Agilent E4416A Users Guide

Download

Agilent EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters

User’s Guide

Agilent Technologies

Notices

CAUTION

WARNING

No p art o f this manual may b e rep roduc ed in any form or by any means (including electronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agreement and written consent from Agilent Technologies, Inc. as governed by United States and international copyright laws.

Manual Part Number

E4416-90023

Edition

Third Edition, June 06, 2008

Printed in Malaysia

Agilent Technologies, Inc. 3501 Stevens Creek Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95052 USA

Notices

Warranty

The material contained in this document is provided “as is,” and is subject to being changed, without notice, in future editions. Further, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Agilent disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, with regard to this manual and any information contained herein, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Agilent shall not be liable for errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, use, or performance of this document or of any information contained herein. Should Agilent and the user have a separate written agreement with warranty terms covering the material in this document that conflict with these terms, the warranty terms in the separate agreement shall control.

Technology Licenses

The hardware and/or software described in this document are furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.

Restricted Rights Legend

U.S. Government Restricted Rights. Software and technical data rights granted to the federal government include only those rights customarily provided to end user customers. Agilent provides this customary commercial license in Software and technical data pursuant to FAR 12.211 (Technical Data) and 12.212 (Computer Software) and, for the Department of Defense, DFARS

252.227-7015 (Technical Data - Commercial Items) and DFARS 227.7202-3 (Rights in Commercial Computer Software or Computer Software Documentation).

Safety Notices

A CAUTION notice denotes a haz- ard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to the product or loss of important data. Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

A WARNING notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in personal injury or death. Do not proceed beyond a WARNING notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

ii EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Certification

Warranty

Agilent Technologies certifies that this product met its published specifications at the time of shipment from the factory. Agilent Technologies further certifies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute’s calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.

This Agilent Technologies instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from date of shipment. During the warranty period, Agilent Technologies will at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective. For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by Agilent Technologies. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to Agilent Technologies and Agilent Technologies shall pay shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to Aglent Technologies from another country. Agilent Technologies warrants that its software and firmware designated by Agilent Technologies for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument. Agilent Technologies does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or firmware will be uninterrupted or error free.

Limitation of Warranty

The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modification or misuse, operation outside of the environmental specifications for the product, or improper site preparation or maintenance. NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide iii

Exclusive Remedies

WARNING

CAUTION

Warnings and Cautions

THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.

This guide uses warnings and cautions to denote hazards.

A warning calls attention to a procedure, practice or the like, which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or the loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

A caution calls attention to a procedure, practice or the like which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or the destruction of part or all of the equipment. Do not proceed beyond a caution until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

iv EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Safety Symbols

The following symbol on the instrument and in the documentation indicates precautions that must be taken to maintain safe operation of the instrument.

Caution, risk of danger. The Instruction Documentation Symbol. The product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the supplied documentation.

Alternating current (AC).

This symbol indicates the operating switch for ‘Stand-by’ mode. Note, the instrument is NOT isolated from the mains when the switch is pressed. To isolate the instrument, the mains coupler (mains input cord) should be removed from the power supply.

This symbol indicates the operating switch for ‘On’ mode.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide v

General Safety Considerations

The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation, service, and repair of this instrument. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the instrument. Agilent Technologies assumes no liability for the customer’s failure to comply with these requirements.

vi EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

WARNING

This is a Safety Class I instrument (provided with a protective earthing ground, incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any interruption of the protective conductor inside or outside of the instrument is likely to make the instrument dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.

• DO NOT operate the product in an explosive atmosphere or in the presence of flammable gasses or fumes.

• DO NOT use repaired fuses or short-circuited fuseholders: For continued protection against fire, replace the line fuse(s) only with fuse(s) of the same voltage and current rating and type.

• DO NOT perform procedures involving cover or shield removal unless you are qualified to do so: Operating personnel must not remove equipment covers or shields. Procedures involving the removal of covers and shields are for use by service-trained personnel only.

• DO NOT service or adjust alone: Under certain conditions, dangerous voltages may exist even with the equipment switched off. To avoid dangerous electrical shock, service personnel must not attempt internal service or adjustment unless another person, capable of rendering first aid and resuscitation, is present.

• DO NOT operate damaged equipment: Whenever it is possible that the safety protection features built into this product have been impaired, either through physical damage, excessive moisture, or any other reason, REMOVE POWER and do not use the product until safe operation can be verified by service-trained personnel. If necessary, return the product to a Agilent Sales and Service Office for service and repair to ensure the safety features are maintained.

• DO NOT substitute parts or modify equipment: Because of the danger of introducing additional hazards, do not install substitute parts or perform any unauthorized modification to the product. Return the product to a Agilent Sales and Service Office for service and repair to ensure the safety features are maintained.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide vii

viii EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Notices ii

Certification iii

Warranty iii

Limitation of Warranty iii

Exclusive Remedies iv

Warnings and Cautions iv

Safety Symbols v

General Safety Considerations vi

1 Introduction

Welcome 2

Conventions Used in this Guide 4

Power Meter and Sensor Capability 5

1 Not applicable for N8480 Series power sensors with Option CFT 5

Front Panel Keys and Connections 6

The Display Layout 10

Window Symbols 17

Confirmation Pop-Up 17

Wait Symbol 18

One of Many Entry Pop-Up 18

Configuration Conflict Pop-Up 18

Numeric or Alphanumeric Entry Pop-Up 19

2 General Power Meter Functions

Zeroing and Calibrating 22

Zeroing 22

Calibration 23

Calibration with E-Series Power Sensors and N8480 Series Power Sensors (Excluding Option

CFT) 24

Calibration with 8480 Series Power Sensors and N8480 Series Power Sensors with Option

CFT 25 Zero/Cal Lockout 29

Zeroing and Calibrating Using TTL Inputs 30

Setting the Units of Measurement 34

Selecting Units of Measurement from the Softkeys 35

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide ix

Setting the Resolution 36

Making Relative Measurements 37

Setting Offsets 39

Setting Channel Offsets 39

Setting Display Offsets 41

Setting Frequency Dependent Offsets 43

Setting Averaging 49

Step Detection 51

Setting Measurement Limits 52

Setting Limits 53

Checking for Limit Failures 57

Setting the Range 59

Scaling the Analog Display 60

Recorder Output 62

Saving and Recalling Power Meter Configurations 65

Measuring Pulsed Signals 67

Presetting the Power Meter 70

Preset Conditions 70

3 Using E9320 E-Series Power Sensors

Introduction 76

Power Meter Configuration 78

Default Channel Setup 78

Measurement Method 79

Measurement Display 80

Configuring a Peak Power Measurement 82

The Set Up Process 83

Setting Up Using Data Entry 83

Setting Up Using Trace Markers 103

Measurement Example 109

Using Preinstalled Measurement Setups 114

Measuring GSM 115

Measuring EDGE 118

Measuring NADC 121

Measuring iDEN 125

Measuring Bluetooth 128

x EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Measuring cdmaOne 132

Measuring W-CDMA 135

Measuring cdma2000 138

4 Using E9300 E-Series Power Sensors

Introduction 142

Power Meter Configuration 143

Default Channel Setup 144

Measurement Accuracy 145

Measuring Spread Spectrum and Multitone Signals 147

CDMA Signal Measurements 148

Multitone Signal Measurements 149

Measuring TDMA Signals 150

Power Meter and Sensor Operation 150

Achieving Stable Results with TDMA Signals 150

Achieving Stable Results with GSM Signals 151

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Measurements 152

Measurement Accuracy and Speed 153

Setting the Range 153

Measurement Considerations 154

5 Using E4410 E-Series Power Sensors

Introduction 158

Power Meter Configuration 159

Default Channel Setup 160

Measurement Accuracy 161

6 Using 8480 Series Power Sensors

Introduction 164

Power Meter Configuration 165

Default Channel Setup 165

Measurement Accuracy 167

Frequency Specific Calibration Factors 168

Sensor Calibration Tables 174

Editing/Generating Sensor Calibration Tables 178

Preinstalled Calibration Table Contents 182

7 Using N8480 Series Power Sensors

Introduction 186

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide xi

Power Meter Configuration 187

Default Channel Setup 188

Measurement Accuracy 189

N8480 Series Power Sensors (excluding Option CFT) 189

N8480 Series Power Sensors with Option CFT 191

Frequency Specific Calibration Factors 192

Sensor Calibration Tables 195

Editing/Generating Sensor Calibration Tables 199

8 Maintenance

Self Test 204

Power On Self Test 204

Front Panel Selection of Self Tests 205

Remote Testing 207

Tes t D es c ri p ti o n s 208

Error Messages 211

Introduction 211

Error Message List 213

Operator Maintenance 222

Replacing the Power Line Fuse 222

Contacting Agilent Technologies 224

Before calling Agilent Technologies 224

Check the Basics 224

Instrument serial numbers 225

Sales and Service Offices 227

Returning Your Power Meter for Service 228

9 Specifications and Characteristics

Introduction 230

Power Meter Specifications 231

Video Bandwidth/ Dynamic Range Optimization 232

Accuracy 233

1 mW Power Reference 234

Measurement Characteristics 235

Sampling Characteristics 237

Rear Panel Inputs/Outputs 237

Remote Programming 238

xii EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Physical Specifications 238

Environmental Specifications 239

Operating Environment 239

Storage Conditions 239

Regulatory Information 240

Electromagnetic Compatibility 240

Product Safety 240

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide xiii

Figures

Figure 2-1 Reference Calibration Factor Pop-Up Window 25

Figure 2-2 Rmt I/O Port TTL Inputs 30

Figure 2-3 Rel Indicator 37

Figure 2-4 Simplified Measurement Path 39

Figure 2-5 Offset Applied 40

Figure 2-6 Offset Applied 40

Figure 2-7 Offset applied 42

Figure 2-8 Offset Tables 44

Figure 2-9 Frequency Dependent Offset Table Selected 45

Figure 2-10Frequency Dependent Offset Configured 45

Figure 2-11 “Edit Offset” Screen with Some Added Data 47

Figure 2-12 Averaged Readings 49

Figure 2-13 Filter Length Pop-Up 50

Figure 2-14 Limits Checking Application 52

Figure 2-15 Limits Checking Results 53

Figure 2-16 Setting Maximum Limit 54

Figure 2-17 Remote I/O TTL Outputs 55

Figure 2-18 TTL Output Pop-up 56

Figure 2-19 Example of TTL Disconnect Warning Message 56

Figure 2-20 TTL Limits Pop-Up 57

Figure 2-21 Limit Failures 58

Figure 2-22 Channel Setup - Range 59

Figure 2-23 Analog Display in Lower Window 60

xiv EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Figure 2-24 Meter Maximum Pop-Up 60

Figure 2-25 Meter Minimum Pop-Up 61

Figure 2-26 Recorder Maximum Pop-Up 63

Figure 2-27 Recorder Minimum Pop-Up 63

Figure 2-28 Save/Recall Screen 65

Figure 2-29 “Save” Pop-Up 66

Figure 2-30 “Recall” Pop-Up 66

Figure 2-31 Pulsed Signal 68

Figure 2-32 Duty Cycle: Off 68

Figure 2-33 Duty Cycle Pop-Up 69

Figure 2-34 Duty Cycle: On, 50% 69

Figure 3-1 E-Series E9320 Power Sensor Default Channel Setup 78

Figure 3-2 Measurement Gates 79

Figure 3-3 Twelve Measurements per Channel 80

Figure 3-4 E-Series E9320 Power Sensor Default Channel Setup 84

Figure 3-5 Bandwidth Filter Shapes 87

Figure 3-6 Gates screen 88

Figure 3-7 Time Gating Start Pop-Up 88

Figure 3-9 Trigger Menu - Free Run Mode 90

Figure 3-10 Trigger Setting Menu 1 of 2 91

Figure 3-11 Trigger Level Pop-Up 92

Figure 3-12 Trigger Delay Pop-Up 93

Figure 3-13 Trigger Setting Menu 2 of 2 93

Figure 3-14 Trigger Holdoff Pop-Up 94

Figure 3-15 Trigger Hysteresis Pop-Up 95

Figure 3-16 Display Type Menu 96

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide xv

Figure 3-17 Lower Window/Lower Measurement Setup 98

Figure 3-18 Measurement Set-Up Example 99

Figure 3-19 Measurement Example Display 99

Figure 3-20 Analog Display in Lower Window 100

Figure 3-21 Meter Maximum Pop-Up 100

Figure 3-22 Meter Minimum Pop-Up 101

Figure 3-23 Tra c e Di s play i n L o we r W in d ow 102

Figure 3-24 Tra c e M a x im u m P o p -Up 102

Figure 3-25 Gate Control Menu and Display 103

Figure 3-26 E-Series E9320 Power Sensor Default Channel Setup 104

Figure 3-27 Trigger Menu - Free Run Mode 105

Figure 3-28 Gate Control Menu and Display 105

Figure 3-29 Trigger Marker - Negative Delay 106

Figure 3-30 Tra c e Co n tro l Dis p lay 107

Figure 3-31 Bluetooth Signal with Markers Shown 108

Figure 3-32 Measurement Example Measurement Display 113

Figure 3-33 Preset Selection Display 114

Figure 3-34 GSM Measurement Display 115

Figure 3-35 EDGE Measurement Display 118

Figure 3-36 Full Rate Frame 121

Figure 3-37 NADC Measurement Display 122

Figure 3-38 Bluetooth Measurement Display 128

Figure 3-39 Markers on a Bluetooth Measurement 131

Figure 3-40 cdmaOne Measurement Display 132

Figure 3-41 W-CDMA Measurement Display 135

Figure 3-42 Typical cdma2000 Measurement Display 138

xvi EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Figure 4-1 E9300 E-Series Auto-Averaging Settings 143

Figure 4-2 E9300 E-Series Sensor Default Channel Setup 144

Figure 4-3 Frequency Pop-Up Window 146

Figure 4-4 Spread Spectrum Signal 147

Figure 4-5 Wideband CDMA Error of E-Series E9300 power sensor versus corrected CW

sensor. 148

Figure 4-6 CDMA (IS-95A): 9Ch Fwd 148

Figure 4-7 Calibration Factors versus Frequency 149

Figure 5-1 E-Series CW sensor Auto-averaging settings 159

Figure 5-2 E-Series CW sensor default Channel Setup 160

Figure 5-3 Frequency Pop-up Window 162

Figure 6-1 8480 Series Auto-Averaging Settings 165

Figure 6-2 8480 Series Sensor Default Channel Setup 166

Figure 6-3 Reference Calibration Factor Pop-Up Window 169

Figure 6-4 Calibration Factor Pop-Up Window 170

Figure 6-5 Calibration Factor Displayed 171

Figure 6-6 Sensor Table Selected 175

Figure 6-7 Frequency Pop-Up Window 176

Figure 6-8 Frequency/Calibration Table Display 177

Figure 6-9 “Sensor Tbls” Screen 179

Figure 6-10 “Edit Cal” Screen 180

Figure 7-1 N8480 Series Auto-Averaging Settings 187

Figure 7-2 N8480 Series Sensor (excluding Option CFT) Default Channel Setup 188

Figure 7-3 N8480 Series Sensor with Option CFT Default Channel Setup 188

Figure 7-4 Frequency Pop-Up Window 190

Figure 7-5 Reference Calibration Factor Pop-Up Window 193

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide xvii

Figure 7-6 Calibration Factor Pop-Up Window 194

Figure 7-7 Calibration Factor Displayed 194

Figure 7-8 Sensor Table Selected 197

Figure 7-9 Frequency Pop-Up Window 197

Figure 7-10 Frequency/Calibration Table Display 198

Figure 7-11 “Sensor Tbls” Screen 200

Figure 7-12 “Edit Cal” Screen 201

Figure 8-1 Self Test in Progress 206

Figure 8-2 Error Indicator Position 211

Figure 8-3 Error Queue Message 212

Figure 8-4 Replacing the Fuse 223

xviii EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Ta b l e s

Ta b l e 2 - 1 Power Sensor Connection Requirements 27

Ta b l e 2 - 2 TTL Input Control Logic 30

Ta b l e 2 - 3 TTL Inputs Timing Diagram 1 31

Ta b l e 2 - 4 TTL Inputs Timing Diagram 2 33

Ta b l e 2 - 5 Measurement Units - Single Channel Meters 34

Ta b l e 2 - 6 Measurement Units - Dual Channel Meters 34

Ta b l e 2 - 7 Range of Values for Window Limits 53

Ta b l e 3 - 1 Sensor Bandwidth 76

Ta b l e 3 - 2 Measurement Example Channel Setup 109

Ta b l e 3 - 3 Measurement Example Gate Configurations 110

Ta b l e 3 - 4 Measurement Example Trigger Configurations 111

Ta b l e 3 - 5 Trace Setup Parameters 113

Ta b l e 3 - 6 GSM900 Configurations 116

Ta b l e 3 - 7 EDGE Configurations 119

Ta b l e 3 - 8 NADC Configurations 123

Ta b l e 3 - 9 iDEN Configuration 126

Ta b l e 3 - 1 0 Bluetooth Configurations 129

Ta b l e 3 - 1 1 cdmaOne Configurations 133

Ta b l e 3 - 1 2 W-CDMA Configurations 136

Ta b l e 4 - 1 Power Sensor Connection Requirements 145

Ta b l e 6 - 1 8480 Series Connection Requirements 171

Ta b l e 6 - 2 Installed Power Sensor Models 178

Ta b l e 7 - 1 Power Range in Power Meter Range Setting 186

Ta b l e 7 - 2 N8480 Series Power Sensors Connection Requirements 189

Ta b l e 7 - 3 Installed Power Sensor Models 199

Ta b l e 9 - 1 Video Bandwidth vs. Peak Power Dynamic Range 233

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide xix

xx EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

1 Introduction

Welcome 2 Conventions Used in this Guide 4 Power Meter and Sensor Capability 5 Front Panel Keys and Connections 6 The Display Layout 10 Window Symbols 17

Agilent Technologies

1Introduction

NOTE

Welcome

Welcome to the EPM-P Series power meter user's guide! Together with the E9320 E-Series power sensors, the EPM- P Series power meters can measure complex modulation formats such as TDMA, CDMA and W- CDMA. Preinstalled measurement setups for GSM900, EDGE, NADC, iDEN, Bluetooth, cdmaOne, W- CDMA, and cdma2000 help reduce the time required to measure these common wireless communications formats. Power measurements include peak, peak- to- average ratio and average power of RF and microwave signals. Extensive triggering features such as continuous, level, external TTL, and GPIB, are available for making time gated measurements. In addition, the EPM- P power meters are compatible with E9300 E- Series, E- Series E4410, 8480 Series, and N8480 Series power sensors giving you additional choice for conventional, average power measurements.

The N8480 Series power sensors used in this user’s guide is refering to all sensors from the N8480 Series unless otherwise stated.

Documentation Information

As shown in the installation guide, this guide is only part of the information supplied. The documentation consists of:

• The installation guide – Shows you how to check your power meter, switch

it on and connect it to an Agilent power sensor. This information is presented in English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish languages.

• The user's guide – Shows you how to operate your power meter from the

front panel interface to make measurements using the Agilent E- Series E9320, E- Series E9300, E- Series E4410, 8480 Series, and N8480 Series power sensors. You can find the user’s guide as Adobe Acrobat PDF (Portable Document Format) file on the supplied CD- ROM in English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish languages.

• The programming guide – Shows you how to operate your power meter

using the remote interfaces. You can find the programming guide as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file on the supplied CD- ROM in English language only.

2 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Introduction 1

NOTE

Printed Guides available by ordering the following options:

• English language user's guide – Option OBK

• French language user's guide – Option ABF

• German language user's guide – Option ABD

• Italian language user's guide – Option ABZ

• Japanese language user's guide – Option ABJ

• Spanish language user's guide – Option ABE

The programming guide is supplied in english language only.

What You’ll Find in this Guide

This user's guide shows you how to operate your EPM- P Series power meter using the front panel interface to make measurements with the E9320 E- Series, E9300 E- Series, E4410 E- Series, 8480 Series, and N8480 Series power sensors.

Some EPM- P Series power meter features and capabilities depend on the type of power sensor connected. Other features are general and independent of the power sensor. This user's guide is there for divided into three main blocks.

• Chapters 1 and 2 show you the main EPM- P power meter functions. These

functions are typically independent of the connected sensor type.

• Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 show you how to use the EPM- P power meters

with each of the five sensor families.

• Chapters 8 and 9 describe general maintenance and specifications.

For remote programming information, refer to the EPM- P Series Power Meter Programming Guide.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 3

1Introduction

Softkey

Message

Parameter

Channel

Channel A

Channel B

Softkey

Conventions Used in this Guide

The following conventions are used throughout this guide.

This symbol and text represents a labeled key on the power meter front panel.

This symbol and text represents a labeled softkey and is used to indicate you should press the unmarked key beside the displayed text.

This symbol and text represents a displayed message.

This is used to represent a parameter, value, or title.

''Channel'' This user's guide describes the operation for both the

single channel E4416A and the dual channel E4417A. To identify channels on a dual channel meter, a

softkey on an E4416A meter becomes

and to an E4417A.

When you are asked to press ''the channel'' in a procedure, make sure you select the relevant channel.

4 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Power Meter and Sensor Capability

Your E4416A or E4417A power meter is compatible with E9320 E- Series, E9300 E- Series, E4410 E- Series, 8480 Series, and N8480 Series power sensors. However, not all sensor and meter combinations have the same features or capabilities. The main differences are:

Introduction 1

Features E9320

E-Series

Average Power of CW Signal •••••

Cal Factors on EEPROM ••• •

>200 Readings per second •••

Average Power of modulated signal •• ••

Peak/Burst Average Power •

Time Gated Measurements •

Not applicable for N8480 Series power sensors with Option CFT

E9300 E-Series

E-4410 E-Series

8480 Series

N8480 Series

Specifications

The specifications for the power meter are listed in Chapter 1.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 5

1Introduction

Front Panel Keys and Connections

This section briefly describes the functions of the front panel keys and connectors. The user's guide shows you how to use them in more detail.

These keys are located to the left of the display.

Key Function

Press this key to switch the meter between on and standby. When power is supplied, the orange LED above the key is lit. Press the key to switch on the meter. The green LED lights.

Press this key to select the upper or lower measurement window. The selected window is highlight ed by a shadowed box. Any measurement setup you create is implemented in the selected window.

Press this key to choose windowed, expanded, or full screen display of a numeric measurement. It also provides quick access to the Gate Control screen and menu when a trace window is selected.

Press this key to preset the power meter when it is operating in local mode (front panel operation) or to select a preinstalled measurement configuration. A pop- up window is displayed asking you to confirm the command. It also enables you to take control of the meter from the front panel when operating via the remote interfaces (when Local Lock Out is not enabled).

6 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

These keys are located along the lower edge of the display.

Key Function

Press this key to access general configuration menus, such as GPIB address. You can also access some measurement configuration menus. The measurement screen remains visible.

Introduction 1

Press this key to access the channel configuration tables and menus. Channel parameters such as averaging and offsets are configured from this menu.

Press this key to access the triggering menu. Unless an E9320A E- Series senso r is connected, all the men u keys are disabled (greyed out).

Press this key to setup relative measurements or set display offsets.

Press this key to access the measurement display menu. You can choose the displayed measurement resolution, units and display format.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 7

1Introduction

Confirm

Cancel

These keys are all associated with the menu labels and data entry. They are located to the right of the display.

Key Function

Press this key to access the next pages of a menu. For example, 1 of 2 displayed beside the key indicates page one of a two page menu is displayed. Press to access the second page. (2 of 2 is displayed.)

Press this key to access the previous pages of a menu. For example, 2 of 2 displayed beside the key indicates page two of a two page menu is displayed. Press to access the previous page. (1 of 2 is displayed).

These unmarked keys are called ‘softkeys’ and are referred to by the text on the display beside them. For example, during a Preset, a pop- up window asks you to confirm the command. Press to continue, that is, press the softkey beside the displayed word ‘confirm’. Similarly, pressing (the softkey beside the word ‘cancel’) stops the Preset.

The arrow keys are used to select and change parameters such as instrument state names and offset values.

8 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Introduction 1

These keys and connectors are associated with the measurement channels and are located on the right- hand side of the front panel.

Key Function

Press this key to access the input frequency, and sensor calibration factor menus. Use these functions to improve the accuracy of your measurement.

Press this key to access the zero and calibration menus. Use these functions to improve the accuracy of your measurement.

Connector Function

The power reference is a 1 mW (0 dBm) 50 MHz signal available from a 50 Ω type- N connector. It is used for calibrating the sensor and meter system. If the meter is configured with Option 003, the connector is fitted to the rear panel. The Green LED beside the connector is lit when the calibrator is turned on.

The sensor input connectors. The E4417A has two inputs, the E4416A has one input as shown in the photograph. If the meter is configured with Option 002 or Option 003, the connectors are fitted to the rear panel.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 9

1Introduction

Disp Type

The Display Layout

The following figure details the display layout when the two windows are configured in the dual numeric mode. Other display formats are available by

pressing , .

1 The status reporting line displays five fields, three associated with either

GPIB, RS232 or RS422 status and two associated with error and warning conditions. The first field displays either RMT (remote, GPIB, RS232 or RS422 operation) or LCL (local, front panel operation).

For GPIB operation, the second field displays TLK if the power meter is addressed to talk or LSN if it is addressed to listen. The third field indicates an SRQ (service request).

For RS232 and RS422 operation, the second field displays RX when data is being received. The third field displays TX when the power meter is transmitting data.

The fourth field indicates ERR for any error conditions. The last field is used to report error and warning messages.

10 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Introduction 1

2 3

4 5

NOTE

2 There are two measurement windows. This is the upper measurement

window. The shading around the window indicates it has been selected (using the , or keys). With numeric measurement results, you can choose either two rectangular windows, a single enlarged window, or a full screen display by pressing . The display style is applied to the currently selected window or measurement line.

3 This field displays the channel being measured. This measurement line is

the Upper Window/Upper Measurement.

4 The arrow indicates the currently selected measurement display line.

5 With an E- Series E9320 power sensor connected, the channel and

associated gate number are shown.

6 With an E- Series E9320 power sensor connected, the associated

measurement type is shown below the channel and gate number.

7 This field displays the measurement units, either dBm, dB, Watts, or

percent (%).

With an E-Series E9320 power sensor connected, a measurement result of –270 dBm indicates the input power level is outwith the sensitivity of the sensor.

8 With an E- Series E9320 power sensor connected, you can make combined

measurements with a single channel meter. A dual channel meter extends this feature across both channels.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 11

1Introduction

1516171819

9 This window is configured to show a single numeric display.

10 This window is configured to show an analog meter which displays the

measurement result and the meter scaling.

11 This field displays the number of pages in the current menu. For example, 1

of 2 indicates that there are two pages in the menu and the first page is currently displayed. Pressing displays the next page, indicated by 2 of 2. ( displays the previous menu page.)

12 The available softkey labels are displayed in these four fields. Additionally,

settings associated with the labelled function are displayed.

12 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Introduction 1

NOTE

13 This field displays the menu title. For example, when the power meter is

initially switched on, the Contrast menu is displayed, and if for example, you press , the Zero/Cal menu is displayed.

14 This field indicates the measurement result is out with any configured

upper or lower limits. If the measurement is within the limits, this field is empty. If the measurement result is less than the minimum limit set, Undr Lmt is displayed. If the measurement result is more than the maximum limit set, Over Lmt is displayed.

15 This field displays Rel if relative mode is on.

16 This field displays Ofs if an offset is set.

17 This field displays Rng Hld if a range is selected.

18 This field displays Dty Cyc if a duty cycle is set. With an E- Series E9320

power sensor connected, the field shows , , , or , depending on the trigger state.

19 The information in this field is displayed on two lines and depends on the

sensor type, sensor calibration table, frequency dependent offset table currently selected, and the measurement frequency.

The following trace displays are only available when an E-Series E9320 power sensor is connected.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 13

1Introduction

NOTE

Sing Trig

Cont Trig

Acqn

Trace

Free Run

Gate Control

Gate

Marker 1 2

20 This window is configured to show a trace display. This is only available

with an E- Series E9320 power sensor connected. The captured trace and scaling are displayed.

21 The indicates the point on the trace where trigger event occurs.

Single or continuous triggering ( or ) must be selected from the

Acqn menu to view a trace window. The Acqn menu is accessed by pressing ,

. is disabled when is selected.

This display shows the Gate Ctrl menu, associated tables and markers. The Gate Ctrl screen is accessed by pressing from the Trace Ctrl menu or by pressing from the Gates menu.

22 Pressing scrolls through the four gates available for each channel.

The selected gate number is repeated in the upper left corner of the window.

23 The markers 1 and 2, indicate the start and end points of the selected gate.

Pressing toggles between the two markers. You can use the and keys to move the active marker along the trace.

24 This table shows the time (Time:) from the configured trigger point and the

instantaneous power level (Pow:) for both markers. A negative time value

indicates a measurement before the trigger point.

14 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Introduction 1

NOTE

Select TgDel

Gate timing parameters are all related to your chosen trigger point. This may be different from the timing of the triggering event if you have configured a trigger delay. Refer to item

26 for more information.

25 This table shows the width of the gate (time between the markers), and

the average, peak, and peak-to- average ratio power measurements within the gate.

26 Pressing hides the gate markers and displays the trigger

marker(s). indicates when the trigger event occurs, whilst shows the delayed trigger point. When the two points coincide, only the delayed trigger is shown.

In the example displayed, the appears ahead of the as a trigger delay of –70.00 μs has been configured, placing the measurement trigger before the trigger event. You can configure the trigger delay by pressing

and entering a numeric value or by pressing the or

keys.

Gate and trigger markers are moved one pixel when the or keys are pressed and released. They are moved up to five pixels at a time when the keys are pressed and held. To reduce the time interval represented by one pixel, decrease the length of the displayed trace.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 15

1Introduction

NOTE

Trace Control

Gate

To indicate an off- screen trigger event, or is displayed. To indicate an off- screen trigger point, or is displayed.

Gate timing parameters are all related to your chosen trigger point. This may be different from the timing of the triggering event if you have configured a trigger delay. Refer to item

26 for more information.

16 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

The T race Ctrl screen is accessed by pressing from the Gate Ctrl menu or by pressing from the T r ace Setup menu.

27 Pressing scrolls through the four gates available for each channel.

The selected gate number is repeated in the upper left corner of the window.

28 The markers 1 and 2, indicate the start and end points of the selected gate.

29 The vertical table shows the amplitude scaling of the trace display. The

horizontal table shows the scale and start point, relative to the measurement trigger of the trace.

30 You can change any of the horizontal or vertical trace values using the

or softkeys having first selected the parameter using the , , , and keys.

Window Symbols

Confirm

There are a number of different graphic symbols and pop- up windows that can occur on the power meter display. These can occur for a variety of reasons such as when:

• an error or warning occurs.

• a confirmation is required.

• you are required to wait while the power meter carries out a procedure.

• you are required to select an entry from a list.

• you are required to enter an alphanumeric value.

Warning Symbol

The warning symbol is displayed either directly in the measurement window or in a pop- up window when such an event occurs. A pop- up window is displayed for approximately two seconds. The text in the pop- up window gives details of the warning type. This symbol may also appear on a measurement window, for example, to indicate that a power sensor is not connected.

Introduction 1

Confirmation Pop-Up

This pop- up window is displayed when you are required to press

to verify your previous

selection. For example, prior to

a (Preset) being carried out.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 17

1Introduction

Wait Symbol

One of Many Entry Pop-Up

The wait symbol is displayed when the power meter is carrying out a procedure but no action is required from you. The symbol appears in a pop- up window. It may appear, for example, during zeroing or calibration.

This pop- up window is displayed when you are required to select an entry using and from the list.

Configuration Conflict Pop-Up

This pop- up window is displayed when you make a configuration that conflict with a previous setup. The previous setup is lost

18 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Numeric or Alphanumeric Entry Pop-Up

This pop- up window is displayed when you are required to modify numeric or alphanumeric data. The and keys move the position of the cursor. The and keys increment and decrement the alphanumeric digit on which the cursor is currently positioned.

Introduction 1

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 19

1Introduction

20 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

2 General Power Meter Functions

Zeroing and Calibrating 22 Setting the Units of Measurement 34 Setting the Resolution 36 Making Relative Measurements 37 Setting Offsets 39 Setting Averaging 49 Step Detection 51 Setting Measurement Limits 52 Setting the Range 59 Scaling the Analog Display 60 Recorder Output 62 Saving and Recalling Power Meter Configurations 65 Measuring Pulsed Signals 67 Presetting the Power Meter 70

Agilent Technologies

2 General Power Meter Functions

Zero

Zeroing

Zero Both

Zeroing and Calibrating

This section describes how to zero and calibrate the power meter and sensor combination. You should always zero the power meter prior to calibrating it.

Zeroing

Zeroing adjusts the power meter for a zero power reading with no power applied to the power sensor. During zeroing, the wait symbol is displayed.

To zero the power meter and sensor:

Press and the channel softkey. The message and wait symbol are displayed. On dual channel meters, you can zero both channels sequentially by pressing . During zeroing, the wait symbol is displayed.

When to zero?

Zeroing of the power meter is recommended:

•when a 5

• when you change the power sensor.

•every 24 hours.

• prior to measuring low level signals. For example, 10 dB above the lowest

specified power for your power sensor.

22 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

C change in temperature occurs.

General Power Meter Functions 2

NOTE

Calibration

Calibration sets the gain of each power meter channel and sensor combination using a 50 MHz 1 mW (0 dBm) signal. Use the power meter’s POWER REF as a traceable power reference or a suitable external reference signal. An essential part of calibrating is setting the correct reference calibration factor for the power sensor you are using. You must manually enter the reference calibration factor for an 8480 Series power sensor or N8480 Series power sensor with Option CFT. The reference calibration factor is automatically set for all E- Series sensors and N8480 Series sensors (excluding Option CFT).

During calibration, the wait symbol is displayed. Offset, relative, and duty cycle settings are ignored during calibration. Some power sensors require adaptors or attenuator pads to enable connection to the POWER REF output. Refer to Table 2- 1 on page 27 for details.

During calibration, the power meter automatically switches the power reference calibrator on (if it is not already on). After calibration, it switches it back to the state it was in prior to calibration.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 23

2 General Power Meter Functions

Ref CF %

Cal Fac %

Zero

Zeroing

Cal

Calibrating

Zero + Cal

Zero + Cal A

Zero + Cal B

NOTE

Calibration with E-Series Power Sensors and N8480 Series Power Sensors (Excluding Option CFT)

This section describes the calibration procedure for E- Series power sensors and N8480 Series power sensors (excluding Option CFT). The power meter identifies that an E- Series power sensors and N8480 Series power sensors (excluding Option CFT) is connected and automatically downloads the calibration table. Since there is no requirement to enter any calibration factors, the channel and softkeys are disabled. (These softkey labels are still visible but appear grayed out.)

Procedure

Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor combination as follows:

1 Ensure the power sensor is disconnected from any signal source.

2 Refer to the connection requirements in Table 2- 1 and ensure the sensor is

ready for connection to the power reference.

3 Press and the channel softkey to zero the channel. The

4 Connect the power sensor to the POWER REF output.

5 Press the channel softkey to start the calibration routine. The

message and wait symbol are displayed.

The power meter and sensor are now ready for use.

TIP You can reduce the steps required to carry out the zero and

calibration procedure as follows:

– Connect the power sensor to the POWER REF output.

– Press and . (For dual channel meters, press

, , or as required.)

Following calibration, ensure you remove/reattach any attenuators or adaptors before making a measurement.

24 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

NOTE

Ref CF %

Ref CF

Calibration with 8480 Series Power Sensors and N8480 Series Power Sensors with Option CFT

This section describes the calibration procedure for Agilent 8480 Series power sensors and N8480 Series power sensors with Option CFT. The reference calibration factor is entered manually.

For most 8480 Series sensors, the correct (A type or D type) linearity correction table is automatically selected. “V8486A and W8486A sensors” on page 26 show you how to change the linearity configuration.

Procedure

1 Ensure the power sensor is disconnected from any signal source.

2 Refer to the connection requirements in Table 2- 1 and ensure the sensor is

ready for connection to the Power Reference.

3 Check the current reference calibration factor setting by pressing ,

. The value is displayed under the channel softkey.

Does this setting match the value for the sensor? (The power sensor reference calibration factor can normally be found above the calibration factors table on the power sensor body.)

4 If required, change this setting by pressing the channel . The

reference calibration factor pop- up window is displayed as shown in

Figure 2- 1.

Figure 2-1 Reference Calibration Factor Pop-Up Window

Use the , , , and keys to select and change the values as required.

5 Confirm your choice by pressing .

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 25

2 General Power Meter Functions

Zero

Zeroing

Cal

Calibrating

NOTE

Linearity Override

May be Required

Tables

Linearity

Atyp

Dtyp

Tables

B Linearity

Dtyp

6 Press and the channel softkey to zero the channel. The

7 Connect the power sensor to the POWER REF output.

8 Press the channel softkey to start the calibration routine. The

Following calibration, ensure you remove/reattach any attenuators or adaptors before making a measurement.

V8486A and W8486A sensors

V8486A and W8486A sensors require that you manually select D type linearity correction. Subsequent connection of another A type sensor will result in a

warning message . You must then manually select A type correction.

message and wait symbol are displayed.

Select the linearity to be applied as follows:

Press , and press the channel softkey to highlight

or .

Linearity can be manually configured for each channel. For example, to set

D type linearity on channel B:

Press , and press to highlight .

26 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Ta b l e 2- 1 Power Sensor Connection Requirements

Sensor Connection requirements

General Power Meter Functions 2

8481A 8481H 8482A 8482H N8481A N8482A E4412A E930xA E930xH E9304 H18 E9304 H19 E932xA

8481D 8484A

8483A This power sensor requires a 75 Ω (f) to 50 Ω (m) N-Type adapter

R8486A Q8486A V8486A W8486A R8486D Q8486D

These power sensors connect directly to the reference calibrator.

Prior to the power meter calibration, an Agilent 11708A 30 dB reference attenuator should be connected between the power sensor and the reference calibrator. Remove this attenuator from the power sensor input before making measurements.

(1250-0597) to connect to the POWER REF. Remove this adapter from the power sensor input before making measurements.

These waveguide power sensors have two connectors. Use the

N-Type connector to calibrate the power meter.

8481B 8482B E930xB

8485A N8485A E4413A E9300A H24 E9300A H25

These power sensors are configured with an attenuator. Prior to

calibration, this attenuator must be removed. The attenuator must be reconnected prior to making measurements.

This power sensor requires an APC 3.5 (f) to 50 Ω (m) N-Type adapter (08485-60005) to connect to the reference calibrator. Remove this adapter before making measurements.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 27

2 General Power Meter Functions

Ta b l e 2- 1 Power Sensor Connection Requirements

Sensor Connection requirements

8485D Prior to calibration, an Agilent 11708A 30 dB reference attenuator

8487A This sensor requires an APC 2.4 (f) to 50 Ω (m) N-Type adapter

8487D Prior to the power meter calibration, an Agilent 11708A 30 dB

and an APC 3.5 (f) to 50 Ω (m) N-Type adapter (08485-60005) should be connected between the power sensor and the reference calibrator. Remove this attenuator from the power sensor input before making measurements.

(08487-60001) to connect to the power meter. Remove this attenuator before making measurements.

reference attenuator and an APC 2.4 (f) to 50 Ω (m) N-Type adapter (08487-60001) should be connected between the power sensor and the reference calibrator. Remove this attenuator from the power sensor input before making measurements.

28 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Please Zero and Cal

Please Cal

Please Zero

Must Cal

Off

Must Cal

Off

Zero/Cal Lockout

The Zero/Cal Lockout facility can help you make sure that a measurement cannot be made until the power meter/sensor combination has been zeroed and calibrated.

When the Zero/Cal Lockout facility is enabled and a sensor is first connected,

the message is displayed.

When you zero the sensor, the message changes to . If you calibrate the sensor before zeroing it, the message changes to .

Dual Channel

Dual channel meters display channel specific messages when a sensor is connected. The Zero/Cal Lockout configuration is applied to both channels - it cannot be applied to one channel only.

You can enable and disable the Zero/Cal Lockout facility from the System

menu or the Zero/ Cal menu as follows:

Press , , or .

Similarly,

press , , or .

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 29

2 General Power Meter Functions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pin number

Connection

1none

2Ground

3Upper Window

TTL Output

4 Lower Window

TTL Output

5TTL Input 1

6TTL Input 2

7Ground

8Ground

Zeroing and Calibrating Using TTL Inputs

You can use the TTL inputs on the rear panel Rmt I/O port to initiate zero and calibration cycles on the power meter. The connector is an RJ- 45 Series shielded modular jack with the TTL input pins connected as shown in

Figure 2- 2.

Figure 2-2 Rmt I/O Port TTL Inputs

The TTL inputs are active low and control the zero and calibration functions as shown in Table 2- 2.

Ta b l e 2- 2 TTL Input Control Logic

Input 1 Input 2 Single channel Dual channel

1 1 None None

10CALCAL A

0 1 ZERO ZERO BOTH

00CALCAL B

30 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Input

Operation

Effective control of the zero and calibration cycles using the TTL inputs depends on correct timing of the input signals as shown in Table 2- 3 and

Table 2- 4.

Ta b l e 2- 3 TTL Inputs Timing Diagram 1

Timing of zero/cal inputs for conditions “01” and “10”.

Time Descrip tion Value

T1 Minimum width of input 300 ms

T2 Time between input detection and start of zero/cal cycle. This is determined by the

number of averages x sample rate, or if there is an existing zero/cal operation in progress,

Max: 50 ms (typical)

Min.: 0 ms the time for this current operation to complete. Note that the worst case is 1024 averages x 50 ms = 51.2 s. For front panel operation (in free run mode), the time is 1 x 50 ms.

T3 Maximum width of input. Longer inputs may cause a subsequent zero/cal operation

4 s some time after the current one is complete.

T4 Time for zero/cal operation to complete.

Zero Both (dual channel meters) is a sequential operation and requires double that of single channel meters.

Zero: 10 s (8480 Series)

12 s (E-Series) 45 s (E9320 Series) 22 s (N8480 Series excluding Option CFT) 8 s (N8480 Series with Option CFT

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 31

2 General Power Meter Functions

Input

Operation

Ta b l e 2- 3 TTL Inputs Timing Diagram 1

Timing of zero/cal inputs for conditions “01” and “10”.

Cal: 6 s (8480 Series)

7 s (E-Series) 15 s (E9320 Series) 10 s (N8480 Series excluding Option CFT) 7 s (N8480 Series with Option CFT)

All timings based on 100 ms firmware polling.

32 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Inputs

Operation

Ta b l e 2- 4 TTL Inputs Timing Diagram 2

Timing of zero/cal inputs for condition “00”.

Time Description Value

T5 Maximum time between inputs going low. 100 ms

T6 Minimum overlap of low inputs. 200 ms

T7 Time between input detection and start of zero/cal cycle. This is determined by the

4 s number of averages x sample rate, or if there is an existing zero/cal operation in progress, the time for this current operation to complete. Note that the worst case is 1024 averages x 50 ms = 51.2 s. For front panel operation (in free run mode), the time is 1 x 50 ms.

T8 Time for cal operation to complete. Cal: 6 s (8480 Series)

7 s (E-Series) 30 s (E9320 Series) 10 s (N8480 Series excluding Option CFT) 7 s (N8480 Series with Option CFT)

All timings based on 100 ms firmware polling.

If both TTL inputs are simultaneously low under any circumstances other than those shown above, the operation is undefined.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 33

2 General Power Meter Functions

Units

dBm

NOTE

Setting the Units of Measurement

The Units menu is used to select the measurement units for the currently selected window. These can either be logarithmic (dBm or dB) or linear (Watt

or %) units. Presetting ( ) the power meter sets the measurement units to

dBm (logarithmic units). Table 2- 5 and Table 2- 6 show the units applicable to each measurement mode.

Press , . Select the unit of measurement from , , , and . Softkeys which cannot be selected in your particular mode of operation are grayed out.

When the unit of measurement is set to Watt, it is possible that negative power measurements may be displayed when measuring low power levels.

Ta b l e 2- 5 Measurement Units - Single Channel Meters

Measurement mode Relative mode off Relative mode on

Log dBm dB

Linear Watt %

Ta b l e 2- 6 Measurement Units - Dual Channel Meters

Measurement mode Relative mode off Relative mode on

Ratio Log dB dB

Linear %%

Difference Log dBm dB

Linear Watt %

34 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Increment

Decrement

Multiplier

Cancel

NOTE

Increment Multiplier

Decrement Multiplier

Selecting Units of Measurement from the Softkeys

In some menus, you are required to enter the units of measurement for power. In some cases, due to the wide power range available, the following menu is displayed:

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 35

Some softkeys may be grayed out so that an invalid value cannot be entered.

Pressing or increases or decreases the multiplier shown in front of . Pressing after the correct multiplier has been selected confirms the entry.

2 General Power Meter Functions

Resolution

Setting the Resolution

The resolution of each of the power meter’s windows can be set to four different levels (1, 2, 3 or 4).

These four levels represent:

• 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 dB respectively if the measurement suffix is dBm or dB.

• 1, 2, 3 or 4 significant digits respectively if the measurement suffix is W or

The default value is 0.01 dB (three digits).

To set the resolution on the currently selected window:

1 Press . The current setting of the resolution is highlighted under the

2 To change this setting, press until the required resolution

setting is highlighted.

softkey.

36 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Making Relative Measurements

Rel/Offset

Rel

Rel Off On

Rel

Units

dB%Rel/Offset

Rel

Relative mode enables comparison of a measurement result to a reference value. The relative reading, or difference, can be displayed in either dB or % terms. When the measurement result is displayed in % a prefix multiplier may be shown.

Procedure

To set a reference value on the currently selected window:

1 Press , to display the Rel/Offset menu.

2 Confirm the power meter is measuring the signal you want to use as the

reference.

3 Press to use the current reading as the reference value. You can

compare the measurement result in dB or percentage (%).

is automatically set to when is pressed.

4 To change the measurements, press , . Press or as

required.

5 Successive measurements are now displayed relative to the reference value.

The relative mode can be disabled and reenabled by pressing ,

, to select Off.

General Power Meter Functions 2

is displayed in the window when the measurement line it is applied to is

displayed (see Figure 2- 3)

Figure 2-3 Rel Indicator

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 37

2 General Power Meter Functions

NOTE

Rel

The symbol is not displayed when the associated measurement is displayed in Dual Numeric or Analog format.

38 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Setting Offsets

Channel Functions

Window Functions

Display

Relative

Offset

Channel A

Upper Window

Lower Window

Display

Relative

Offset

Display

Relative

Offset

Display

Relative

Offset

Measurement Highway

Freq Dep Offset

Channel Offset

Cal Factor

Channel B

Freq Dep Offset

Channel Offset

Cal Factor

The power meter can be configured to compensate for a signal loss or gain in your test setup. The power meter allows you to apply offsets at three different points in the measurement path as shown in Figure 2- 4.

General Power Meter Functions 2

Figure 2-4 Simplified Measurement Path

Applying a Channel Offset or a Frequency Dependent Offset allows you to compensate each channel individually prior to any mathematical functions. An overall offset can then be applied if required using the Display Offset.

Setting Channel Offsets

This gain or loss is applied to the measured power before any mathematical

functions, display offsets or relative functions are included.

Offsets are entered in dB. The allowable range of values is –100 dB to +100 dB. A positive value compensates for a loss, and a negative value compensates for

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 39

a gain.

2 General Power Meter Functions

Channel Ch.

Change

Done

Ofs

NOTE

Ofs

To enter a channel offset:

1 Press to display the Channel Setup screen. Confirm the required

channel setup is displayed. Press to change channel if required.

2 Use the and keys to highlight the Offset: setting.

3 Press to select .

Press to highlight the Offset: value and press to display the

Offset pop- up. Use the , , , and keys to select and change the

values as required.

4 Confirm your choice by pressing .

5 Press to complete the offset entry.

If either a channel or a display offset is set, is displayed.

Figure 2-5 Offset Applied

The symbol is not displayed when the associated measurement is displayed in Dual

Numeric or Analog format.

40 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Rel/Offset

Offset

Done

Ofs

Setting Display Offsets

This gain or loss is applied to the measured power after any channel offsets or

mathematical functions have been included.

Offsets are entered in dB. The allowable range of values is –100 dB to +100 dB. A positive value compensates for a loss, and a negative value compensates for a gain.

Procedure

Enter a display offset on the currently selected window:

1 Press , to display the Rel/Offset menu.

2 Press to highlight .

3 Press to display the Offset pop- up. (The current offset value is

shown below the softkey.)

Figure 2-6 Offset Pop-Up

Use the , , , and keys to select and change the values as

required.

4 Confirm your choice by pressing .

5 Press to complete the offset entry.

If either a channel or a display offset is set, is displayed.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 41

2 General Power Meter Functions

NOTE

Ofs

Figure 2-7 Offset applied

The symbol is not displayed when the associated measurement is displayed in Dual Numeric, Trace, or Analog format.

The display offset is a function of the window. Any of the four measurement display lines can have its own offset.

42 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Setting Frequency Dependent Offsets

Frequency dependent offset tables provide a quick and convenient method of compensating for frequency related changes in the response of your test system. Note that when selected, frequency dependent offset corrections are applied IN ADDITION to any correction for sensor frequency response.

The power meter is capable of storing 10 frequency dependent offset tables of up to 80 frequency points each.

To use frequency dependent offset tables:

1 Select the table to be applied to a channel. Refer to “Selecting a Frequency

Dependent Offset Table” on page 44 for further information. If you require

to edit the table refer to “Editing Frequency Dependent Offset Tables” on page 46 for further information.

2 Zero and calibrate the power meter. The reference calibration factor used

during the calibration is automatically set by the power meter from the sensor calibration table (if selected).

3 Specify the frequency of the signal you want to measure. The calibration

factor/offset is automatically set by the power meter from the sensor calibration table (if selected) and the frequency dependent offset table. Refer to “Procedure” on page 44 for further information.

4 Make the measurement.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 43

2 General Power Meter Functions

Tables

Freq.Dep.Offset

Change

Table

NOTE

Table

Done

Selecting a Frequency Dependent Offset Table

You can select a frequency dependent offset table from the key menu or the . The State column indicates if any frequency dependent offset tables are currently selected. The Offset Tbls screen is shown in Figure 2- 8.

Figure 2-8 Offset Tables

Procedure

44 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Select an offset table as follows:

1 Ensure the power meter/sensor combination has been zeroed and

calibrated.

2 Press:

• , , or,

• press and after selecting the required channel, use the

and keys to select FDO Table, and press .

The Offset Tbls screen is displayed.

3 Use the and keys to highlight one of the 10 table titles and press

to highlight .

When no data is contained in the highlighted table, the key is disabled (greyed out).

4 Press to complete the selection of the offset table.

General Power Meter Functions 2

Done

Freq

Figure 2-9 Frequency Dependent Offset Table Selected

5 Press again to display the measurement screen.

6 Press . The current setting of the frequency is displayed under the

channel softkey.

7 To change the frequency, press the channel softkey. The frequency is

displayed in a pop- up window. Use the , , , and keys to select and change the values as required.

8 To confirm your choice, press the appropriate unit softkey.

9 Connect the power sensor to the signal to be measured.

10 The measurement result, including offset, is now displayed.

Figure 2-10 Frequency Dependent Offset Configured

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 45

2 General Power Meter Functions

NOTE

Tables

Freq.Dep.Offset

Tables

Freq.Dep.Offset

Edit table

Change

If the measurement frequency does not correspond directly to a frequency in the sensor calibration table (if selected) and the frequency dependent offset table being used, the power meter calculates the calibration factor and offset using linear interpolation. If you enter a frequency outside the frequency range defined in the sensor calibration table or the frequency dependent offset table, the power meter uses the highest or lowest frequency point in the appropriate table to set the calibration factor and offset.

Editing Frequency Dependent Offset Tables

There are ten frequency dependent offset tables named CUSTOM_A through CUSTOM_J. They do not contain any data when the power meter is shipped from the factory.

You cannot delete any of the 10 existing frequency dependent offset tables or create any additional tables. However, you can enter values into the 10 existing tables. Each frequency dependent offset table can contain a maximum of 80 frequency points.

To view the frequency dependent offset t ables currently stored in the power meter, press , , . The Offset Tbls screen is displayed as shown in Figure 2- 8 on page 44.

46 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Creating frequency dependent offset tables requires the following steps:

1 Identify and select the table you want to edit.

2 Rename the table.

3 Enter the frequency and calibration factor data pairs.

4 Save the table.

Procedure

First select the table you want to edit as follows:

1 Press , , to display the Offset Tbls screen.

2 Choose the table you want to edit using the and keys. Press

to display the Edit Offset screen as shown in Figure 2- 11.

3 Highlight the table title using the and keys. Press and use

the , , , and keys to select and change the characters to

create the name you want to use.

General Power Meter Functions 2

Insert Char

Delete Char

Enter

NOTE

Insert

Change

GHz

MHz

• Pressing adds a new character to the right of the

selected character.

• Pressing removes the selected character.

4 Press to complete the entry.

A frequency in the range of 0.001 MHz to 999.999 GHz can be entered. A calibration factor in the range of 1% to 150% can be entered. The following rules apply to naming sensor calibration tables:

• The name must consist of no more than 12 characters.

• All characters must be upper or lower case alphabetic characters, or

numeric (0 to 9), or an underscore (_).

• No other characters are allowed.

• No spaces are allowed in the name.

Figure 2-11 “Edit Offset” Screen with Some Added Data

Enter (or edit) the frequency and offset pairs as follows:

5 Press to add a new frequency value or use the , , , and

keys to select the frequency value in the table.

6 Enter the value or press and use the , , , and keys

to enter the required frequency. Complete the entry by pressing the ,

keys.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 47

2 General Power Meter Functions

Done

NOTE

7 Enter the offset using the , , , and keys. Complete the entry

by pressing the key.

Continue adding/editing values until you have entered all the data you require.

8 When you have finished editing the table, press to save the table.

Both single and dual channel power meters with variety of rear panel configurations have been used for the illustrations in this guide. Your power meter may differ in detail to those shown.

48 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Setting Averaging

10 dB

Minimum Sensor Power

Maximum Sensor Power

Power Sensor

Dynamic Range

10 dB

1234

1 8 128 128

Resolution Setting

Number of Averages

1116256

11232

11116

1118

The power meter uses a digital filter to average power readings. The number of readings average d can range from 1 to 1024. This filter is used to red uce noise, obtain the desired resolution and to reduce the jitter in the measurement results. Increasing the value of the filter length reduces measurement noise. However, the time to take the measurement is increased. You can select the filter length or you can set the power meter to auto filter mode. The default is AUTO.

When the auto filter mode is enabled, the power meter automatically sets the number of readings averaged together to satisfy the filtering requirements for most power measurements. The number of readings averaged together depends on the resolution and the power level currently being measured.

General Power Meter Functions 2

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 49

Figure 2-12 Averaged Readings

Figure 2- 12 shows the typical number of readings averaged for each range and

resolution when the power meter is in auto filter mode and is set to normal speed mode. The EPM- P Series power meters recognize different sensor types when they are connected and configure suitable averaging automatically.

2 General Power Meter Functions

Change

Enter

Done

Resolution is a measurement display function and not a channel function. In the case where a channel is set up in both the upper and lower window and the resolution settings are different, the highest resolution setting is taken to calculate the averaging number.

These four resolution levels represent:

• 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 dB respectively if the measurement suffix is dBm or dB.

• 1, 2, 3 or 4 significant digits respectively if the measurement suffix is W or

Procedure

Set averaging as follows:

1 Press and select the channel you want to set up. The current Filter:

setting (AUTO, MAN, or OFF) is shown on the Channel Setup screen.

2 Use the , , , and keys to select the Filter: setting.

3 Press to step through the available settings.

If you have selected AUTO or OFF proceed at st ep 7. If you have selected MAN proceed as follows:

4 Use the , , , and keys to select the Filter: value.

5 Press to display the Filter Length pop- up.

Figure 2-13 Filter Length Pop-Up

6 Use the , , , and keys to enter the required value and press

7 Press to close the Channel Setup screen.

50 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Step Detection

Change

Done

To reduce the filter settling time after a significant step in the measured power the filter can be set to reinitialize upon detection of a step increase/decrease in the measured power. Step detection can be set in both manual and automatic filter modes.

Procedure

Set step detection as follows:

1 Press . On dual channel meters, select the required channel.

2 Use the and keys to select the Step Detect setting.

3 Press to set step detection On or Off as required.

4 Press .

General Power Meter Functions 2

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 51

2 General Power Meter Functions

Swept Source

Out

Power Meter

Device Under

Te s t

Setting Measurement Limits

You can configure the power meter to detect when a measurement is out with a predefined upper and/or lower limit value.

Limits are windows or measurement display line based and can be applied to power, ratio or difference measurements. In addition, the limits can be set to output a TTL logic level at the rear panel Rmt I/O port when the predefined limits are exceeded.

Figure 2-14 Limits Checking Application

In this application, a swept frequency signal is applied to the input of the Device Under Test. The power meter measures the output power. The limits have been set at +4 dBm and +10 dBm. A fail occurs each time the output power is outside these limits as shown in Figure 2- 15.

52 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Figure 2-15 Limits Checking Results

+4 dBm

+10 dBm

Amplitude

Frequency

Fail

Setting Limits

General Power Meter Functions 2

The power meter can be configured to verify the current measurement in any measurement line against predefined upper and/or lower limit values. The range of values that can be set for the upper and lower limits and the default values depends on the measurement units in the currently selected measurement line, see Table 2- 7.

Ta b l e 2- 7 Range of Values for Window Limits

Default

Window units Max Min

dB + 200 dB – 180 dB 60 dB – 120 dB

dB m + 230 dBm – 150 dBm 90 dBm – 90 dBm

% 10.0 Z% 100.0 a% 100.0 M% 100.0 p%

W 100.000 XW 1.000 aW 1.000 MW 1.000 pW

Max Min

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 53

2 General Power Meter Functions

Limits

Max

Min

Max

Min

Limits

Limits Off On

Procedure

Set the limits as follows:

1 Press , . The current setting of the maximum and minimum

limits for the selected measurement line are displayed under the and

softkeys respectively.

2 Use the and keys to select the measurement line you want to

configure.

3 Change these settings by pressing or and use the , , ,

and keys to set the required values in the pop- up

Complete the entry by pressing the required power unit softkey.

windows.

Figure 2-16 Setting Maximum Limit

4 To enable limit checking, press to select On.

5 Repeat this process for each required measurement line.

Limits can be disabled and reenabled simply by pressing .

54 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Pin number Connection

1None

2Ground

3TTL Output 1

4TTL Output 2

5TTL Input 1

6TTL Input 2

7Ground

8Ground

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Limits

TTL Output

TTL outputs

The limits can also be set to output a TTL logic level at the rear panel Rmt I/O port when the predefined limits are exceeded. You can switch the rear panel TTL outputs on or off; set the TTL output level to active high or low; and determine whether the TTL output represents an over limit condition, under limit condition or both. Any two of the four measurement line limit conditions can be connected to either TTL output line.

The TTL connector is an RJ- 45 Series shielded modular jack assembly with the TTL output pins connected as shown in Figure 2- 17.

Figure 2-17 Remote I/O TTL Outputs

Procedure

Set the TTL Output as follows:

1 Press , .

2 Use the and keys to select the measurement line you want to

configure.

3 Press .

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 55

2 General Power Meter Functions

Enter

TTL Output

NOTE

Limits

Enter

Figure 2-18 TTL Output Pop-up

4 Use the and keys to select TTL Output line 1, 2, or Off. Press

to confirm your choice. The new setting appears under the

If you have selected a TTL Output line previously configured for another measurement, a warning message is displayed

softkey.

Figure 2-19 Example of TTL Disconnect Warning Message

Your new connection overrides the previous configuration which is now disconnected.

5 Press . The TTL output can indicate an over limit condition, under

limit condition or both. Use the and keys to select your choice

from the pop- up. Press

56 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

to confirm your choice.

General Power Meter Functions 2

Fail O/P

High

Low

This measurement has passed. This is indicated by the empty limit field.

Figure 2-20 TTL Limits Pop-Up

6 You can choose a high or low level TTL output to represent a limits failure.

Press to select or to set a logical ‘1’ or logical ‘0’ for a limits failure.

Checking for Limit Failures

Limit failures are displayed in the appropriate field in the measurement window on the power meter’s display as shown in Figure 2- 21.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 57

2 General Power Meter Functions

This measurement has failed as the result is greater than the set limit level. This is indicated with the text .

Over Lmt

This measurement has failed as the result is less than the set limit level. This is indicated with the text .

Undr Lmt

Figure 2-21 Limit Failures

58 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Setting the Range

Change

Done

The power meter has no internal ranges. The only ranges that can be set are those of the E- Series and N8480 Series power sensors. With an E- Series or N8480 Series power sensor (excluding Option CFT), the range can be set either automatically or manually. There are two manual settings, LOWER and UPPER. The lower range is more sensitive than the higher range. Use autorange when you are not sure of the power level you will be measuring. Use a manually configured range when you want to ensure there is no range switching during the measurement. The default is AUTO.

Procedure

Set the range as follows:

1 Press to display the Channel Setup screen. The current Range:

setting is displayed.

2 Use the and keys to select the Range: setting.

General Power Meter Functions 2

Figure 2-22 Channel Setup - Range

3 Press and choose AUTO, LOWER, or UPPER as required.

4 Press to confirm your choice.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 59

2 General Power Meter Functions

Analog

Anlg Mtr Scaling

Max

Min

Max

dBm

mWuWnW

Scaling the Analog Display

Configure a measurement displayed in format as follows:

1 Press .

2 Use the , , and keys to select the analog measurement window.

3 Press .

Figure 2-23 Analog Display in Lower Window

The and scale values are shown on the analog display and adjacent to the softkey labels.

4 Press and use the , , , and keys to configure the

required value in the Meter Maximum pop- up window. Press , ,

, or , to complete the entry.

Figure 2-24 Meter Maximum Pop-Up

60 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Min

dBm

mWuWnW

Increment Multiplier

Decrement Multiplier

Press the keys to select the units required

5 Similarly, press and use the , , , and keys to configure

the required value in the Meter Minimum pop- up window. Press ,

, , or , to complete the entry.

Figure 2-25 Meter Minimum Pop-Up

TIP If you have selected linear scaling for the analog measurement and

the units you require are outwith the range of the displayed menu, an additional menu is available. When the pop- up is displayed, you can press to access the increment/decrement multiplier menu. Use the or to display the required units. Press the units softkey ( ) to complete the entry.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 61

2 General Power Meter Functions

Recorder Output

Max Power

Min Power

Recorder Output

Output

Max Power

Min Power

dBm

mWuWnW

Recorder Output

The rear panel Recorder Output connectors (A and B) produce a DC voltage that corresponds to the power level in Watts of the channel, depending on the measurement mode. This DC voltage ranges from 0 to +1 Vdc. The output impedance is typically 1 kW. Channel and display offsets, and duty cycle have no effect on the Recorder Outputs.

For example, the Recorder Outputs can be used to:

• record swept measurements

• level an output from a source using external leveling, or

• monitor the output power

To access the Recorder menu, press , . This menu allows you to switch the Recorder Output signal either on or off. The

represent the 1 Vdc maximum and 0 Vdc minimum output voltage of the Recorder Output.

Procedure

and softkeys allow you to scale the power levels to

Configure the recorder output as follows:

1 From a measurement display screen, use the , , and keys to

select the measurement window or measurement display line you want to connect to the recorder output.

2 Press , and to select On.

3 Press and use the , , , and keys to

enter the power level you want to generate a 1 Vdc output in the Recorder Maximum pop- up. Press , , , or , to complete the entry.

62 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Min Power

dBm

NOTE

Figure 2-26 Recorder Maximum Pop-Up

4 Similarly, press and use the , , , and keys to

enter the power level you want to generate a 0 Vdc output in the Recorder Minimum pop- up. Press , , , or , to complete the entry.

Figure 2-27 Recorder Minimum Pop-Up

The highest power you are going to measure is used to determine the value which you should set for the Recorder Output maximum setting. For example, if you are measuring a power less than 1 mW and greater than 100 mW, then set the recorder maximum value to 1mW.

Log 50 40 30 20 10 0

Lin 100 W 10 W 1 W 100 mW 10 mW 1 mW

Log – 10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60

Lin 100 mW 10 mW 1 mW 100 nW 10 nW 1 nW

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 63

2 General Power Meter Functions

Increment Multiplier

Decrement Multiplier

Press these keys to select the units required

TIP If you have selected linear scaling for the analog measurement and

64 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Save/Recall

NOTE

Save

Confirm

Saving and Recalling Power Meter Configurations

To reduce repeated setup sequences, up to ten power meter configurations can be stored in nonvolatile memory.

The save/recall functions are part of the Sys/Inputs menu, accessed by pressing the key.

To save a measurement setup:

1 Press , to display the Save/Recall screen as shown in

Figure 2- 28.

Figure 2-28 Save/Recall Screen

Your power meter has been shipped with measurement configurations suitable for common wireless communication formats already saved as Instrument States. These require E9320 E-Series power sensors. Refer to Chapter 3 for more information.

2 Using the and keys, select an available name from the displayed list.

To change the name of a register, proceed from step 4, otherwise press

3 The power meter prompts you to press to proceed.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 65

2 General Power Meter Functions

Save/Recall

Edit Name

Insert Char

Delete Char

Enter

Save/Recall

NOTE

Confirm

Figure 2-29 “Save” Pop-Up

If you need to modify a name:

4 If you have not already done so, press , .

5 Use the and keys to select the required register and press

this as required:

• Use and keys to modify the character on which the cursor is

currently positioned.

• Use or to move to other characters.

• Use and as required.

6 To confirm your choice, press .

. The selected name is displayed in a pop- up window. Modify

To recall a measurement setup:

1 Press , .

2 Use the and keys to select the required register and press .

The key is disabled (greyed out) when an unused register is selected.

3 Press .

Figure 2-30 “Recall” Pop-Up

66 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Measuring Pulsed Signals

Dty Cyc

NOTE

TIP The E- Series E9320 power sensors are best suited for peak and

pulse power measurement.

However, the E9300 E- Series, 8480 Series and N8480 Series power sensors can be used to measure the power of a pulsed signal.

The measurement result is a mathematical representation of the pulse power rather than an actual measurement (assumes constant peak power). The power meter measures the average power of the pulsed input signal and then divides the measurement result by the duty cycle value to obtain the pulse power reading. The allowable range of values is 0.001% to 100%. The default value is 1.000%.

If duty cycle is enabled and the channel is setup in single numeric display format, the message is displayed.

Pulse measurements are not recommended using Agilent E4412A and E4413A power sensors.

General Power Meter Functions 2

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 67

2 General Power Meter Functions

Power

Time

Duty Cycle = A

Change

An example of a pulsed signal is shown in Figure 2- 31.

Figure 2-31 Pulsed Signal

Procedure

Set the duty cycle as follows:

1 Press . Select the channel you want to configure. The current setting

of the duty cycle is displayed in the channel setup table.

2 Use the , , , and keys to select the duty cycle setting and

press to select On.

Figure 2-32 Duty Cycle: Off

68 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Change

Done

NOTE

3 Use the , , , and keys to select the duty cycle value and

press .

Figure 2-33 Duty Cycle Pop-Up

4 Again use the , , , and keys to select and change the values

as required. Complete the entry by pressing .

Figure 2-34 Duty Cycle: On, 50%

5 Press .

Pulse power averages out any aberrations in the pulse such as overshooting or ringing. For this reason, it is called pulse power and not peak power or peak pulse power.

In order to ensure accurate pulse power readings, the input signal must be pulsed with a rectangular pulse. Other pulse shapes (such as triangle, chirp or Gaussian) will cause erroneous results.

The pulse power on/off ratio must be much greater than the duty cycle ratio.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 69

2 General Power Meter Functions

Select Interface

GBIP Addr

Baud Rate

Word Size

Stop Bits

Parity

Pacing

Echo

Sensor Cal Tables

Table

Freq.Dep.Offset

Table

Linearity

Power Ref

Must Cal

Presetting the Power Meter

This section details the power meter’s preset conditions.

The GPIB address, the data stored in the sensor calibration tables, and the zeroing and calibration data are not affected by a (Preset). The calibration table selected is not affected.

Preset Conditions

The number of windows displayed is two.

is not affected.

channel is not affected.

is set to Atype.

is set to Off.

is not affected

70 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Gates

Trace Setup

Sensor Mode: Is active and set to Normal mode only when an E9320A

E- Series sensor is connected, otherwise inactive and greyed out in AVG only setting.

Range: Is active and set to Auto only when an E9320A E- Series,

E9300 E- Series sensor or N8480 Series sensor (excluding Option CFT) is connected, otherwise inactive and greyed out in Auto setting.

Filter: Is set to Auto.

Duty Cycle: Is set to Off. Is inactive and greyed out when an E9320

E- Series sensor is connected and in normal mode.

Offset: Is set to Off.

Frequency: Is only available when an E- Series sensor or N8480 Series

sensor (excluding Option CFT) is connected and is set to

50.000 MHz.

Cal Fac: Is only available when an 8480 Series sensor or N8480 Series

sensor with Option CFT is connected and is set to 100%.

CF Table: Is not affected when an 8480 Series sensor or N8480 Series

sensor with Option CFT is connected, otherwise inactive and greyed out in the Off setting.

FDO Table: Is not affected.

Video Avg: Is set to Off when and E9320A E- Series sensor is connected

otherwise greyed out in the Off setting.

Video B/W: Is set to Off when and E9320A E- Series sensor is connected

otherwise greyed out in the Off setting.

Step Detect: Is set to On.

Is only available when an E9320A E- Series power sensor is connected.

Gate Start: All gates are set to 0.0000 s.

Gate Length: Gate 1 is set to 100.00 μs. Gates 2, 3, and 4 are set to 0.0000 s.

Is only available when an E9320A E- Series power sensor is connected.

Start: Is set to 0.0000 s.

Length: Is set to 100.00 μs.

Max: Is set to 20.000 dBm.

Min: Is set to –50.000 dBm.

Min: Is set to dBm.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 71

2 General Power Meter Functions

Acqn

Stop Run

Source

Mode

Delay

Slope

Holdoff

Hysteresis

Output

Function

Rel

Offset

Limits

Max

Min

TTL Output

Disp Type

Resolution

Unit

Is set to –90.000 dBm.

All Trigger configurations are inactive and greyed out unless an E9320A E- Series power sensor is connected.

Is set to Free Run.

Is set to Run.

Is set to Int.

Is set to AutoLvl.

Is set to 0.0000 s.

Is set to +.

Is set to 1.0000 μs.

Is set to 0.000 dB.

Is set to Off.

Chan, Gate, and Meas are all inactive and greyed out, regardless of sensor type.

Is set to Single.

Is set to Off.

Is set to 0.000 dBm.

Is set to Off.

Is set to 0.000 dB.

Is set to Off.

Is set to 90.000 dBm.

Is set to Off.

Upper window is set to Single Numeric and the Lower window to Analog.

Is set to 3.

Is set to dBm.

72 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

General Power Meter Functions 2

Freq

Cal Fac

Power Ref

Is only available when an E- Series sensor or N8480 Series sensor (excluding Option CFT) is connected and is set to 50.000 MHz

Is only available when an 8480 Series sensor or N8480 Series sensor with Option CFT is connected and is set to 100%

Is set to Off.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 73

2 General Power Meter Functions

74 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

3 Using E9320 E-Series Power Sensors

Introduction 76 Power Meter Configuration 78 Configuring a Peak Power Measurement 82 The Set Up Process 83 Measurement Example 109 Using Preinstalled Measurement Setups 114

Agilent Technologies

3 Using E9320 E-Series Power Sensors

NOTE

Introduction

The E9320 E- Series power sensors have dual modes of operation.

• The normal mode is optimized for a wider bandwidth but with reduced

dynamic range. The instantaneous power of an RF signal can be detected with, depending on the sensor type, up to 5 MHz of video bandwidth (modulation bandwidth). Use this mode to measure the peak and average power of pulsed or modulated signals.

• The average-only mode is optimized for high accuracy and wide dynamic

range. Use this mode to measure the average power of signals below the dynamic range of normal mode.

The term ‘video’ is applied here to a signal that has been amplitude demodulated from an RF carrier but contains components in the RF part of the spectrum. For a power meter it refers to the output of the sensor diodes in normal mode.

In normal mode the EPM- P Series power meters and E9320 E- Series power sensors continuously sample the RF signal at a 20 Msample/s rate. A trigger can be taken from a rising or falling edge of an RF signal pulse or controlled externally via GPIB or TTL input.

Ta b l e 3- 1 Sensor Bandwidth

Video bandwidth setting

Sensor Low Medium High Off

E9321A E9325A

E9322A E9326A

E9323A E9327A

* The Low, Medium, and High settings provide flat filter responses with very sharp cutoff points by

applying digital signal processing techniques. The Off setting removes all signal conditioning.

Refer to Figure 3-5.

30 kHz 100 kHz 300 kHz 300 kHz*

100 kHz 300 kHz 1.5 MHz 1.5 MHz*

300 kHz 1.5 MHz 5 MHz

76 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

5 MHz*

Using E9320 E-Series Power Sensors 3

NOTE

Maximum dynamic range is related to the maximum sensor bandwidth. Please refer to the documentation supplied with your E-Series E9320 power sensor for specification information.

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 77

3 Using E9320 E-Series Power Sensors

Power Meter Configuration

The EPM-P Series power meters automatically recognize an E-Series E9320 power sensor when it is connected. The sensor calibration data, characterizing the sensor output versus input power, frequency, and temperature, is automatically read by the power meter.

Default Channel Setup

When an E- Series E9320 power sensor is connected, the following Channel Setup is automatically configured. Carrying out a Preset returns the power meter to this configuration.

Any changes made to the Channel Setup are retained after a power cycle.

Figure 3-1 E-Series E9320 Power Sensor Default Channel Setup

78 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

Measurement Method

Gate 3

Trigger

Gate 2

Gate 4

Gate 1

The E4416A meter and E9320 E- Series power sensors continuously sample the RF signal at a 20 MHz rate. Similarly, the E4417A samples both channels at the same rate. Various trigger methods enable the measurement of continuously modulated signals or single events.

Measurement Gates

A system of gates, controlled by and referenced to a trigger point, is used to extract measurement data from the captured trace. The trace data within each gate period is subsequently used for the individual measurement calculations. Up to four gates can be set up for each channel (Refer to Figure 3- 2.)

Using E9320 E-Series Power Sensors 3

Figure 3-2 Measurement Gates

With the gates setup as shown in Figure 3- 2 for example, you can simultaneously measure:

• The average power level of the pulse: Gate 1, average measurement

• The Peak to average ratio: Gate 1, peak-to- average measurement

EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide 79

• The Pulse droop: Gate 3, average measurement, minus Gate 4, average

measurement

• The average ''off'' power level ahead of the pulse: Gate 2, average

measurement.

3 Using E9320 E-Series Power Sensors

Gates 1 to 4

Peak

Aver age

Pk-to-Avg

Gate 1

Peak

Aver age

Pk-to-Avg

Peak

Average

Pk-to-Avg

Peak

Average

Pk-to-Avg

Feed 1

Feed 2

Feed 1

Feed 2

Feed 1

Feed 2

Feed 1

Feed 2

Gate 2

Gate 3

Gate 4

12 measurements per channel

Measurement Display

Average, peak, and peak-to- average ratio measurements are made within each gate period generating 12 possible measurement results per channel as shown in Figure 3- 3.

Figure 3-3 Twelve Measurements per Channel

The EPM-P power meters cannot display all 12 (or 24) measurements simultaneously. However, up to four measurements or a combination of measurements and traces can be shown on the display. Any of the four measurement display lines can show any of the measurement results from any of the four gates allowing you complete control of the displayed information.

Each displayed line has a measurement feed. Each measurement feed has two independent inputs, Feed 1 and Feed 2. The two Feeds, 1 and 2, can carry any of the 12 measurement results from the 4 gates.

(24 measurements from eight gates in the dual channel E4417A.) Only Feed 1

80 EPM-P Series Peak and Average Power Meters User’s Guide

can be displayed in Single M ode. In Combined Mode, Feed 1 – Feed 2 or Fee d 1 / Feed 2 can be displayed.

Agilent E4416A Users Guide

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Notices

Certification

Safety Symbols

General Safety Considerations

Contents

1 Introduction

Welcome

Conventions Used in this Guide

Power Meter and Sensor Capability

Specifications

Front Panel Keys and Connections

The Display Layout

Window Symbols

Warning Symbol

Confirmation Pop-Up

Wait Symbol

One of Many Entry Pop-Up

Configuration Conflict Pop-Up

Numeric or Alphanumeric Entry Pop-Up

2 General Power Meter Functions

Zeroing

Zeroing and Calibrating

Calibration

Calibration with E-Series Power Sensors and N8480 Series Power Sensors (Excluding Option CFT)

Calibration with 8480 Series Power Sensors and N8480 Series Power Sensors with Option CFT

Zero/Cal Lockout

Zeroing and Calibrating Using TTL Inputs

Setting the Units of Measurement

Selecting Units of Measurement from the Softkeys

Setting the Resolution

Making Relative Measurements

Setting Offsets

Setting Channel Offsets

Setting Display Offsets

Setting Frequency Dependent Offsets

Setting Averaging

Step Detection

Setting Measurement Limits

Setting Limits

Checking for Limit Failures

Setting the Range

Scaling the Analog Display

Recorder Output

Saving and Recalling Power Meter Configurations

Measuring Pulsed Signals

Presetting the Power Meter

Preset Conditions

3 Using E9320 E-Series Power Sensors

Introduction

Power Meter Configuration

Default Channel Setup

Measurement Method

Measurement Display