Sweep Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Option 215 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Frequency Bands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Further Frequency Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Frequency Calculation Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Example 1: A Simple Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Example 2: Sweep With An Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Example 3: Viewing Downconverted Signal Outputs Using Source Frequency Sweep

Reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Example 4: Second Harmonic Sweep With a Sweep Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Installing Option 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Installing Optional Measurement Personalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Do You Have Enough Memory to Load All Your Personality Options? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

How to Predict Your Memory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Measurement Personality Options and Memory Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Memory Upgrade Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Loading an Optional Measurement Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Obtaining and Installing a License Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Viewing a License Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Using the Delete License Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Ordering Optional Measurement Personalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Setting Up Your Signal Analyzer and Signal Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Connecting Your PSA Analyzer to an External Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Connecting the Cables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Configuring the PSA Series Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Documentation for Option 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Spectrum Analyzers with Option 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Spectrum Analyzer Updates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Updating the Firmware and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2. Measurement Concepts

Why Use the Spectrum Analyzer With a Tracking Source?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Stimulus Response Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Frequency and Amplitude Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Sweep Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Tracking Error. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Power Leveling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Power Slope Correction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Calibration/Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Types of Measurement Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Open/Short Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Normalization Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Equations and Conversion Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Converting Return Loss to VSWR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Page 4

Contents

Table of Contents

3. Menu Maps

What You Will Find in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Key to this chapter’s menu map diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Config Ext Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Config Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Normalize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Open/Short Cal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

4. Source Key and Programming Commands

External Source Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Show Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Model Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Serial Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Start Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Stop Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Hardware Connection Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Amplitude Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Configure Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Offset Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Harmonic Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Power Sweep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Normalize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Store Reference Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Normalize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Normalized Reference Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Normalized Reference Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Reference Trace Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Open/Short CAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Continue Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

Cancel Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Store Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

5. Hints and Tips

FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Examples Exceeding the Source Frequency Range or the Spectrum Analyzer Frequency

Band. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Example 1: Bad Source Start Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Example 2: Bad Source Stop Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Example 3: Outside Analyzer Frequency Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Example 4: Offset Causes Invalid Source Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Example 5: Offset Causes Bad Source Stop Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Example 6: Offset Causes VALID Negative Source Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Page 5

Getting Started

1 Getting Started

Page 6

Getting Started

Option 215 Description

Option 215 for the PSA series of spectrum analyzers allows you to control supported external signal generators using the spectrum analyzer. For details on suitable signal generators, see “Hardware and

Firmware Requirements” on page 7. Using the signal source as a

tracking generator lets you make stimulus-response measurements. VSWR/Return Loss measurements can be made with the addition of an external coupler or bridge.

6 Chapter 1

Page 7

Hardware and Firmware Requirements

One of the following Agilent spectrum analyzers and associated hardware options is required to run Option 215 External Source Control.

NOTE Option 215 External Source Control requires the gated sweep

functionality that is provided by the more recent LO synthesizer and front end driver hardware. The part numbers of the boards providing this gated sweep functionality are shown in Table 1-1.

Getting Started

Table 1-1 Compatible Agilent PSA Series Spectrum Analyzers

Analyzer Model Number

E4440A 26.5 GHz A.11.00 or

E4443A 6.7 GHz A.11.00 or

E4445A

E4446A 44.0 GHz A.11.00 or

E4447A 42.98 GHz A.11.00 or

Upper Frequency Limit

13.2 GHz A.11.00 or

Firmware

later

Front End Driver

Any EXCEPT part numbers E444060242 or E444060002

Any EXCEPT part numbers E444660059 or E444660006

b c

LO Synthesizer

Board

Any EXCEPT part number E444060008

d c

Getting Started

E4448A 50.0 GHz A.11.00 or

later

a. Firmware A.11.00 or later is required for MXA support. Firmware

A.07.09 is required for ESG-C and PSG support for all PSA models except E4447A where firmware A.08.06 or greater is required.

b. Press System, More 1 of 3, Show Hdwr to show the part number of

your front end driver board.

c. If you do not have the required hardware, you can order Option

426 to upgrade the hardware.

d. Press System, More 1 of 3, Show Hdwr to show the part number of

your LO synthesizer board.

e. Option 215 will not run on a model E4445A which has the HA5

“Restricted Performance” option installed.

Chapter 1 7

Page 8

Getting Started

Hardware and Firmware Requirements

Connection Hardware and Accessories

You will also need:

• An Agilent signal generator that supports LAN connectivity. Examples of suitable signal generators are the ESG-C, PSG-C, PSG-D, and the MXG-A. The PSG-A signal generator is not supported.

NOTE The ESG-C signal generator requires version C.03.72 or later firmware.

The PSG-C signal generator requires version C.03.78 or later firmware.

The PSG-D signal generator requires version C.04.05 or later firmware.

The MXG-A signal generator requires firmware A.01.41 or later firmware.

• Either one LAN crossover cable, or two LAN cables.

Getting Started

• 3 BNC cables.

• RF cables to connect the signal generator and the PSA to the device under test (DUT).

• When using a PSG signal generator, you will need a 50 Ω feedthrough, or a connector tee with a 50 Ω load.

• (Optional) directional coupler or directional bridge for reflection and VSWR measurements.

• (Optional) open/short devices for reflection and VSWR measurements.

Using Option 215 External Sweep Control with >2000 Sweep Points

Option 215 lets the analyzer control an external source for stimulus-response measurements. If you are making measurements with more than 2000 sweep points, you could see some signal dropouts because of problems with synchronizing the source. this condition can be corrected by downloading the latest version of firmware for the source. The firmware is:

ESG-C: E4438C, E4428C revision C.03.72 or later

PSG-C: E8247C, E8247C, E8257C, E8267C revision C.03.78 or later

PSG-D: E8257D, E8267D revision C.04.05 or later

MXG-A: N5181A, N5182A revision A.01.41 or later

http://www.agilent.com/find/upgradeassistant

8 Chapter 1

Page 9

Getting Started

Option 215 Limitations

Frequency Bands

The PSA Series spectrum analyzers have up to six frequency bands depending on the maximum frequency capability of the model. These frequency bands are shown in the table below.

Option 215 cannot sweep across PSA frequency band boundaries. Any frequency sweep required for a measurement must be kept entirely within one of these bands. One way to work around this limitation is to write an external control program to break the measurement down into two or more sweeps, each of which is confined to the bands listed below.

Table 1-2 Frequency Bands in the PSA Series analyzers

(Microwave Preselector On)

Getting Started

Band Number

0 3.0 Hz - 3.05 GHz 200 MHz

1 2.85GHz - 6.6GHz 400MHz

2 6.2 GHz - 13.2 GHz 400 MHz

3 12.8 GHz - 19.2 GHz 500 MHz

4 18.7 GHz - 26.8 GHz 400 MHz

5 26.4GHz - 31.15GHz 150MHz

6 31.0 GHz - 50.0 GHz N/A

Frequency Range Overlap

with Next Band

Table 1-3 Frequency Bands in the PSA Series analyzers

(Microwave Preselector Off)

Band Number

1 3.0 GHz - 6.6 GHz 400 MHz

Frequency Range Overlap

with Next Band

2 6.2 GHz - 13.2 GHz 400 MHz

3 12.8 GHz - 19.2 GHz 500 MHz

4 18.7 GHz - 26.5 GHz 100 MHz

5 26.4GHz - 31.15GHz 150MHz

6 31.0 GHz - 41.0 GHz 500 MHz

7 40.5 GHz - 50 GHz N/A

Chapter 1 9

Page 10

Getting Started

Option 215 Limitations

Further Frequency Limitations

The frequency range of your source/spectrum analyzer combination is limited by the frequency range limits of both instruments, so you have to look at both instruments to determine this.

In addition, the digital nature of the signal sources and the PSA Series spectrum analyzers means that signals and traces are read and recorded as a series of data points. Each data point on a trace or a measurement corresponds to a frequency ‘bucket’, which is a finite frequency range into which data falls.

Getting Started

For example, assume we have a ten-point

trace over a frequency range of 3.0 GHz to 4.0 GHz. It will take 10 buckets to cover the 1.0 GHz range. So, bucket 1 might collect data for all frequencies from

3.0000 GHz to 3.0999 GHz, bucket 2 might collect from 3.1000 GHz to

3.1999 GHz, and so on. This operation is normally not visible because you have so many trace buckets. However, it does have an effect on the behavior of Option 215 External Source Control at the limits of its frequency ranges.

Option 215 External Source Control requires a ‘spare’ bucket at the beginning and at the end of every sweep on the signal source. In other words, to make the 1.0 GHz sweep from 3.0 GHz to 4.0 GHz in the example above, one ‘spare’ bucket is required at the start to ‘catch’ the data between 2.9000 GHz and 2.9999 GHz, and similarly, another ‘spare’ bucket is required at the end of the sweep.

This means that the number of sweep points on the signal source is always two higher than that specified on the PSA Series analyzer to allow for these ‘spare’ buckets.

You need to remember this frequency range limitation when setting up your Option 215 measurements. Continuing with the 3.0 GHz to

4.0 GHz example sweep above, a problem arises if your signal source has a maximum frequency of 4.0 GHz. The source can not sweep beyond

4.0 GHz, so the frequency range of the ‘spare’ bucket at the end of the sweep must fall completely below the 4.0 GHz upper limit of the signal source. This ‘spare’ bucket therefore ‘catches’ data from 3.9001 GHz to

4.0000 GHz. The previous bucket (3.8001 GHz to 3.9000 GHz) represents the last bucket actually used in the sweep, so in this example, the maximum frequency that your 4.0 GHz signal source could sweep would actually be 3.9 GHz.

In other words, you can never quite reach the full frequency range of your signal source. How close to the limit you can get depends on the size of your buckets. This is determined by the number of sweep points and the range over which you are sweeping. The more sweep points you use, and the smaller the range of the sweep, the smaller will be the size of the buckets. Therefore, the closer you will be able to get to the

1. Although a ten-point sweep has been chosen for clarity in this example, the minimum number of sweep points on a PSA is 101

10 Chapter 1

Page 11

Getting Started

Option 215 Limitations

frequency limits of your signal source. You can approach, but never quite meet, the frequency limits of your source.

Frequency Calculation Examples

TIP See the Hints and Tips Chapter for examples of frequency settings that

cause errors because they either exceed the frequency range of the signal source or frequency band of the spectrum analyzer.

Example 1: A Simple Sweep

Suppose that you specify on your PSA Series analyzer that you wish to sweep from 2.85 GHz to 3.0 GHz using 601 points. What is the actual range that the signal source will sweep?

First, we need to work out our bucket size, or the bucket width. This is given by the range in Hertz divided by (number of points minus 1), or

Getting Started

Bucket Width (in Hz)

PSA Frequency Span (Hz)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------= PSA number of Sweep Points 1–

Bucket Width (in Hz)

150,000,000

----------------------------- - 250,000 Hz== 601 1–

Now we can work out the external source’s start frequency using the following equation:

PSA Start Frequency Sweep Offset Bucket Width–+

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Harmonic Number

2,850,000,000 0.00 250,000–+

----------------------------------------------------------------------------=

2,849,750,000 2.84975 GHz==

Finally we can calculate the external source’s stop frequency using the following equation:

PSA Stop Frequency Sweep Offset Bucket Width++

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Harmonic Number

3,000,000,000 0.00 250,000++

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------= 1

3,000,250,000 3.00025 GHz==

So if you specify on your PSA Series analyzer that you want to sweep from 2.85 GHz to 3.0 GHz using 601 points, the signal source itself will actually sweep from 2.84975 GHz to 3.00025 GHz.

Chapter 1 11

Page 12

Getting Started

Option 215 Limitations

Example 2: Sweep With An Offset

Suppose that you specify on your PSA Series analyzer that you wish to sweep from 2.85 GHz to 3.00 GHz using 601 points and a positive frequency offset of 1.0 GHz. What is the actual range that the signal source will sweep?

First of all, we need to work out our bucket size, or the bucket width. This is given by the range in Hertz divided by (number of points minus

1), or

Getting Started

Bucket Width (in Hz)

PSA Frequency Span (Hz)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------= PSA number of Sweep Points 1–

Bucket Width (in Hz)

150,000,000

----------------------------- - 250,000 Hz== 601 1–

Now we can work out the external source’s start frequency using the following equation:

PSA Start Frequency Sweep Offset Bucket Width–+

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Harmonic Number

2,850,000,000 1,000,000,000 250,000–+

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------=

3,849,750,000 3.84975 GHz==

Finally we can work out the external source’s stop frequency using the following equation:

PSA Stop Frequency Sweep Offset Bucket Width++

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Harmonic Number

3,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 250,000++

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------=

4,000,250,000 4.00025 GHz==

So if you specify on your PSA Series analyzer that you want to sweep from 2.85 GHz to 3.00 GHz using 601 points and a 1.0 GHz sweep offset, the signal source itself will actually sweep from 3.84975 GHz to

4.00025 GHz.

12 Chapter 1

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Getting Started

Option 215 Limitations

Example 3: Viewing Downconverted Signal Outputs Using Source Frequency Sweep Reversal

To view down converted mixing products such as lower sideband (LSB) IF signal from a mixer or frequency converter (DUT) the signal source can be reverse frequency swept. That is, the source can be swept from a higher to a lower frequency. Sources are capable of sweep reversal, however, the analyzer cannot sweep starting at a higher frequency going to a lower frequency. To measure the negative mixing product of a DUT using the source/analyzer combination, the LO (offset freq) is input as a negative value.

Getting Started

If the calculated external source start and external source stop frequency values are both positive the source sweeps in an “UP” direction from the calculated start frequency to the calculated stop frequency. If the calculated external sourced start and external source stop frequency values are both negative, the source sweeps in a “DOWN” direction from the absolute value of the external source start frequency to the absolute value of the external source stop frequency.

Suppose that you wish to perform a first harmonic sweep from

1.90 GHz to 2.10 GHz using 601 points. For this example we will use an LO frequency of 3.0 GHz. Because we want to look at the downconverted IF output (LSB) of the mixer, the LO frequency is defined as the negative offset value used in the calculations.

To perform this measurement we will need to determine the following test parameters:

• Bucket Width value, determined by the number of points and analyzer measurement frequency range.

• External source start and stop sweep frequencies specific to this measurement?

The external source start/stop frequencies and sweep direction can be calculated using the following formulas:

Chapter 1 13

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Getting Started

Option 215 Limitations

Getting Started

fSource (in Hz) (absolute value)

f Analyzer + f Offset - f BucketWidth

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------= Harmonic

sweepdir sign()

f Analyzer + f Offset - f BucketWidth

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------= Harmonic

To determine the bucket size, or the bucket width, use the following formula. This is given by the range in Hertz divided by (number of points minus 1), or

Bucket Width (in Hz)

PSA Frequency Span (Hz)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------=

PSA number of Sweep Points 1–

Bucket Width (in Hz)

200 000 000,,

-------------------------------- - 333 333 Hz,== 601 1–

Now we can work out the external source’s start frequency using the following equation:

PSA Start Frequency Sweep Offset Bucket Width–+

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Harmonic Number

1 900 000 000,,, 3– 000 000 000,,,()333 333,()–+

absolute value()

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Start Frequency 1.100333333 GHz=

We can now work out the external source’s stop frequency using the following equation:

PSA Stop Frequency Sweep Offset Bucket Width++

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Harmonic Number

2 100 000 000,,, 3– 000 000 000,,,()333 333,++

absolute value()

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Stop Frequency 0.900333333 GHz=

So if you specify on your PSA Series analyzer that you want to perform a sweep from 1.90 GHz to 2.10 GHz using 601 points and a negative

3.0 GHz sweep offset, the signal source will need to sweep from

1.100333333 GHz to 0.900333333 GHz.

14 Chapter 1

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Getting Started

Option 215 Limitations

Example 4: Second Harmonic Sweep With a Sweep Offset

Suppose that you specify on your PSA Series analyzer that you wish to perform a second harmonic sweep from 2.85 GHz to 3.00 GHz using 601 points, and an offset of 1.0 GHz. What is the actual range that the signal source will sweep?

First of all, we need to work out our bucket size, or the bucket width. This is given by the range in Hertz divided by (number of points minus

1), or

Bucket Width (in Hz)

Now we can work out the external source’s start frequency using the following equation:

PSA Start Frequency Sweep Offset Bucket Width–+

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2,850,000,000 1 000 000 000,,, 250 000,–+

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------=

1,425,000,000= 500,000,000 125,000 1 924,875,000 Hz 1.924875 GHz=,=–+

PSA Frequency Span (Hz)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------=

PSA number of Sweep Points 1–

150,000,000

----------------------------- - 250,000 Hz== 601 1–

Harmonic Number

Getting Started

Finally we can work out the external source’s stop frequency using the following equation:

PSA Stop Frequency Sweep Offset Bucket Width++

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Harmonic Number

3 000,000,000, 1,000,000,000 250,000–+

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------=

1,500,000,000= 500,000,000 125,000 2 000,125,000 Hz 2.000125 GHz=,=++

So if you specify on your PSA Series analyzer that you want to perform a second harmonic sweep from 2.85 GHz to 3.00 GHz using 601 points and a 1.0 GHz sweep offset, the signal source itself will actually sweep from 1.924875 GHz to 2.000125 GHz.

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Getting Started

Installing Option 215

You must load the desired personality option into the instrument memory. Loading can be done from a firmware CD-ROM or the internet location http://www.agilent.com/find/psa_firmware. An automatic loading program comes with the files and runs from your PC.

NOTE When you add a new option, or update an existing option, you will get

the updated version of all your current options since they are reloaded simultaneously. This process may also require you to update the instrument core firmware so that it is compatible with the new option.

You may not be able to fit all of the available measurement personalities in instrument memory at the same time. You may need to delete an existing option file from memory and load the one you want. Use the automatic update program that is provided with the files to do this.

The approximate memory requirements for the available options can be found by using the memory calculator on the following internet location: http://www.agilent.com/find/psa_firmware

You can install an updated version of firmware and your licensed options using a LAN connection and your PC. Instructions for loading future firmware updates are available from the following internet location: http://www.agilent.com/find/psa_firmware

Installing Optional Measurement Personalities

When you install a measurement personality, you need to follow a three step process:

1. Determine whether your memory capacity is sufficient to contain all the options you want to load. If not, decide which options you want to install now, and consider upgrading your memory. Details follow in

“Do You Have Enough Memory to Load All Your Personality Options?” on page 17.

2. Install the measurement personality firmware into the instrument memory. Details follow in “Loading an Optional Measurement

Personality” on page 20.

3. Enter a license key that activates the measurement personality. Details follow in “Obtaining and Installing a License Key” on

page 20.

Adding measurement personalities requires the purchase of a retrofit kit for the desired option. The retrofit kit contains the measurement personality firmware and an entitlement certificate that is used to generate a license key from the internet website. A separate license key is required for each option on a specific instrument serial number and

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Getting Started

Installing Option 215

host ID.

For the latest information on Agilent Spectrum Analyzer options and upgrade kits, visit the following Internet URL:

http://www.agilent.com/find/sa_upgrades

Do You Have Enough Memory to Load All Your Personality Options?

If you want to operate the instrument with four or fewer personality options installed, you can skip ahead to the next section, “Loading an

Optional Measurement Personality” on page 20. If, after installing your

options, you get error messages relating to memory issues, you can return to this section to learn more about how to optimize your configuration.

If you want to install your 4th or subsequent option, you should check to see how much memory you have available.

If you have Option 115 (512 MBytes of memory) installed in your instrument, all personalities can be loaded.

Getting Started

If you don’t have Option 115 installed, depending how much data you save, you are unlikely to have any memory issues until you want to install your 4th option. If this is the case, you can either swap the applications in/out of memory as needed, or you can upgrade your hardware to Option 115 (512 MBytes of memory).

To see the size of your installed memory for PSA Series Spectrum Analyzers:

1. Ensure that the spectrum analyzer is in spectrum analyzer mode because this can affect the screen size.

2. Press the

System key, MORE (1 of 3), and Show Hdwr keys.

3. Read Flash Memory size at the end of the table.

PSA Flash Memory Size

64 Mbytes 32.5 MBytes 30.0 MBytes

48 Mbytes 16.9 MBytes 14.3 MBytes

Available Memory With No Options

Available Memory With Option B7J and/or Option 122

Instruments with Option 115 will additionally show a compact flash file size of 512 MBytes.

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Getting Started

Installing Option 215

How to Predict Your Memory Requirements

If you plan to install many optional personalities, you should review your memory requirements, so you can determine whether you have enough memory. There is an Agilent “Memory Calculator” available online that can help you do this, or you can make a calculated approximation using the information that follows. You will need to know your instrument’s installed memory size as determined in the previous section and then select your desired applications.

For PSA series see: http://www.agilent.com/find/psa_firmware

Select the “Memory Calculator” link. You can try any combination of available personalities to see if your desired configuration is compatible with your installed memory.

NOTE For PSA: After loading all your optional measurement personalities,

you should have a reserve of ~2 MBytes memory to facilitate mode switching. Less available memory will increase mode switching time. For example, if you employ excessive free memory by saving files of states and/or data, your mode switching time can increase to more than a minute.

You can manually estimate your total memory requirements by adding up the memory allocations described in the following steps. The compare the desired total with the available memory that you identified in the previous section.

1. Program memory - Select option requirements from the table

“Personality Options” on page 19.

2. For PSA only: shared libraries require 5.68 MBytes

3. For PSA only: recommended mode swap space is 2 MBytes

4. Screens - .gif files need 20-25 kB each

5. State memory - State file sizes range from 21 kB for SA mode to 40 kB for W-CDMA. The state of every mode accessed since power-on will be saved in the state file. File sizes can exceed 150 kB each when several modes are accessed, for each state file saved.

TIP State memory retains settings for all states accessed before the Save

State

command. To reduce this usage to a minimum, reduce the modes

accessed before the

Save State is executed. You can set the PSA to boot

into a selected mode by assessing the desired mode, then pressing the

System, Power On/Preset, Power On keys and toggle the setting to Last.

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Getting Started

Installing Option 215

Measurement Personality Options and Memory Required

Personality Options

for PSA Series Spectrum Analyzers

Option File Size

(PSA Rev: A.10)

cdmaOne measurement personality BAC 1.91 Mbytes

NADC and PDC measurement personalities (not

BAE 2.43 Mbytes

available separately)

W-CDMA or W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA

BAF, 210

5.38 Mbytes

measurement personality

cdma2000 or cdma2000 w/ 1xEV-DV measurement personality

1xEV-DO measurement personality 204

GSM (with EDGE) measurement personality 202

Shared measurement library

Phase Noise measurement personality 226

Noise Figure measurement personality 219

Basic measurement personality with digital demod hardware

Programming Code Compatibility Suited (8560

B78, 214

4.00 Mbytes

5.61 Mbytes

3.56 Mbytes

n/a 7.72 Mbytes

2.82 Mbytes

4.68 Mbytes

B7J Cannot be deleted

(2.64 Mbytes)

266

1.18 Mbytes

Series, 8590 Series, and 8566/8568)

Getting Started

TD-SCDMA Power measurement personality 211

TD-SCDMA Modulation Analysis or TD-SCDMA

212, 213 1.82 Mbytes

5.47 Mbytes

Modulation Analysis w/ HSPA measurement personality

Flexible Digital Modulation Analysis 241

WLAN measurement personality 217

External Source Control 215

Measuring Receiver Personality

233

2.11 Mbytes

3.24 Mbytes

0.72 Mbytes

2.91 Mbytes

(available with Option 23A - Trigger support for AM/FM/PM and Option 23B - CCITT filter)

EMC Analyzer

239

4.06 Mbytes

a. Available as of the print date of this guide. b. Many PSA Series personality options use a 7.72 Mbyte shared measurement library. If

you are loading multiple personalities that use this library, you only need to add this

memory allocation once. c. Shared measurement library allocation not required. d. This is a no charge option that does not require a license key.

Chapter 1 19

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Getting Started

Installing Option 215

Memory Upgrade Kits

The PSA 512 MByte Memory Upgrade kit p/n is E4440AU Option 115.

For more information about memory upgrade kits contact your local sales/service office, or see:

http://www.agilent.com/find/sa_upgrades

Loading an Optional Measurement Personality

You must use a PC to load the desired personality option into the instrument memory. Loading can be done from a firmware CD-ROM or by downloading the update program from the internet. An automatic loading program comes with the files and runs from your PC.

You can check the Agilent internet website for the latest firmware versions available for downloading:

For PSA, see http://www.agilent.com/find/psa_firmware

Getting Started

NOTE When you add a new option, or update an existing option, you will get

the updated versions of all your current options as they are all reloaded simultaneously. This process may also require you to update the instrument core firmware so that it is compatible with the new option.

Depending on your installed hardware memory, you may not be able to fit all of the available measurement personalities in instrument memory at the same time. You may need to delete an existing option file from memory and load the one you want. Use the automatic update program that is provided with the files. Refer to the table showing

“Measurement Personality Options and Memory Required” on page 19.

The approximate memory requirements for the options are listed above. These numbers are worst case examples. Some options share components and libraries, therefore the total memory usage of multiple options may not be exactly equal to the combined total.

Obtaining and Installing a License Key

If you purchase an optional personality that requires installation, you will receive an “Entitlement Certificate” which may be redeemed for a license key specific to one instrument. Follow the instructions that accompany the certificate to obtain your license key.

To install a license key for the selected personality option, use the following procedure:

NOTE You can also use this procedure to reinstall a license key that has been

deleted during an uninstall process, or lost due to a memory failure.

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Getting Started

Installing Option 215

1. Press System, More, More, Licensing, Option to accesses the alpha editor. Use this alpha editor to enter letters (upper-case), and the front-panel numeric keys to enter numbers for the option designation. You will validate your option entry in the active function area of the display. Then, press the

Enter key.

2. Press

License Key to enter the letters and digits of your license key.

You will validate your license key entry in the active function area of the display. Then, press the

3. Press the

Activate License key.

Enter key.

Viewing a License Key

Measurement personalities purchased with your instrument have been installed and activated at the factory before shipment. The instrument requires a License Key unique to every measurement personality purchased. The license key is a hexadecimal number specific to your measurement personality, instrument serial number and host ID. It enables you to install, or reactivate that particular personality.

Use the following procedure to display the license key unique to your personality option that is already installed in your instrument:

Press

Personality key displays the personalities loaded, version information,

System, More, More, Licensing, Show License. The System,

and whether the personality is licensed.

NOTE You will want to keep a copy of your license key in a secure location.

Press

System, More, then Licensing, Show License, and print out a copy of

the display that shows the license numbers. If you should lose your license key, call your nearest Agilent Technologies service or sales office for assistance.

Getting Started

Using the Delete License Key

This key will make the option unavailable for use, but will not delete it from memory. Write down the 12-digit license key for the option before you delete it. If you want to use that measurement personality later, you will need the license key to reactivate the personality firmware.

NOTE Using the Delete License key does not remove the personality from the

instrument memory, and does not free memory to be available to install another option. If you need to free memory to install another option, refer to the instructions for loading firmware updates located at the URL: http://www.agilent.com/find/psa/

1. Press

System, More, More, Licensing, Option. Pressing the Option key

will activate the alpha editor menu. Use the alpha editor to enter the letters (upper-case) and the front-panel numeric keyboard to enter the digits (if required) for the option, then press the

Enter key. As you

enter the option, you will see your entry in the active function area of

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Getting Started

Installing Option 215

the display.

Getting Started

2. Press

Delete License to remove the license key from memory.

Ordering Optional Measurement Personalities

When you order a personality option, you will receive an entitlement certificate. Then you will need to go to the web site to redeem your entitlement certificate for a license key. You will need to provide your instrument serial number and host ID, and the entitlement certificate number.

Required Information: Front Panel Key Path:

Model #: (Ex. E4406A)

Host ID: __________________

Instrument Serial Number: __________________

System, Show System

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Getting Started

Setting Up Your Signal Analyzer and Signal Source

50 ohm feedthrough

MUST be connected at the PSA

end of the cable

Trigger

Signal Source drives the sweep of each PSA bucket

Ext Frequency Reference

Trigger Out (rear panel)

Swept Signal

Source

Sweep Out (rear panel)

10 MHz Out

(rear panel)

Ext Ref In

(rear panel)

Trigger In

(rear panel)

Spectrum

LAN

Sweep

Drives the start of the PSA sweep

You will need the following equipment to use your PSA Series spectrum analyzer to control an external signal source:

• A PSA Series analyzer with Option 215 software installed and with time gating capability.

If you are not sure whether your PSA Series analyzer has Option 215 installed, press

215 Ext Src Control. If you cannot see Option 215 listed, it needs to be

System, More, More, Personality, and look for Option

installed. See “Installing Option 215” on page 16 for instructions on how to do this. Information about the time gating hardware is found in “Hardware and Firmware Requirements” on page 7.

Analyzer

Ext Trigger In

(front panel)

sa_ss_connect.vsd

Getting Started

• An Agilent signal generator that supports LAN connectivity.

Examples of signal generators are: the ESG-C, the PSG-C, and the PSG-D, and the MXG-A. The PSG-A signal source is not supported.

• Either one LAN crossover cable to connect the two instruments directly if you are not connecting to a local area network, or you need two LAN cables to connect both instruments to your local area network

• Three BNC cables.

• Cables to connect to your device under test.

Chapter 1 23

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Getting Started

Setting Up Your Signal Analyzer and Signal Source

• You may also need accessories such as an open, short, directional coupler, or directional bridge, depending on your particular measurement.

Connecting Your PSA Analyzer to an External Source

Once you have the required equipment and cables, you are ready to set up your measurement. You will need to connect the PSA analyzer and the external source, before configuring the analyzer to recognize the source.

Connecting the Cables

Getting Started

1. Using the first BNC cable, connect the panel of the external source to the

TRIGGER OUT on the rear

TRIGGER IN on the rear panel of

the PSA. For the PSG signal generator series, the external source Trigger Out signal must be terminated in 50 Ω. This can be done by:

a. connecting a 50 Ω feedthrough directly to the PSA

TRIGGER IN

connector and then connecting the BNC cable between the other end of the feedthrough and the external source

TRIGGER OUT

connector.

b. connecting a tee to the PSA

TRIGGER IN connector. Then

connecting one output of the tee to a 50 Ω. load and using the BNC cable to connect the other tee output to the external source

TRIGGER OUT connector.

2. Using the second BNC cable, connect the panel of the external source to

EXT TRIGGER INPUT on the front panel

SWEEP OUT on the rear

of the PSA Series analyzer.

3. Either connect each instrument to the LAN using two separate LAN cables, or connect the two instruments together using a single LAN crossover cable.

4. Using the third BNC cable, connect the source rear panel to the PSA rear panel use the external frequency reference, press

Freq Ref to Ext (external).

10 MHz OUT on the external

EXT REF IN. Set the PSA to

System, Reference,

Configuring the PSA Series Analyzer

After the instruments are connected, you need to configure the PSA to find the IP Address of the external source, so the two instruments can communicate with each other.

When the analyzer and source instruments are connected using a “crossover” (cross-pinned) LAN cable setup refer to “IP Address” on

page 47 for more information regarding IP addressing requirements.

Find the IP Address of the external source.

24 Chapter 1

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Setting Up Your Signal Analyzer and Signal Source

1. Press the Utility key on the front panel.

Getting Started

2. Press

GPIB/RS-232 LAN, then LAN Setup to display the IP Address on

the second softkey label.

Enter the IP Address of the external source into the PSA Series analyzer.

3. Press the

MODE key followed by the Spectrum Analysis softkey to put

the PSA Series analyzer into Spectrum Analysis mode.

4. Press the Source key to display the

5. Press the

Ext Src Config softkey to display the current value for the

Ext Source menu.

IP address of an external signal source. If this IP address does not match the IP address of your external source (from Step 2 above), then you need to change it using Steps 6 and 7.

6. Press the

IP Address softkey so that the key label is highlighted.

7. Enter the IP Address of the external source using the numeric keypad, and press the

NOTE If you are using a cross-over LAN cable to connect the instruments

Enter key.

directly together, then the IP addresses of both the instruments must start with the same two integers. That is, if the spectrum analyzer IP address is 156.121.12.122, the source IP address must be

156.121.xxx.xxx.

Getting Started

Chapter 1 25

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Getting Started

Documentation for Option 215

Spectrum Analyzers with Option 215

When you purchase your External Source Control personality (Option

215), you will receive this manual - the External Source Control Personality Guide. For information on PSA series analyzers and other related documentation, refer to the PSA web site at

http://www.agilent.com/find/psa.

Spectrum Analyzer Updates

For the latest information about this instrument, including software upgrades, application information, and product information, please visit the URLs listed below.

Getting Started

Updating the Firmware and Software

Information on the latest firmware and software revision can be accessed through the following URLs.

For PSA analyzers: http://www.agilent.com/find/psa_firmware

NOTE If you have received Option 215 as an upgrade kit, the latest version of

the analyzer’s firmware has been included and will be loaded into your instrument while you are installing the Option 215 software.

26 Chapter 1

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2 Measurement Concepts

Measurement Concepts

Page 28

Measurement Concepts

Why Use the Spectrum Analyzer With a Tracking Source?

A spectrum analyzer with a tracking source can make swept scalar-magnitude measurements similar to a single channel network analyzer. The amplitude accuracy of a spectrum analyzer/tracking source combination is not as good as a modern network analyzer, but it has a good dynamic range and excellent frequency selectivity. A spectrum analyzer/tracking source system can be used to make many measurements that would otherwise require a scalar network analyzer.

The output of a tracking source is synchronized to the input frequency of the host spectrum analyzer. The two frequencies are made identical to enable stimulus/response testing similar to a scalar network analyzer. The frequency selectivity of the spectrum analyzer can measure a non-linear device’s output at the fundamental frequency, because the spectrum analyzer will not respond to harmonic or other spurious energy created by the device under test.

Measurement Concepts

A spectrum analyzer/tracking source measurement system can be used to do some device characterization. It cannot make ratio measurements or phase measurements, but can make stimulus/response measurements such as:

Reflection measurements

• Reflection coefficient

• Return loss

•SWR

Transmission measurements

•Flatness

• Insertion loss / gain

Some of the devices that can be characterized with a spectrum analyzer/tracking source system include:

•Filters

•Amplifiers

• Frequency Converters

•Mixers

28 Chapter 2

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Measurement Concepts

Stimulus Response Measurements

Stimulus/response measurements require a source to stimulate a device under test (DUT), a receiver to analyze the frequency response characteristics of the DUT, and, for return loss measurements, a directional coupler or bridge. Characterization of a DUT can be made in terms of its transmission or reflection parameters. Examples of transmission measurements include flatness and rejection. Return loss is an example of a reflection measurement.

A spectrum analyzer combined with a swept source forms a stimulus/response measurement system that operates the same as a single channel scalar network analyzer. The swept source output frequency must be made to precisely track the analyzer input frequency for good narrow band operation. A narrow band system has a wide dynamic measurement range.

There are four basic steps in performing a stimulus/response measurement, whether it is a transmission or a reflection measurement.

1. Connect the spectrum analyzer and tracking source together, including making the trigger, sweep, reference and LAN connections and entering the external source information. Instructions for doing this can be found in “Setting Up Your Signal Analyzer and Signal

Source” on page 23

2. Select the spectrum analyzer and source measurement settings, and connect the cables and accessories needed to make the desired measurement (but do not include the DUT). Note that the source setup is done using the functions under the spectrum analyzer

Source key.

3. Do the calibration measurement (error correction).

4. Attach the DUT and perform the measurement.

Measurement Concepts

Chapter 2 29

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Measurement Concepts

Frequency and Amplitude Accuracy

Sweep Speed

The maximum and minimum sweep times available for manual selection are constrained to allow coordination of the source and the analyzer.

For stimulus/response measurements, the Q of the DUT can determine the fastest rate at which the analyzer can be swept. (Q is the quality factor, which is the center frequency of the DUT divided by the bandwidth of the DUT.) The Option 215 calculated sweep times are usually fine. You can verify that it is not sweeping too fast by slowing the sweep and noting whether there is a frequency or amplitude shift of the trace. If there is a change, continue to slow the sweep until there is no longer a frequency or amplitude shift.

Measurement Concepts

Tracking Error

Many built-in tracking generators require tracking adjustment by the user to account for circuit drifts. The circuits in Option 215 are all fully frequency synthesized, so no tracking adjustment is required nor is any available.

Power Leveling

Power leveling is not available on any of the MXG-A, PSG-C, PSG-D, or the ESG-C signal sources.

Power Slope Correction

With Option 215 there is no functionality for adding a power slope correction to the source output level, so you may need to find a more accurate source.

30 Chapter 2

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Measurement Concepts

Calibration/Normalization

Types of Measurement Errors

There are three basic sources of measurement error: systematic, random and drift.

• Systematic Errors

— are due to imperfections in the analyzer and the test setup

— are assumed to be time invariant (predictable)

— are characterized by the calibration, and can be removed during

measurements

• Random Errors

— vary with time in a random fashion (unpredictable)

— are mainly a result of instrument noise (source phase noise,

analyzer sensitivity)

— cannot be removed

• Drift Errors

— are due to instrument or test-system performance changes after a

calibration has been done (unpredictable)

— are primarily caused by temperature variations

— can be removed by re-doing the calibration

So doing a calibration before making the measurement improves the measurement accuracy. Any time you change the frequency, power settings, or cables within a measurement, you must repeat the calibration routine.

Open/Short Calibration

An open/short calibration is used for reflection measurements and only corrects for system tracking errors (source match and reflection tracking). This type of calibration is essentially a normalized measurement where a reference trace is stored in memory. This memory trace data is then subtracted from later measurement data.

Measurement Concepts

Press

Chapter 2 31

Source, Open/Short Cal to access this functionality.

Page 32

Measurement Concepts

Calibration/Normalization

The reference trace is created by terminating the directional coupler or bridge in a short and also in an open. These two sets of data are then averaged together. The resulting trace data is used as the reference trace to correct future measurements. This calibration data must be taken using the same analyzer settings as will be used for the measurement of the DUT. A calibration created by measuring both an open and a short is more accurate than doing a simple normalization using only one or the other of these devices. It is, however, possible to do either an Open Only or a Short Only calibration by simply storing a trace, taken with either an open device or a short device, in the Reference Trace, that is, in Trace 3.

If you terminate a connector in a short, the short cannot dissipate power. Since there is nowhere for the power to go, a reflected wave is returned back down the line. There can be no voltage across a short so the reflected wave is equal in magnitude and 180 degrees out of phase with the incident signal. (The sum of the incident voltage wave and the reflected voltage wave must equal zero at the short.)

In a similar way, an open connection will reflect back a waveform that is of equal magnitude, but is in phase with the incident voltage wave. So the open and short data are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. When they are averaged together they form a more accurate representation of the analyzer characteristics.

NOTE Any two waves traveling in opposite directions cause a “standing wave”

Measurement Concepts

to be formed on the transmission line. Standing wave ratio (SWR) is defined as the standing wave maximum voltage over its minimum voltage.

Normalization Concepts

Normalization can be used on a transmission measurement to correct for frequency response errors. The frequency response of the test system must be measured and stored as a reference trace, and then normalization is used to eliminate this error from the measurement.

To measure the frequency response of the test system, connect the test system as desired for the measurement. Then remove the DUT from the system replacing it with a thru connection. Measure the frequency response of the system, and store this as a reference trace.

Press

The frequency response of the test system is stored and a normalization can be performed. Press normalization. This means that the active displayed trace is now the ratio of the input data to the stored data.

Source, Normalize, Store Ref (1 -> 3) to access this functionality.

Source, Normalize, Normalize On to activate

When normalization is on, the normalization reference data is subtracted from the measured data and the normalized reference

32 Chapter 2

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Measurement Concepts

Calibration/Normalization

position/level settings are applied to the displayed trace data. Normalized reference position is indicated by arrowheads at the edges of the graticule.

Reconnect the DUT to the analyzer. Note that the units of the reference level have changed to dB, indicating that this is now a relative measurement.

Measurement Concepts

Chapter 2 33

Page 34

Measurement Concepts

Equations and Conversion Table

Figure 2-1 Transmitted and Reflected Power with a DUT

Incident Transmitted

Device Under Test

(DUT)

Reflected

stimresp.vsd

transmitted

Insertion Loss or Gain 20log

-----------------------V

incident

Measurement Concepts

Reflection Coefficient ρ

Reflection coefficient is actually a complex quantity (Γ). But a tracking source/spectrum analyzer system only makes scalar measurements (ρ).

reflected

--------------------= V

incident

Return Loss 20– logρ=

34 Chapter 2

Page 35

Figure 2-2 Ranges and Relationships

Incident

Z O - Transmission

Line Impedence

Reflected

Measurement Concepts

Equations and Conversion Table

Load

L - Device

Impedance)

Z L = Z O

Z L = 0 , ∞

∞ dB

0 dB

SWR

∞1

VSWR

max

-----------V

min

1 ρ+

-----------1 ρ–

----------

110

-----------------------== =

----------

110

–

RL–

ranges.vsd

Where: RL is the measured return loss value.

Note that a VSWR of 1 (sometimes referred to as 1:1) means that all of the transmitted incident power is absorbed at the load and no power is reflected back. (This assumes a perfect impedance match.) Similarly, an infinite VSWR is for a perfect open or short, where all of the incident power is reflected back.

Measurement Concepts

Chapter 2 35

Page 36

Measurement Concepts

Equations and Conversion Table

Converting Return Loss to VSWR

Return loss can be expressed as a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) value using the following table:

Table 2-1 Return Loss to VSWR Conversion

Return Loss (dB)

4.0 4.42 14.0 1.50 18.0 1.29 28.0 1.08 38.0 1.03

6.0 3.01 14.2 1.48 18.5 1.27 28.5 1.08 38.5 1.02

8.0 2.32 14.4 1.47 19.0 1.25 29.0 1.07 39.0 1.02

10.0 1.92 14.6 1.46 19.5 1.24 29.5 1.07 39.5 1.02

10.5 1.85 14.8 1.44 20.0 1.22 30.0 1.07 40.0 1.02

11.0 1.78 15.0 1.43 20.5 1.21 30.5 1.06 40.5 1.02

11.2 1.76 15.2 1.42 21.0 1.20 31.0 1.06 41.0 1.02

11.4 1.74 15.4 1.41 21.5 1.18 31.5 1.05 41.5 1.02

11.6 1.71 15.6 1.40 22.0 1.17 32.0 1.05 42.0 1.02

11.8 1.69 15.8 1.39 22.5 1.16 32.5 1.05 42.5 1.02

12.0 1.67 16.0 1.38 23.0 1.15 33.0 1.05 43.0 1.01

12.2 1.65 16.2 1.37 23.5 1.14 33.5 1.04 43.5 1.01

12.4 1.63 16.4 1.36 24.0 1.13 34.0 1.04 44.0 1.01

12.6 1.61 16.6 1.35 24.5 1.13 34.5 1.04 44.5 1.01

VSWR Return

Loss (dB)

VSWR Return

Loss (dB)

VSWR Return

Loss (dB)

VSWR Return

Loss (dB)

VSWR

12.8 1.59 16.8 1.34 25.0 1.12 35.0 1.04 45.0 1.01

13.0 1.58 17.0 1.33 25.5 1.11 35.5 1.03 45.5 1.01

13.2 1.56 17.2 1.32 26.0 1.11 36.0 1.03 46.0 1.01

Measurement Concepts

13.4 1.54 17.4 1.31 26.5 1.10 36.5 1.03 46.5 1.01

13.6 1.53 17.6 1.30 27.0 1.09 37.0 1.03 47.0 1.01

13.8 1.51 17.8 1.30 27.5 1.09 37.5 1.03 47.5 1.01

VSWR is sometimes stated as a ratio. For example: 1.2:1 “one point two to one” VSWR. The first number is the VSWR value taken from the

table or calculated using the formula. The second number is always 1.

36 Chapter 2

Page 37

3 Menu Maps

This chapter provides a visual representation of the front-panel keys and their associated menu keys. Refer to Chapter 4, “Source Key and

Programming Commands,” on page 45 for descriptions of the key

functions.

Menu Maps

Page 38

Menu Maps

What You Will Find in This Chapter

This chapter provides all the menu maps that are found under the Source key.

Key to this chapter’s menu map diagrams

In this chapter of menu map diagrams, the following key has been used:

This represents a hardkey, that is, a raised key on the front panel.

This represents a softkey on a menu, that is, a key that is displayed only on the screen

A bar on the left of two or more keys indicates that the

keys are a set of mutually exclusive choices.

† A dagger to the left of the key indicates that this is an

active function.

‡ A double-dagger to the left of the key indicates a

function that is not always available. It is dependent on other instrument settings.

Menu Maps

38 Chapter 3

Page 39

Menus

Source

Menu Maps

Menus

Source

Ext Source

Ext Src Config

On Off

Auto

Open/Short

[-----]

Amplitude

-10.00 dBm

Amptd Step

10.00 dB

Man

Config Sweep

Normalize

[Off]

CAL

Ext Src Config

Config Sweep

Normalize

Chapter 3 39

Menu Maps

Page 40

Menu Maps

Menus

Config Ext Source

Ext Src Config Ext Src Config

IP Address

0.0.0.0

Show Setup

Connection

Instructions

Show Setup

HW Connection Instructions

Menu Maps

40 Chapter 3

Page 41

Config Sweep

Config SweepConfig Sweep

†

On Off

Harmonic

†

On Off

†

On Off

Menu Maps

Menus

Offset

0.000 Hz

Power

0.00 dB

† A dagger to the left of the key indicates that this is an active function.

Menu Maps

Chapter 3 41

Page 42

Menu Maps

Menus

Normalize

Normali ze

Normalize

Stor e Ref

(1 -> 3)

Normalize

On Off

Norm Ref Lvl

†

0.00 dB

Norm Ref Posn

Ref Trace

(Trace 3

View Blank

)

Menu Maps

42 Chapter 3

Page 43

Open/Short Cal

Menu Maps

Menus

Open/Short CAL

Open CAL

Continue

Cancel

Short CAL

Continue

Cancel

Done CAL

Cancel

Chapter 3 43

Menu Maps

Page 44

Menu Maps

Menus

Menu Maps

44 Chapter 3

Page 45

Source Key and Programming

Commands

Chapter 4

4 Source Key and Programming

Commands

External source control functionality available when the currently active mode is Spectrum Analyzer. In all other modes the softkeys displayed under the source key will be unavailable (grayed out) and the functionality disabled.

Page 46

Source Key and Programming Commands

External Source Configuration

4.1 External Source Configuration

Commands

Figure 4-1 Show Setup Screen

Source Key and Programming

Show Setup

EXTERNAL

Show Setup

SOURCE IP Address : <IP Address>

Product Number : <Model Number>

Serial Number: <Serial Number>

Start Frequency: <Start Frequency> Stop Frequency: <Stop Frequency>

Figure 4-2 Spectrum Analyzer and Signal Source Connections

MUST be connected at the PSA

50 ohm feedthrough

end of the cable

Trigger Out (rear panel)

Swept Signal

Source

Sweep Out

(rear panel)

Trigger

Signal Source drives the sweep of each PSA bucket

Ext Frequency Reference

10 MHz Out

(rear panel)

Ext Ref In

(rear panel)

LAN

Sweep

Drives the start of the PSA sweep

Trigger In

(rear panel)

Spectrum

Analyzer

Ext Trigger In

(front panel)

sa_ss_connect.vsd

Chapter 4

Page 47

4.1.1 IP Address

Sets the IP Address of the external source to be controlled by the PSA.

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Source Key and Programming Commands

External Source Configuration

Source Key and Programming

Commands

Key Path:

Source, Ext Src Config, 1 | Source, Ext Src Config, Show Setup

Remote Command: :SYSTem:COMMunicate:LAN:SOURce[:EXTernal]:IP

:SYSTem:COMMunicate:LAN:SOURce[:EXTernal]:IP?

Unit/Terminator Keys: Enter

Factory Preset: 0.0.0.0

State Saved: Saved in instrument state.

Range: Numeric and the ‘.’ character. String must be of the form

Dependencies and Couplings:

Establishes a connection with the entered IP Address at port

5025. If a connection cannot be established at any time (perhaps if the entered IP address is incorrect, or if the external source or PSA are disconnected from the LAN) then the IP address is reset to ‘0.0.0.0’.

If you are using a cross-over LAN cable to connect the instruments directly together, then the IP addresses of both the instruments must start with the same two integers. That is, if the spectrum analyzer IP address is 156.121.12.122, the source IP address must be 156.121.xxx.xxx.

Once a valid connection has been confirmed, if the external source or PSA is disconnected from the LAN the connection will not be identified as invalid until you change a parameter that requires the external source to be reconfigured.

The following operations are disabled if a LAN connection is not established with your specified IP Address:

• External Source Amplitude

• External Source Amplitude Step

• Configure Sweep functions

•Normalize

• Open/Short CAL

Factory Preset Persistent setting survives instrument preset and power cycle.

State Saved No

Example: SYST:COMM:LAN:SOUR:IP 123.109.355.12

Chapter 4

Page 48

Source Key and Programming Commands

External Source Configuration

4.1.2 Show Setup

Pressing this immediate action key displays a form showing you the current configuration of the external

Commands

source at the specified IP address.

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Source Key and Programming

Key Path:

Dependencies and Couplings:

Remote Command Notes:

Source, Ext Src Config

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address.

No SCPI. Front Panel only.

4.1.3 Model Number

Information parameter which displays the model number of the signal source connected at the specified IP Address. The model number displayed will be determined by sending a “*IDN?” to the entered IP address. The model number is the second field of the “*IDN?” returned value (Format of the *IDN? string is ‘<Company Name>, <Model Number>, <Serial Number>, <Firmware Revision>’).

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Remote Command: :SOURce:EXTernal:MODel?

Factory Preset: ------

State Saved: No

Range: Uppercase, Numeric

Source, Ext Src Config, Show Setup

Remote Command Notes:

Example: SOUR:EXT:MOD?

Query Only

4.1.4 Serial Number

Information parameter which displays the serial number of the signal source connected at the specified IP Address. The serial number displayed will be determined by sending a “*IDN?” to the entered IP address. The serial number is the third field of the “*IDN?” returned value (Format of the *IDN? string is ‘<Company Name>, <Model Number>, <Serial Number>, <Firmware Revision>’).

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Factory Preset: ------

State Saved: No

Source, Ext Src Config, Show Setup

Chapter 4

Page 49

Source Key and Programming Commands

External Source Configuration

Notes: This parameter is not user definable and is provided purely for

information. It is simply displaying the serial number of the instrument recognized to be at the IP Address you entered.

Source Key and Programming

Commands

Remote Command Notes:

Front panel information only

4.1.5 Start Frequency

Information parameter which displays the start frequency of the signal source connected at the specified IP Address.

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Remote Command: :SOURce:EXTernal:FREQuency:STARt?

State Saved: No

Dependencies and Couplings:

Remote Command Notes:

Source, Ext Src Config, Show Setup

The external source start frequency is changed each time the start frequency of the PSA changes.

If the calculated external source start frequency exceeds the frequency range of the external source Error Message 13227 will be reported and the sweep stopped until you adjust either PSA Start Freq, PSA Stop Frequency, Frequency Offset (if ON) or Harmonic (if ON) such that the frequency range can be swept by the signal source and PSA simultaneously.

Query only

Example: SOUR:EXT:FREQ:STAR?

4.1.6 Stop Frequency

Information parameter which displays the stop frequency of the signal source connected at the specified IP Address.

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Remote Command: :SOURce:EXTernal:FREQuency:STOP?

State Saved: No

Source, Ext Src Config, Show Setup

Chapter 4

Page 50

Source Key and Programming Commands

External Source Configuration

Commands

Source Key and Programming

Dependencies and Couplings:

The external source stop frequency is changed each time the stop frequency of the PSA changes.

If the calculated external source stop frequency exceeds the frequency range of the external source Error Message 13227 will be reported and the sweep stopped until you adjust either analyzer start or stop frequency, the frequency offset (if ON) or harmonic (if ON) so that the frequency range can be swept by the signal source and analyzer simultaneously.

Remote Command

Query only

Notes:

Example: SOUR:EXT:SWE:STOP?

Chapter 4

Page 51

Source Key and Programming Commands

External Source Configuration

4.1.7 Hardware Connection Instructions

Pressing this immediate action keys displays a form showing you how to set up the connections between the PSA and the external source. The form will be displayed until you press any key. See Figure 4-2.

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Source Key and Programming

Commands

Key Path:

Dependencies and Couplings:

Remote Command Notes:

Source, Ext Src Config

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer mode.

No SCPI. Front Panel only.

Chapter 4

Page 52

Source Key and Programming Commands

Amplitude

4.2 Amplitude

Commands

The amplitude parameter sets the power level and state of the external source, setting the state to ON initializes the external source based on the current settings of the Spectrum Analyzer.

Source Key and Programming

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Remote Command: :SOURce:EXTernal:POWer[:LEVel][:IMMediate][:AMPLitude]

Factory Preset: −10.00 dBm, OFF

State Saved: Saved in instrument state.

Source

<ampl>

:SOURce:EXTernal:POWer[:LEVel][:IMMediate][:AMPLitude]?

:OUTPut:EXTernal[:STATe] OFF|ON|1|0

:OUTPut:EXTernal[:STATe]?

Chapter 4

Page 53

Source Key and Programming Commands

Amplitude

Source Key and Programming

Commands

Dependencies and Couplings:

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address.

Setting state to ON initializes the external source based on the current settings of the spectrum analyzer. The external source display will be turned OFF and the following external source parameters will be initialized:

• Start/Stop Frequency

• Start/Stop Amplitude

•Number of Points

• Dwell Time

• Sweep type set to stepped

In addition setting the external source control state to ON also sets the following on the PSA:

• Video Bandwidth = 50 MHz, the PSA video bandwidth is fixed at 50MHz while external source control state is set to ON.

• Detector Type to Sample

• Trigger Polarity

• Trigger Source to External Front

• Gate Polarity to Positive

• Gate Trigger to External Rear

•Gate Delay

•Gate Length

•Sweep Time

• Resolution Bandwidth

•Gate State to ON

If the calculated external source start or stop frequency exceeds the frequency range of the external source the sweep is stopped until you adjust either analyzer start or stop frequency, the frequency offset (if ON) or harmonic (if ON) such that the frequency range can be swept by the signal source and PSA simultaneously. Once the frequency range of the external source is valid, the sweep resumes.

Example: SOUR:EXT:POW −22 dBm

SOUR:EXT:POW ON

Chapter 4

Page 54

Source Key and Programming Commands

Amplitude Step

4.3 Amplitude Step

Commands

Allows you to specify the step size of the external source power level.

Source Key and Programming

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Remote Command: :SOURce:EXTernal:POWer:STEP[:INCRement] <rel_ampl>

Factory Preset: 10.00 dB, ON

State Saved: Saved in instrument state.

SCPI Resolution Max: 1.00 dB

Example: SOUR:EXT:POW:STEP 1 dB

Source

:SOURce:EXTernal:POWer:STEP[:INCRement]?

:SOURce:EXTernal:POWer:STEP:AUTO ON|OFF|1|0

:SOURce:EXTernal:POWer:STEP:AUTO?

SOUR:EXT:POW:STEP:AUTO OFF

Chapter 4

Page 55

Source Key and Programming Commands

Configure Sweep

4.4 Configure Sweep

4.4.1 Offset Sweep

Offset sweep is the frequency difference of the signal generator from the sweep frequency of the PSA. One application for offset sweep is testing mixer conversion loss. The Analyzer sweep frequencies are offset by the value of the LO frequency.

The example below shows the testing of the upper sideband (USB) mixing product. An example of a test setup for measuring the lower sideband (LSB) mixing product can be found in “Example 3: Viewing

Downconverted Signal Outputs Using Source Frequency Sweep Reversal” on page 13.

Source Key and Programming

Commands

Chapter 4

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Remote Command: :SOURce:EXTernal:SWEep:OFFSet:FREQuency <freq>

Factory Preset: 0.00 Hz, OFF

State Saved: Saved in instrument state.

SCPI Resolution Max: 1 Hz

Source, Config Sweep

:SOURce:EXTernal:SWEep:OFFSet:FREQuency?

:SOURce:EXTernal:SWEep:OFFSet[:STATe] ON|OFF|1|0

:SOURce:EXTernal:SWEep:OFFSet[:STATe]?

Page 56

Source Key and Programming Commands

Configure Sweep

Commands

Source Key and Programming

Dependencies and Couplings:

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at your specified IP address.

The external source start and stop frequencies are offset from the analyzer start and stop frequencies by the specified amount when the state is set to ON.

If the calculated external source start or stop frequency exceeds the frequency range of the external source, the sweep is stopped until you adjust the analyzer Start Frequency, Stop Frequency, Frequency Offset (if ON) or the harmonic (if ON) such that the frequency range can be swept by the signal source and analyzer simultaneously. Once the frequency range of the external source is valid, the sweep will resume.

The analyzer Start Frequency + Frequency Offset must be greater than the external source Minimum Frequency + 1 Bucket Width.

The analyzer Stop Frequency + Frequency Offset must be less than the external source Maximum Frequency – 1 Bucket Width.

Example: SOUR:EXT:SWE:OFFS:FREQ 200MHz

SOUR:EXT:SWE:OFFS ON

Chapter 4

Page 57

Source Key and Programming Commands

Configure Sweep

4.4.2 Harmonic Sweep

Harmonic sweep offsets the frequency of the signal generator from the frequency of the PSA. One application for harmonic sweep is amplifier test. See the following graphic.

Source Key and Programming

Commands

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Source, Config Sweep

Remote Command: :SOURce:EXTernal:SWEep:HARMonic <real>

:SOURce:EXTernal:SWEep:HARMonic?

:SOURce:EXTernal:SWEep:HARMonic:STATe ON|OFF|1|0

:SOURce:EXTernal:SWEep:HARMonic:STATe?

Factory Preset: 1, OFF

State Saved: Saved in instrument state.

Minimum value: 0.01

Maximum value: 20

Dependencies and Couplings:

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address.

The harmonic range is restricted by both the frequency range of the spectrum analyzer and the frequency range of the external source.

If the calculated external source start or stop frequency exceeds the frequency range of the external source Error Message 13227 will be reported and the sweep stopped until you adjust either analyzer start or stop frequency, the frequency offset (if ON) or harmonic (if ON) such that the frequency range can be swept by the signal source and analyzer simultaneously. Once the frequency range of the external source is valid the error is cleared and the sweep resumes.

Chapter 4

Page 58

Source Key and Programming Commands

Configure Sweep

Example: SOUR:EXT:SWE:HARM 2

Commands

4.4.3 Power Sweep

SOUR:EXT:SWE:HARM:STAT ON

Source Key and Programming

The external source amplitude is swept over the specified number of sweep points.

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Source, Config Sweep

Remote Command: :SOURce:EXTernal:SWEep:POWer:SPAN <rel_ampl>

:SOURce:EXTernal:SWEep:POWer:SPAN?

:SOURce:EXTernal:POWer:MODE FIXed|SWEep

:SOURce:EXTernal:POWer:MODE?

Factory Preset: 0.00 dB, FIXed

State Saved: Saved in instrument state.

SCPI Resolution Max: 1.00 dB

Dependencies and Couplings:

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer mode or a connection has not been established at you specified IP address.

Example: SOUR:EXT:SWE:POW:SPAN 10 dB

SOUR:EXT:SWE:POW:MODE SWE

Chapter 4

Page 59

4.5 Normalize

4.5.1 Store Reference Trace

Copies trace 1 into trace 3.

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Source Key and Programming Commands

Normalize

Source Key and Programming

Commands

Key Path:

Remote Command: :TRACe:COPY TRACE1, TRACE3

Dependencies and Couplings:

Example: TRAC:COPY TRACE1, TRACE3

Source, Normalize

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address.

A reference trace should be stored prior to turning on trace normalization either through pressing the Store Ref Trace softkey or completing an Open/Short calibration.

The stored reference trace (trace 3) is cleared when key is pressed. If you wish to re-use this calibration data you should save the trace (File > Save > Type (Trace) > Save Now) and then recall it following completion of the preset.

Chapter 4

Page 60

Commands

Source Key and Programming

Source Key and Programming Commands

Normalize

4.5.2 Normalize

Enables or disables trace normalization.

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Remote Command: :CALCulate:NTData[:STATe] ON|OFF|1|0

Factory Preset: OFF

State Saved: Saved in instrument state.

Source, Normalize

:CALCulate:NTData[:STATe]?

Dependencies and Couplings:

Example: CALC:NDAT ON

The parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address. Trace normalization cannot be turned ON unless external source control is ON (that is, Amplitude state is set to ON). If external source control is turned OFF while trace normalization is ON, then trace normalization will be turned OFF.

If a reference trace has not been stored prior to turning on trace normalization, then trace normalization is turned on but an error message is reported.

Turning on trace normalization changes the Y scale units to dB when Preset is pressed. The trace data now displayed in trace 1 is the data measured in trace 1 minus the data in the reference trace (trace 3).

Trace normalization will be turned OFF when the reference trace display is set to View.

4.5.3 Normalized Reference Level

Allows you to set the normalized reference level.

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Remote Command: :DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:NRLevel <rel_ampl>

Factory Preset: 0.00 dB

State Saved: Saved in instrument state.

SCPI Resolution Max: 0.01 dB

Source, Normalize

:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:NRLevel?

Chapter 4

Page 61

Source Key and Programming Commands

Normalize

Source Key and Programming

Commands

Dependencies and Couplings:

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address.

Example: DISP:WIN:TRAC:Y:NRL −1.8 dB

Chapter 4

Page 62

Source Key and Programming Commands

Normalize

4.5.4 Normalized Reference Position

Allows you to select the position of the normalized reference level; the top and bottom graticule line

Commands

correspond to 10 and 0 respectively.

Source Key and Programming

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Remote Command: :DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:NRPosition <integer>

Factory Preset: 10

State Saved: Saved in instrument state.

Dependencies and Couplings:

Example: DISP:WIN:TRAC:Y:NRP 9 sets it one graticule down from the

4.5.5 Reference Trace Display

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Source, Normalize

:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:NRPosition?

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address.

top.

Source, Normalize

Factory Preset: Blank

State Saved: Saved in instrument state.

Dependencies and Couplings:

Remote Command Notes:

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address.

When the reference trace is set to View, trace normalization is turned OFF, and Trace 3 (the reference trace) is placed into View mode.

No SCPI. Front Panel only.

Chapter 4

Page 63

4.6 Open/Short CAL

Figure 4-3 Open Calibration Form

External Source

Connect the coaxial open to Port 1 and press continue.

Port 2

Port 3

Source Key and Programming Commands

Open/Short CAL

PSA

Port 1

Source Key and Programming

Commands

Figure 4-4 Short Calibration Form

PSA

External Source

Port 3

Port 1

Port 2

Connect the coaxial short to Port 1 and press continue.

Pressing the immediate action Open/Short CAL key directs you through performing an Open/Short Calibration. On pressing the Open/Short CAL softkey the Open Calibration Form (see Figure 4-3, “Open

Calibration Form,”) is displayed and the softkey menu displays a softkey labeled ‘Continue’ and a softkey

labeled ‘Cancel’. The form shows a diagrammatic representation of how to connect the external source to the spectrum analyzer to perform the calibration. When you press the Continue softkey, the open calibration sweep is taken and stored in memory.

NOTE You will get an error if you try to start an Open/Short Cal using frequency span settings that

cross band boundaries. (See “Frequency Bands” on page 9.) The Open/Short Cal will not start until you change the start/stop frequencies to stay within a single band.

Chapter 4

Page 64

Commands

Source Key and Programming

Source Key and Programming Commands

Open/Short CAL

On completion of the Open Calibration, you are directed through performing a coaxial short calibration. Once an Open Calibration has been completed the Short Calibration Form (see Figure 4-4, “Short

Calibration Form,”) is displayed and the softkey menu displays a softkey labeled ‘Continue’ and a softkey

labeled ‘Cancel’. The form shows a diagrammatic representation of how to connect the external source to the spectrum analyzer to perform the calibration. At this stage you can choose to either complete the Open/Short Calibration by pressing the ‘Done CAL’ softkey or cancel the Open/Short Calibration by pressing the ‘Cancel’ softkey.

The Open/Short Calibration can be canceled at any time by pressing the ‘Cancel’ softkey. If you cancel the Open/Short Calibration at any point, previously stored calibration data will not be overwritten.

4.6.1 Continue Calibration

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Dependencies and Couplings:

Remote Command Notes:

Source, Open/Short CAL

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address.

When the Open/Short CAL immediate action key is pressed the Open CAL Form is displayed and a continue softkey displayed on the menu. On completion of the Open CAL the Short CAL form is displayed with the continue softkey again displayed. Once the Open CAL and Short CAL have been completed the ‘Done CAL’ softkey is displayed and the calibration can then be completed by pressing this softkey

The Open/Short CAL can be canceled at any time by pressing the ‘Cancel’ softkey on the softkey menu. If you cancel the Open/Short Calibration at any point, previously stored calibration data will not be overwritten

The stored open and short calibration data is cleared on a preset.

No SCPI. Front Panel only.

Chapter 4

Page 65

4.6.2 Cancel Calibration

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Source Key and Programming Commands

Open/Short CAL

Source Key and Programming

Commands

Key Path:

Dependencies and Couplings:

Remote Command Notes:

4.6.3 Store Calibration

Mode: Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Dependencies and Couplings:

Source, Open/Short CAL

Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer mode or a connection has not been established at you specified IP address.

The Open/Short CAL can canceled at any time by pressing the ‘Cancel’ softkey on the softkey menu. If you cancel the Open/Short Calibration at any point, previously stored calibration data will not be overwritten

No SCPI. Front Panel only.

Source, Open/Short CAL, [Open CAL Form displayed], Continue, [Short CAL Form displayed], Continue

This softkey is only displayed after an Open CAL and a Short CAL have been completed.

The calibration procedure is completed by pressing this key. When you press this key the stored open and short calibration traces are averaged and copied to trace 3 (stored as the reference trace), and you are returned to the Source menu.

Chapter 4

Remote Command Notes:

The stored reference trace (trace 3) is cleared on a preset; if you wish to re-use this calibration data you should save the trace (File > Save > Type (Trace) > Save Now) and then recall it following completion of the preset.

No SCPI. Front Panel only.

Page 66

Commands

Source Key and Programming

Source Key and Programming Commands

Open/Short CAL

Chapter 4

Page 67

Hints and Tips

5 Hints and Tips

This chapter includes a list of hints and tips that will help you optimize the performance of Option 215 on your PSA Series analyzer.

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Hints and Tips

FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips

These pages list a few frequently asked questions (FAQ s), and gives a few hints and tips that will help you get the best performance from your analyzer and Option 215 External Source Control.

Overloading - if you are overloading the analyzer, connect a 10 dB

• attenuator to the RF input and set the amplifier gain) to -10 dB. This softkey is accessed using the

Amplitude key and the More 1 of 3 softkey.

How can I increase the measurement speed? Measurement speed can

• be increased by reducing the number of points from the default value of 601, or by increasing the resolution bandwidth from the automatically calculated value. Increasing the resolution bandwidth will improve the measurement speed, but at the cost of lower dynamic range.

Hints and Tips

Preselector centering does not appear to be working. Preselector

• centering is not compatible with the time gating functionality that Option 215 External Source Control uses. The way around this limitation is to switch Option 215 External Source Control centering your preselector. Once the preselector has been successfully centered, you can switch Option 215 External Source Control

On again.

Ext Amp Gain (external

Off before

Can I make manual adjustments to the preselector while Option 215 is

•

running?

There are no limitations on making manual adjustments to the preselector when Option 215 External Source Control is operating. You can make manual preselector adjustments with Option 215 External Source Control either

I am seeing regularly spaced dropouts (glitches) in my pre-normalized

•

response. How can I stop this?

There are regularly spaces dropouts in

On or Off.

Option 215 External Source Control’s response. These occur every

1.4 MHz, and are most visible in spans from 8 MHz to 50 MHz. They are about 0.08 dB in size, and are stable enough to be effectively removed by normalizing the measurement.

These dropouts get worse if you change the setting from its default setting of

Fast Tune. With any non-Fast Tune

Phase Noise Optimization

setting, these dropouts can reach up to 1.6 dB. It is also worth noting that none of the non-Fast Tune settings work below 2 MHz.

•

I cannot get my signal source to work to the limits of its frequency range. What is wrong?

You are not necessarily doing anything wrong. If you specify, for example, that the PSA Series analyzer is to sweep using 601 points, the signal source actually uses 601+2 points, that is, 603 points. This is because the source needs a ‘spare’ point at the start and at the end of every sweep generation. These two extra points, although not visible to you, both need to fall within the frequency range of the signal generator. The frequency span you see can

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Hints and Tips

FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips

therefore be slightly offset from the frequency limits of the source. You can increase the number of sweep points or decrease the span of the sweep to get closer to the frequency limit of your signal source, but you will never be able to get right to the limit. See “Further

Frequency Limitations” on page 10 for a more detailed discussion of

this limitation.

•

How do I view Signal Source errors? - Option 215 External Source

Control does not check the error queue on your signal source. If you have a problem with the signal source, for example, your sweep failed to complete, check the error queue on your signal source for information on any errors.

•

Signal Source IP Address Connection Problem - if you are using a LAN

cross-over cable to connect the spectrum analyzer to the source directly, then the IP address of both instruments must start with the same first two integers. For example, if your analyzer IP address is

156.121.102.33, then your source IP address must be set to

156.121.xxx.xxx.

Hints and Tips

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Hints and Tips

FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips

Examples Exceeding the Source Frequency Range or the Spectrum Analyzer Frequency Band.

These examples will all result in an instrument error until the measurement settings are changed.

The following reference information applies to all of the examples.

PSA Stop Freq PSA Start Freq–

⎛⎞

PSA Start Freq Offset Freq+

Source Start Freq

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------=

Harmonic Number

PSA Stop Freq Offset Freq+

Source Stop Freq

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------=

Harmonic Number

Hints and Tips

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

–

⎝⎠

⎛⎞

⎝⎠

Sweep Points 1–

PSA Stop Freq PSA Start Freq–

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sweep Points 1–

Example 1: Bad Source Start Frequency

Using any PSA and any source:

PSA settings:

•Start Freq = 0 Hz

• Stop Freq = 500 MHz

•Sweep Points = 101

• Offset = OFF

•Harmonic = OFF

This will cause the “Freq range of ext src exceeded” error.

Reason:

The signal source must be able to sweep one “bucket’s” worth of frequency range before the requested PSA start frequency. In this case:

Source Start Freq

500E 6() 0–

⎛⎞

00+

----------------------------- -

–

⎝⎠

101 1–

------------------------------------------------------ 5E 6() = –5 MHz–==

Source Stop Freq

But −5 MHz is not in the range of the signal source.

70 Chapter 5

500E 6() 0–

⎛⎞

500E 6() 0+

----------------------------- -

⎝⎠

101 1–

------------------------------------------------------------------------

505E 6() = 5.05 MHz==

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Hints and Tips

FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips

So the PSA start frequency should be adjusted enough to ensure that it is at least 1 bucket width greater than the source minimum frequency. (Find the source minimum frequency using the PSA command SOURce:EXTernal:FREQuency:STARt? MIN)

Example 2: Bad Source Stop Frequency

Using 50 GHz PSA (E4448A) and 44 GHz source (for example, an E8267D):

PSA settings:

• Start Freq = 42 GHz

•Stop Freq = 44 GHz

•Sweep Points = 101

• Offset = OFF

•Harmonic = OFF

This will cause the “Freq range of ext src exceeded” error.

Hints and Tips

Reason:

The signal source must be able to sweep one “bucket’s” worth of frequency range after the requested PSA start frequency. In this case:

Source Start Freq

Source Stop Freq

But 44.02 GHz is not in the range of the signal source.

So the PSA stop frequency should be adjusted enough to ensure that it is at least 1 bucket width less than the source maximum frequency. (Find the source maximum frequency using the PSA command SOURce:EXTernal:FREQuency:STOP? MAX)

44E 9() 42E 9()–

⎛⎞

42E(9) 0+

------------------------------------------

–

⎝⎠

101 1–

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41.98E 9() = 41.98 GHz==

44E 9() 42E 9()–

⎛⎞

44E 9() 0+

------------------------------------------

⎝⎠

101 1–

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44.02E 9() = 44.02 GHz==

Example 3: Outside Analyzer Frequency Band

Using any PSA and any source:

PSA settings:

• Start Freq = 2.5 GHz

•Stop Freq = 3.5 GHz

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Hints and Tips

FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips

•Sweep Points = 101

• Offset = OFF

•Harmonic = OFF

This will cause the “Frequency band crossing not supported” error.

Reason:

The PSA band 0 stops at 3.05 GHz, and band 1 starts at 2.85 GHz. So you must change your measurement to be completely in one of these two bands. You can change:

• PSA start frequency > 2.85 GHz

• PSA stop frequency <3.05 GHz

Table 5-1 Frequency Bands in the PSA Series analyzers

(Microwave Preselector On)

Hints and Tips

Band Number

Frequency Range Overlap

with Next Band

0 3.0 Hz - 3.05 GHz 200 MHz

1 2.85GHz - 6.6GHz 400MHz

2 6.2 GHz - 13.2 GHz 400 MHz

3 12.8 GHz - 19.2 GHz 500 MHz

4 18.7 GHz - 26.8 GHz 400 MHz

5 26.4GHz - 31.15GHz 150MHz

6 31.0 GHz - 50.0 GHz N/A

Table 5-2 Frequency Bands in the PSA Series analyzers

(Microwave Preselector Off)

Band Number

1 3.0 GHz - 6.6 GHz 400 MHz

2 6.2 GHz - 13.2 GHz 400 MHz

3 12.8 GHz - 19.2 GHz 500 MHz

Frequency Range Overlap

with Next Band

4 18.7 GHz - 26.5 GHz 100 MHz

5 26.4GHz - 31.15GHz 150MHz

6 31.0 GHz - 41.0 GHz 500 MHz

72 Chapter 5

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Hints and Tips

FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips

Table 5-2 Frequency Bands in the PSA Series analyzers

(Microwave Preselector Off)

Band Number

7 40.5 GHz - 50 GHz N/A

Example 4: Offset Causes Invalid Source Setting

Using any PSA and any source:

PSA settings:

• Start Freq = 2.5 GHz

•Stop Freq = 3.0 GHz

•Sweep Points = 101

• Offset = −2.8 GHz, On

•Harmonic = OFF

This will cause the “Freq range of ext src exceeded” error.

Reason:

The signal source cannot sweep from a negative frequency, but by specifying a Start Frequency of 2.5 GHz and Offset of −2.8 GHz, you are asking the source to start its sweep at −0.8 GHz. In this case:

Frequency Range Overlap

with Next Band

Hints and Tips

Source Start Freq

Source Stop Freq

3.0E 9() 2.5E 9()–

⎛⎞

2.5E 9() 2.8E 9()–()+

---------------------------------------------

–

⎝⎠

101 1–

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 0.8E 9() = –0.8 GHz–==

3.0E 9() 2.5E 9()–

⎛⎞

3.0E 9() 2.8E 9()–()+

---------------------------------------------

⎝⎠

101 1–

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.2E 9() = 200 MHz==

But −0.8 GHz is not in the range of the signal source.

So you can either:

• increase the offset to ≤ −3 GHz

• reduce the stop frequency to ≤ 2.8 GHz

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Hints and Tips

FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips

Example 5: Offset Causes Bad Source Stop Frequency

Using PSA (13.2 GHz and above) and a 6 GHz source (for example, an E4438C):

PSA settings:

• Start Freq = 10 GHz

•Stop Freq = 12 GHz

•Sweep Points = 101

• Offset = −5 GHz, On

•Harmonic = OFF

This will cause the “Freq range of ext src exceeded” error.

Reason:

The signal source is being asked to sweep outside its frequency range. In this case:

Hints and Tips

10E 9() 5E 9()–()+

Source Start Freq

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 4.98E 9() = 4.98 GHz==

12E 9() 10E 9()–

⎛⎞

------------------------------------------

–

⎝⎠

101 1–

12E 9() 10E 9()–

⎛⎞

------------------------------------------

⎝⎠

101 1–

Source Stop Freq

12E 9() 5E 9()–()+

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7.02E 9() = 7.02 GHz== 1

But 7.02 GHz is not in the range of the signal source.

So the offset or stop frequency should be changed until the calculation is less than the source maximum frequency. (Find the source maximum frequency using the PSA command SOURce:EXTernal:FREQuency:STOP? MAX)

Example 6: Offset Causes VALID Negative Source Settings

Using any PSA and any source:

PSA settings:

• Start Freq = 2.5 GHz

•Stop Freq = 3.0 GHz

•Sweep Points = 101

• Offset = −3.1 GHz, On

•Harmonic = OFF

This will not cause the “Freq range of ext src exceeded” error.

Reason:

74 Chapter 5

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Source Start Freq

Source Stop Freq

Hints and Tips

FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips

The signal source Start Frequency and the Stop Frequency are both negative. In this case:

3.0E 9() 2.5E 9()–

⎛⎞

2.5E 9() 3.1E 9()–()+

---------------------------------------------

–

⎝⎠

101 1–

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.605E 9() = –605 MHz–==

3.0E 9() 2.5E 9()–

⎛⎞

3.0E 9() 3.1E 9()–()+

---------------------------------------------

⎝⎠

101 1–

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.095E 9() = –95 MHz–==

In this case both the stop and start frequencies are negative, so this example looks invalid. But in this special case, the PSA can change its internal mixing to use a negative mixing harmonic. Then the PSA sets the source start frequency to the positive value of the calculated stop frequency. It also sets the source stop frequency to the positive value of the calculated start frequency. This causes the mixing products to sweep in reverse, and allows the measurement to be made.

Hints and Tips

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Hints and Tips

FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips

Hints and Tips

76 Chapter 5

Page 77

Index

Numerics

50 ohm termination

accuracy of measurements active license key

how to locate Agilent Technologies URL Amplitude amplitude accuracy Amplitude Step AMPLITUDE Y Scale

cable connections cables needed calculations

example, 11 calibrate a transmission

calibration

open/short, 63 Choose Option key Configure Sweep connecting your external source

connecting your instrument connecting your instruments

connector termination correcting measurement errors

deleting an

documentation dropouts of signal

errors example measurement

firmware requirements firmware upgrades flatness frequency accuracy frequency calculations frequency range limitations frequency range of signal source

, 52

, 40, 41

measurement

31, 32

application/personality

, 31

, 28

, 24

, 30

, 21

, 2

, 30

, 54

, 23, 24, 46

, 8

, 31

, 21

, 55

, 24

, 23,

, 24

, 16

, 26

, 68

, 29

, 7

, 26

, 30

, 11, 70

, 9

, 28

gain getting started glitches in signal

Hardware Connection

Instructions hardware requirements Harmonic Sweep hints

compatibility, 68 IP address problem overloading preselector adjustments preselector centering does not

work, 68

signal dropouts signal source frequency range

speed

, 68

speed of measurement

insertion loss Install Now key

Installing and Obtaining a license

key, 20 installing measurement

personalities IP Address

IP address problem

LAN connection, 23, 46 LAN connection setup latest information license key

obtaining and installing, 20

limitations loading an

application/personality

measurement accuracy measurement errors measurement example measurement speed measurement types menu map

Amplitude Y Scale

missing options

Model Number

, 6

, 68

, 51

, 7, 8

, 57

, 69

, 68

, 28

, 21

, 16

, 47

, 69

, 24

, 26

, 9

, 16

, 30

, 31

, 29

, 68

, 28

, 40, 41

, 17

, 48

Normalize normalize a transmission

Normalized Reference Level Normalized Reference Position

Offset Sweep, 55 open calibration open/short CAL open/short calibration options

loading/deleting, 16

options not in instrument

overloading

, 59, 60

measurement, 32

memory, 17

, 68

personality options not in

instrument power leveling power slope correction Power Sweep preselector adjustments preselector centering does not

work, 68 PSA connections PSA LAN setup

reference level reference position reference trace

, 59

store Reference Trace Display reflection coefficient return loss

converting to VSWR

sample measurement Serial Number shipment

verification list short calibration Show Setup signal dropouts signal source connections signal source frequency range software requirements software upgrades source connections

, 17

, 30

, 58

, 60

, 62

, 28

, 48

, 68

, 60

, 63

, 31

, 30

, 68

, 23, 46

, 24

Index

, 62

, 28

, 36

, 29

, 26

, 63

, 23, 46

, 68

, 7

, 26

, 23, 46

Page 78

Index

source frequency calculations, 11,

source frequency range spectrum analyzer connections

23, 46

speed of measurements Start Frequency start frequency calculation Stop Frequency stop frequency calculation Store Reference Trace sweep

configure, 55 harmonic

, 55

offset power

, 58

sweep speed, impact on

measurement accuracy, 30 SWR

, 28

, 49

, 57

, 68

, 49

, 11, 70

, 59

tips

compatibility IP address problem overloading preselector adjustments preselector centering does not

work signal dropouts signal source frequency range

, 68

speed speed of measurement

Index

trace

store reference

tracking error, impact on

measurement accuracy

tracking source

stimulus response

Uninstall Now, 21 uninstalling measurement

personalities

URL

Agilent Technologies firmware spectrum analyzer updates

, 68

, 69

, 68

, 59

, 30

, 29

, 16

, 2

, 26

VSWR and return loss, 36

web information website

firmware updates

, 26

Agilent E4445A External Source Control Personality Guide

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Table of Contents

1 Getting Started

Option 215 Description

Hardware and Firmware Requirements

Connection Hardware and Accessories

Using Option 215 External Sweep Control with >2000 Sweep Points

Option 215 Limitations

Frequency Bands

Further Frequency Limitations

Frequency Calculation Examples

Installing Option 215

Installing Optional Measurement Personalities

Setting Up Your Signal Analyzer and Signal Source

Connecting Your PSA Analyzer to an External Source

Configuring the PSA Series Analyzer

Documentation for Option 215

Spectrum Analyzers with Option 215

Spectrum Analyzer Updates

2 Measurement Concepts

Why Use the Spectrum Analyzer With a Tracking Source?

Stimulus Response Measurements

Frequency and Amplitude Accuracy

Sweep Speed

Tracking Error

Power Leveling

Power Slope Correction

Calibration/Normalization

Types of Measurement Errors

Open/Short Calibration

Normalization Concepts

Equations and Conversion Table

Converting Return Loss to VSWR

3 Menu Maps

What You Will Find in This Chapter

Key to this chapter’s menu map diagrams

Menus

Source

Config Ext Source

Config Sweep

Normalize

Open/Short Cal

4.1 External Source Configuration

4.1.1 IP Address

4.1.2 Show Setup

4.1.3 Model Number

4.1.4 Serial Number

4.1.5 Start Frequency

4.1.6 Stop Frequency

4.1.7 Hardware Connection Instructions

4.2 Amplitude

4.3 Amplitude Step

4.4 Configure Sweep

4.4.1 Offset Sweep

4.4.2 Harmonic Sweep

4.4.3 Power Sweep

4.5 Normalize

4.5.1 Store Reference Trace

4.5.2 Normalize

4.5.3 Normalized Reference Level

4.5.4 Normalized Reference Position

4.5.5 Reference Trace Display

4.6 Open/Short CAL

4.6.1 Continue Calibration

4.6.2 Cancel Calibration

4.6.3 Store Calibration

5 Hints and Tips

FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips

Examples Exceeding the Source Frequency Range or the Spectrum Analyzer Frequency Band.

Index