Agilent E4406A NADC, PDC Measurement Guide

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NADC, PDC Measurement Guide

Agilent Technologies E4406A VSA Series

Transmitter Tester

Manufacturing Part Number: E4406-90059

Printed in USA

April 2000

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Agilent Technologiesmakesnowarrantyofanykindwithregard to this material, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and ﬁtness for a particular purpose. Agilent Technologies shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.

Contents

1. Understanding NADC

What is the NADC Communications System?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

What does the E4406A do?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Other Sources of Measurement Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Instrument Updates at www.agilent.com/ﬁnd/vsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

2. Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

How to Make a Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Changing the Mode Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Changing the Frequency Channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

NADC Measurement Key Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Installing and Uninstalling Optional Measurement Personalities . . . .33

Active License Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Installing Personality Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Uninstalling Personality Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

3. Making NADC Measurements

NADC Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Preparing for Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Initial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Measurement Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Measurement Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Measurement Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Making the Adjacent Channel Power Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Contents

Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Changing the Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Changing the View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Changing the Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Changing the View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Changing the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement . . . . . . . . . . 61

Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Changing the Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Changing the View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Using the Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Making the Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Changing the Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Changing the View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Using the Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Contents

Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

4. Understanding PDC

What is the PDC Communications System? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

What does the E4406A do?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Other Sources of Measurement Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Instrument Updates at www.agilent.com/ﬁnd/vsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

5. Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

How to Make a Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Changing the Mode Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Changing the Frequency Channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

PDC Measurement Key Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

Installing and Uninstalling Optional Measurement Personalities . . .104

Active License Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Installing Personality Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

Uninstalling Personality Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

6. Making PDC Measurements

PDC Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Preparing for Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Initial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Measurement Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Measurement Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Measurement Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Making the Adjacent Channel Power Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

Contents

Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Changing the Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Changing the View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Changing the Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Changing the View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Changing the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Making the Occupied Bandwidth Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Changing the Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Changing the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement . . . . . . . . . 135

Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Changing the Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Changing the View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Using the Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Contents

Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Making the Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

Changing the Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

Changing the View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

Using the Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Contents

1 Understanding NADC

Understanding NADC

What is the NADC Communications System?

The North American Dual-Mode Cellular (NADC) is one of the cellular communications systems. NADC is also referred to as North American Digital Cellular, or American Digital Cellular (ADC). Occasionally it is also referred to as Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS) or NADC-TDMA.

The NADC communications system is deﬁned in the Electronics Industry Alliance (EIA) and Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) standard documents. The following is a list of all relevant and applicable standard documents:

• TIA/EIA IS-136.1 TDMA Cellular/PCS - Radio Interface - Mobile Station - Base

Station Compatibility - Digital Control Channel

• TIA/EIA IS-136.2 TDMA Cellular/PCS - Radio Interface - Mobile Station - Base

Station Compatibility - Trafﬁc Channels and FSK Control Channel

• TIA/EIA IS-137 TDMA Cellular/PCS - Radio Interface - Minimum Performance

Standards for Mobile Stations

• TIA/EIA IS-138 TDMA Cellular/PCS - Radio Interface - Minimum Performance

Standards for Base Stations

• TIA/EIA-627 800 MHz Cellular System, TDMA Radio Interface, Dual-Mode

Mobile Station - Base Station Compatibility Standard (ANSI/TIA/EIA-627-96), which replaced IS-54-B

• TIA/EIA-628 800 MHz Cellular System, TDMA Radio Interface, Minimum

Performance Standards for Dual-Mode Mobile Stations (TIA/EIA-628-96), which replaced IS-55-A

• TIA/EIA-629 800 MHz Cellular System, TDMA Radio Interface, Minimum

Performance Standards for Base Stations Supporting Dual-Mode Mobile Stations (ANSI/TIA/EIA-629-96), which replaced IS-56-A

Each base station retains the analog control channels and analog trafﬁc channels of the advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) system. In addition, a base station can have digital trafﬁc channels. The mobile stations are dual mode and access the network via the analog control

10 Chapter1

Understanding NADC

What is the NADC Communications System?

channel. They are capable of using either analog or digital trafﬁc channel. Digital control channel and digital only mobile stations are also currently being produced.

The digital part of the NADC system employs a combination of FDMA and time division multiple access (TDMA). The NADC time division multiple access structure allows up to six users to share a single carrier frequency. The TDMA frame structure divides time on a carrier into a stream of frames. Each frame is 40 ms long consisting of 6 timeslots; thus, one timeslot is 6.667 ms long. A digital trafﬁc channel is deﬁned by a carrier frequency (or channel number) and a timeslot number. Each user must transmit data only on his carrier frequency, at a time deﬁned by a timeslot number. Currently, 2 timeslots per frame are required for each user because more time is required to transmit voice using full-rate speech codecs presently available. This allows 3 users per frequency pair. When half-rate speech codecs are incorporated into the system, each trafﬁc channel will require just one timeslot per frame allowing 6 users per frequency pair.

NADC digital mobile stations transmit a burst of data when their assigned timeslot occurs. This means a mobile station transmits a bursted amplitude modulation signal, ramping transmission power on and off. An NADC digital base station transmits continuously, switching digital modulation on at the appropriate timeslots.

The digital modulation format used in the NADC system is the π/4 differential quadrature phase shift keying (π/4 DQPSK). The π/4 DQPSK modulation causes both phase and amplitude variations on the RF signal. The quadrature nature of this modulation allows 2 bits to be transmitted at the same time on orthogonal carriers. These 2 bits make one NADC symbol. The digital modulation operates at 162 symbols, or 324 bits in each timeslot. The symbol period is 41.16 µs. Since there are 1944 bits in 6 timeslots and 25 frames in one second, the transmission bit rate is 48,600 bits per second, or 24,300 symbols per second.

The key objectives of the NADC system are to increase the subscriber capacity, provide more secure voice communications, and be backwards compatible with the existing AMPS analog cellular system.

Since the system transmits all information in a digital form, it will be much harder to listen to someone else’s cellular phone conversation. This is a key beneﬁt for people using cellular phones that convey conﬁdential information.

Following is a summary of the NADC air interface. Note that the frequency range is the same as the analog cellular. Since it is a dual-mode system, NADC will use the same frequency band currently assigned to the AMPS cellular. The available channels are divided into analog and digital channels. The channel spacing is 30 kHz each, and the RX/TX frequency difference is 45 MHz as in the AMPS cellular. NADC has a RX/TX time spacing of 1.85 ms.

Chapter 1 11

Understanding NADC

What is the NADC Communications System?

Band Uplink Downlink Channel Numbers

825.030 to 848.970 MHz 870.030 to 893.970 MHz 1 to 799

800 MHz

1900 MHz 1850.040 to 1909.920 MHz 1930.080 to 1989.990 MHz 2 to 1998

824.040 to 825.000 MHz 869.040 to 870.000 MHz 991 to 1023

12 Chapter1

Understanding NADC

What does the Agilent Technologies E4406A do?

This instrument can help determine if an NADC transmitter operates correctly. When conﬁgured for NADC, the instrument can be used to test an NADC transmitter according to the TIA/EIA standards, 627, 628, 629, IS-136, IS-137, and IS-138. This document deﬁnes complex and multiple-part measurements used to maintain an interference-free environment. Forexample, the document includes the testing method of a carrier power. The E4406A Transmitter Tester automatically makes these measurements based on the TIA/EIA standards. The detailed measurement result displays allow you to analyze NADC system performance. You may alter the measuring parameters for your speciﬁc measurement and analysis.

Chapter 1 13

Understanding NADC

Other Sources of Measurement Information

Additional measurement application information is available through your local Agilent Technologies sales and service ofﬁce. The following application notes explain digital communications measurements in much greater detail than discussed in this guide.

• Application Note 1298 Digital Modulation in Communications Systems - An Introduction

part number 5965-7160E

• Application Note 1324 Understanding PDC and NADC Transmitter Measurements for

Base Transceiver Stations and Mobile Stations part number 5968-5537E

Instrument Updates at www.agilent .com/ﬁnd/vsa

This web location can be used to access the latest information about the transmitter tester.

14 Chapter1

2 Setting Up the NADC Mode

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Mode

You may want to install a new personality, reinstall a personality that you have previously uninstalled, or uninstall a personality option. Instructions can be found in “Installing and Uninstalling Optional

Measurement Personalities” on page 33.

At the initial power up, the transmitter tester will come up in the Basic mode, with the Spectrum (frequency domain) measurement selected and the

Measure menu displayed.

To access the NADC measurement personality press the select

NADC.

Mode key and

If you want to set the NADC mode to a known, factory default state, press the Preset key. This will preset the mode setup and all of the NADC measurements to the factory default parameters.

NOTE Pressing the Preset key does not switch instrument modes.

How to Make a Measurement

Follow the three-step procedure shown in the table below:

Step Primary Key Setup Keys Related Keys

1.Select &setup

a mode.

2.Select &setup

a measurement.

3.Select &setup

a view.

Mode Mode Setup, Input,

Frequency Channel

Measure Meas Setup Meas Control,

View/Trace Span X Scale,

Amplitude Y Scale Display,NextWindow, Zoom

System

Restart File, Save,

Print, Print Setup, Marker, Search

Step 1. Select & setup a mode, for example:

• Press the

Mode key and select NADC. Frequency Channel key and enter the channel frequency to

be measured.

• Press the

Input, Trigger and Burst menus from those default settings, if

Mode Setup key to change any of the settings in the Radio,

required.

Refer to “Changing the Mode Setup” on page 18 and “Changing the

Frequency Channel” on page 23 for further explanation.

16 Chapter2

Refer to “Mode Setup / Frequency Channel Key Flow” on page 25 for the hierarchical details.

Step 2. Select & setup a measurement, for example:

• Press the Measure key and select either ACP, EVM, Spectrum (Freq

Domain), or Waveform (Time Domain) to make its measurement.

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Mode

• Press the

Meas Setup key to change any of the measurement

parameters from the default settings, if required. These parameters such as Span, Resolution Bandwidth, Trigger Source,Average, Limit Test and Limits, are decided according to the measurement selected.

Refer to “ACP Measurement Key Flow” on page 26, and to “Waveform

(Time Domain) Measurement Key Flow (1 of 2)” on page 31 for the

hierarchical details.

Step 3. Select & setup a view, for example:

• Press the

View/Trace key and select the desired view for the current

measurement.

• Press the

Next Window key and select a window, then press the Zoom

key to expand the window to the full display area.

• Press the

Span X Scale,Amplitude Y Scale, and/or Marker keys for your

desired display. These keys are not always valid for each measurement being done. The measurements.

Refer to “ACP Measurement Key Flow” on page 26, and to “Waveform

(Time Domain) Measurement Key Flow (1 of 2)” on page 31 for the

hierarchical details.

Display key is only valid for EVM

Chapter 2 17

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Mode

Changing the Mode Setup

Numerous settings can be changed at the mode level by pressing the

Mode Setup key. This will access the selection menu listed below. These

settings affect only the measurements in the NADC mode.

Radio

The

Radio key accesses the menu as follows:

Trafﬁc Rate - Allows you to toggle the trafﬁc rate between Full and

•

Half. Device - Allows you to toggle the test device between BS (Base

• Station) and

When the NADC mode is selected, the instrument will default to the following settings.

MS (Mobile Station).

Radio Default Settings

Trafﬁc Rate Full Device BS

Input

Input key accesses the menu as follows: (You can also access this

The menu from the

RF Input Range - Allows you to toggle the RF input range function

• between domain) measurements. If

Input front-panel key.)

Auto and Man (manual). Auto is not used for Spectrum (freq

Auto is chosen, the instrument

automatically sets the input attenuator based on the carrier power level, where it is tuned. Once you change the

Atten value with the RPG knob, for example, the RF Input Range key

is automatically set to

Man. If there are multiple carriers present,

Max Total Pwr or Input

the total power might overdrive the front end ampliﬁers. In this case you need to set maximum total power by activating the

RF Input Range to Man and enter the expected

Max Total Pwr key. Man is also

useful to hold the input attenuation constant for the best relative power accuracy. For single carriers it is generally recommended to set this to

Max Total Pwr - Allows you to set the maximum total power from the

•

Auto.

UUT (Unit Under Test). The range is −200.00 to +50.00 dBm with

0.01 dB resolution. This is the expected maximum value of the mean carrier power referenced to the output of the UUT; it may include multiple carriers. The the

Input Atten and Ext Atten settings. Once you change the Max Total

Pwr value with the RPG knob, for example, the RF Input Range key is

automatically set to

Max Total Pwr setting is coupled together with

Man.

18 Chapter2

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Mode

• Input Atten - Allows you to control the internal input attenuator setting. The range is 0 to 40 dB with 1 dB resolution. The

Input Atten

key reads out the actual hardware value that is used for the current measurement. If more than one input attenuator value is used in a single measurement, the value used at the carrier frequency will be displayed. The

Total Pwr setting. Once you change the Input Atten value with the

RPG knob, for example, the to

Man.

Ext Atten - Allows you to access the following menu to enter the

• external attenuation values. Either of the coupled together with the

Ext Atten does not switch the RF Input Range key to Man. This will

Input Atten setting is coupled together with the Max

RF Input Range key is automatically set

Ext Atten settings is

Max Total Pwr setting, however, pressing

allow the instrument to display the measurement results referenced to the output of the UUT.

MS - Sets an external attenuation value ranging from −50.00 to

+50.00 dB with 0.01 dB resolution for MS. The default setting is

0.00 dB.

BS - Sets an external attenuation value ranging from −50.00 to

+50.00 dB with 0.01 dB resolution for BS. The default setting is

0.00 dB.

NOTE The Max Total Pwr setting is coupled together with the Input Atten and

Ext Atten settings. For a given measurement, changing the input Max Total Pwr setting by x dB changes the Input Atten setting by x dB, and

vice-versa. However, changing the the

Ext Atten setting,even though changing the Ext Atten setting by x dB

changes the different measurement, the the

Input Atten setting may change if the two measurements have

Max Total Pwr setting by x dB. When you switch to a

Max Total Pwr setting is kept constant, but

Max Total Pwr setting does not change

different mixer margins. Thus, you can directly set the transmitter tester input attenuator, or you can set it indirectly by specifying the expected maximum power from the UUT.

Chapter 2 19

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Mode

When the NADC mode is selected, the instrument will default to the following settings.

Input Default Settings

RF Input Range Max Total Pwr Input Atten Ext Atten:

MS BS

Auto

−15.00 dBm

0.00 dB

a. Auto is not used for Spectrum (freq

domain) measurements.

b. This may differ if the maximum input

power is more than −15 dBm.

Trigger

Trigger key allows you: (1) to access the trigger source selection

The menu to specify the triggering conditions for each trigger source, (2) to modify the default trigger holdoff time using the

Trig Holdoff key, (3) to

modify the auto trigger time and to activate or deactivate the auto trigger feature using the the frame timer using the

Auto Trig key, and (4) to modify the period of

Frame Timer key.

NOTE The actual trigger source is selected separately for each measurement

under the Meas Setup key.

•

RF Burst, Video (IF Envlp), Ext Front and Ext Rear - Pressing one of

these trigger keys will access each triggering condition setup menu. This menu is used to specify the

Delay, Level and Slope settings for

each trigger source as follows:

Delay - Allows you to enter a numerical value to modify the

trigger delay time. The range is −500.000 to +500.000 ms with the best resolution of 1 µs. For trigger delay use a positive value, and for pre-trigger use a negative value.

Level - Allows you to enter a numerical value to adjust the trigger

level depending on the trigger source selected. —For

RF Burst selection, the RF level range is −200.00 to 0.00 dB

with 0.01 dB resolution, relative to the peak RF signal level. The realistic range can be down to −20 dB.

—For

Video (IF Envlp) selection, the video level range is −200.00

to +50.00 dBm with 0.01 dB resolution at the RF input. The realistic range can be down to around −40 dBm, depending on

20 Chapter2

the noise ﬂoor level of the input signal.

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Mode

—For

Ext Front or Ext Rear selection, the level range is −5.00 to

+5.00 V with 1 or 10 mV resolution.

Slope - Allows you to toggle the trigger slope between Pos at the

positive-going edge and

Neg at the negative-going edge of the

burst signal.

Other keys accessed under the Trigger key:

Trig Holdoff - Allows you to set the period of time before the next

• trigger can occur. The range is 0.000 to 500.0 ms with the best resolution of 1 µs.

•

Auto Trig - Allows you to specify a time for a trigger timeout. The

range is 0.000 to 1000 sec with the best resolution of 1 µs. If no trigger occurs by the speciﬁed time, a trigger is automatically generated.

•

Frame Timer - Allows you to access the menu to manually control the

frame timer:

Period - Allows you to set the period of the frame clock. The range

is 1.000000 to 559.0000 ms with the best resolution of 1 ns.

When the NADC mode is selected, the instrument will default to the following settings.

Trigger Default Settings

RF Burst:

Delay Peak Level Slope

Video (IF Envlp):

Delay Level Slope

Ext Front & Ext Rear:

Delay Level

Slope Trig Holdoff 10.00 ms Auto Trig 100.0 ms, On Frame Timer:

Period:

(if set to full rate) (if set to half rate)

0.000 sec

−10.0 dB Pos

0.000 sec

−30.00 dBm Pos

0.000 sec

2.00 V Pos

20.00000 ms

40.00000 ms

Chapter 2 21

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Mode

Burst

Burst key allows you to access the following menu to set the trigger

The condition for the ACP and EVM measurements when

Radio is set to MS. This is used in conjunction with Frame Timer.

Delay - Allows you to set the delay time after searching a threshold

•

Device under

level of NADC bursts. The range is −500.0 to +500.0 ms with the best resolution of 0.1 µs.

•

Search Threshold - Allows you to set the threshold level used in

search for NADC bursts after data is acquired. The range is −200.00 to −0.01 dB with 0.01 dB resolution. The realistic range can be down to the noise ﬂoor level of the input signal.

When the NADC mode is selected, the instrument will default to the following settings.

Burst Default Settings

Delay 0.000 s Search Threshold −30.00 dB

22 Chapter2

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Mode

Changing the Frequency Channel

After selecting the desired mode setup, you will need to select the desired center frequency, burst type and slot. The selections made here will apply to all measurements in the mode. Press the

Channel key to access the following menu:

Center Freq - Allows you to enter a frequency value that corresponds

• to the desired RF channel to be measured. This is the current instrument center frequency for any measurement function.

•

Burst Type - Allows you to choose an NADC burst type from the

following selections only when to

MS, otherwise this key is unavailable. This is used only when

Device under Radio is previously set

making EVM measurements.

Trafﬁc (TCH) - Sets to the trafﬁc channel burst signal of which

burst length is 324 bits or 162 symbols.

Control (CCH) - Sets to the control channel burst signal of which

burst length is 280 bits or 140 symbols.

Frequency

• Slot (Std) - Allows you to toggle the slot selection function between

Auto and Man (manual), and also to specify the particular timeslot to

be measured when

Man is selected. This is used only when making

EVM measurements.

Auto - In auto, the measurement is made on the ﬁrst timeslot

found to have any one of the valid sync words, corresponding to slots 1 to 6. The measurement may be made on various timeslots if more than one timeslot has a valid sync word.

Man - In manual, the measurement is made only on the speciﬁed

timeslot that has a valid sync word. The timeslot range is 1 to 6.

When the NADC mode is selected, the instrument will default to the following settings.

Frequency Channel Default Settings

Center Freq 1.00000 GHz Burst Type

Slot (Std) 1, Auto

Trafﬁc (TCH)

a. This is used only when Device is MS.

Chapter 2 23

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Measurement Key Flow

The key ﬂow diagrams, shown in a hierarchical manner on the following pages, will help the user to grasp the overall functional relationships for the front-panel keys and the softkeys displayed at the extreme right side of the screen. The diagrams are:

“Mode Setup / Frequency Channel Key Flow” on page 25, “ACP Measurement Key Flow” on page 26, “EVM Measurement Key Flow” on page 27, “Spectrum (Freq Domain) Measurement Key Flow (1 of 3)” on page

28, “Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement Key Flow (1 of 2)” on page

31.

Use these ﬂow diagrams as follows:

Meas Setup

EVM

Avg Number 10 On | Off

• There are some basic conventions: An oval represents one of the front-panel keys. This box represents one of the softkeys displayed. This represents an explanatory description on its speciﬁc key. This box represents one of the default condition softkeys displayed.

Default conditions are shown as much as possible with underlined parameters or values shown on those softkey labels.

• Start from the extreme upper left corner of each measurement diagram to the right direction, and go from the top to the bottom.

• When deﬁning a key from auto with underline to manual, for example, just press that key one time.

• When entering a numeric value of

Frequency, for example, use the

numeric keypad by terminating with the appropriate unit selection from the softkeys displayed.

• When entering a numeric value of numeric keypad by terminating with the

Slot (Std), for example, use the

Enter front-panel key.

• Instead of using the numeric keypad to enter a value, it may be easier to use the RPG knob or Up/Down keys depending on the input ﬁeld of a parameter.

24 Chapter2

NADC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 2-1 Mode Setup / Frequency Channel Key Flow

NADCMode

Mode Setup

Radio

Traffic Rate Full| Half

Device BS | MS

Input

RF Input Range Auto| Man

Max Total Pwr -15.00 dBm

Input Atten 0.00 dB

Ext Atten

MS 0.00 dB

BS 0.00 dB

Trigger

RF Burst

Delay 0.000 s Peak Level -10.00 dB

Slope Pos| Neg

Video (IF Envlp)

Delay 0.000 s

Level -30.00 dBm

Slope Pos| Neg

Ext Front

Delay 0.000 s Level 2.00 V

Slope Pos| Neg

Ext Rear

Delay 0.000 s Level 2.00 V

Slope Pos| Neg

Trig Holdoff 10.00 ms

Auto Trig 100.0 ms On | Off

Frame Timer

Period 20.00000 ms

Burst

Delay 0.000 s

Search Threshold -30.00 dB

Setting Up the NADC Mode

<Auto not for Spectru

Frequency Channel

Chapter 2 25

Center Freq 1.00000 GHz

Burst Type Traffic (TCH)

Traffic (TCH)

Control (CCH)

Slot (Std) 1Auto| Man

<for EVM when Device is MS

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 2-2 ACP Measurement Key Flow

Measure

ACP

Meas Setup

ACPMeasure

View/Trace

Avg Number 10 On | Off

Avg Mode Exp | Repeat

Trig Source Free Run (Immediate)

Free Run (Immediate)

RF Burst (Wideband)

Ext Front

Ext Rear

Frame

Limit Test On| Off

Offs & Limits

Offset A

A B C D E

Offset Freq 30.000 kHz On | Off

Offset Power Integ | Peak

Abs Limit 0.00 dBm

Fail Relative

AND

Absolute

Relative

Rel Limit (Car) -26.00 dB

Restore Meas Defaults

Bar Graph

Spectrum

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 10.00 dB

Ref Value -30.00 dBm

Ref Position Top| Ctr | Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

<A: default selection>

<A: 30.000 kHz On> <B: 60.000 kHz On>

<C: 90.000 kHz On>

<D: 120.000 kHz Off> <E: 0.00 Hz Off>

<A, B, D, E: 0.00 dBm>

<C: -13.00 dBm>

<A: -26.00 dB> <B, C: -45 dB>

<D, E: 0.00 dB>

26 Chapter2

Figure 2-3 EVM Measurement Key Flow

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Measurement Key Flow

Measure

EVM

Meas Setup

EVMMeasure

View/Trace

EVMMeasure

Display

Avg Number 10 On | Off

Avg Mode Exp | Repeat

Trig Source Free Run (Immediate)

Free Run (Immediate)

Video (IF Envlp) RF Burst (Wideband)

Ext Front

Ext Rear

Frame

Burst Sync None

Sync Word

RF Amptd

None Limit Test On | Off Limits

RMS EVM 12.5 Pcnt

Peak EVM 40.0 Pcnt

First 10 EVM (MS only) 25.0 Pcnt Origin Offset -20.00 dB

Restore Meas Defaults

I/Q Measured Polar Vector

I/Q Measured Polar Constln

I/Q Error (Quad View)

Span X Scale

Scale/Div 16.10 Sym

Ref Value 0.000 Sym

Ref Position Left| Ctr | Right

Scale Coupling On | Off

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 10.0 Pcnt

Ref Value 0.00 Pcnt

Ref Position Top | Ctr | Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 2.00 Deg Ref Value 0.00 Deg Ref Position Top | Ctr | Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 10.0 Pcnt

Ref Value 0.00 Pcnt

Ref Position Top | Ctr | Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

Pts/Symb Displayed 1 | 5 Symbol Dots On| Off

Chapter 2 27

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 2-4 Spectrum (Freq Domain) Measurement Key Flow (1 of 3)

Measure

Spectrum (Freq Domain)

Meas Setup

Span 1.00000 MHz

Res BW 20.0000 kHz Auto| Man

Avg Number 25 On | Off

Avg Mode Exp | Repeat

Avg Type Log-Pwr Avg (Video)

Voltage Avg

Maximum

Minimum

Trig Source Free Run (Immediate)

Restore Meas Defaults

Advanced

Pre-FFT Fltr Gaussian |Flat

FFT Size

Pwr Avg (RMS)

Log-Pwr Avg (Video)

Free Run (Immediate)

Video (IF Envlp)

RF Burst (Wideband)

Ext Front

Ext Rear Frame

Line

Pre-ADC BPF On | Off

Pre-FFT BW 1.55000 MHz Auto| Man

FFT Window Flat Top (High Amptd Acc)

Flat Top (High Amptd Acc)

Uniform

Hanning

Hamming

Gaussian (Alpha 3.5)

Blackman

Blackman-Harris K-B 70 dB (Kaiser-Bessel) K-B 90 dB (Kaiser-Bessel)

K-B 110 dB (Kaiser-Bessel)

Length Ctr lAuto| Man

Min Pnts/RBW 1.300000

Window Length 706

FFT Length 4096

(a)

28 Chapter2

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 2-5 Spectrum (Freq Domain) Measurement Key Flow (2 of 3)

(a)

ADC Range Auto Peak

Auto Auto Peak

AutoPeakLock

Manual

-6 dB 0 dB

+6 dB +12 dB +18 dB +24 dB

Spectrum (Freq Domain)Measure

View/Trace

Spectrum

Span X Scale

Span 1.00000 MHz

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 10.00 dB Ref Value 0.00 dBm Ref Position Top| Ctr | Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

I/Q Waveform

Span X Scale

Scale/Div 18.8 us

Ref Value 0.00 s Ref Position Left| Ctr | Right Scale Coupling On | Off

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 60.0 mV

Ref Value 0.00 V

Ref Position Top |Ctr | Bot Scale Coupling On |Off

Trace Display All

All

Average (or Max & Min)

Current

Chapter 2 29

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 2-6 Spectrum (Freq Domain) Measurement Key Flow (3 of 3)

Spectrum (Freq Domain)Measure

Marker

Select 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

Normal

Delta

Function Off

Band Power

Noise

Off

Trace Spectrum

Spectrum Spectrum Avg I/Q Waveform

Off

Shape Diamond

Diamond

Line

Square

Cross

Marker All Off

30 Chapter2

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 2-7 Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement Key Flow (1 of 2)

Measure

Waveform (Time Domain)

Meas Setup

Sweep Time 10.00 ms Res BW 100.0000 kHz Average

Avg Number 10 On| Off Avg Mode Exp | Repeat

Trig Source Free Run (Immediate)

Free Run (Immediate)

Video (IF Envlp)

RF Burst (Wideband)

Ext Front

Ext Rear

Frame

Line

Restore Meas Defaults

Advanced

Pre-ADC BPF On | Off Pre-FFT Fltr Gaussian| Flat

Avg Type Pwr Avg (RMS)

Pwr Avg (RMS) Log-Pwr Avg (Video)

Voltage Avg Maximum Minimum

ADC Range Auto

Auto

Auto Peak AutoPeakLock

Manual

-6 dB 0 dB

+6 dB +12 dB +18 dB +24 dB

Chapter 2 31

Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 2-8 Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement Key Flow (2 of 2)

Waveform (Time Domain)Measure

View/Trace

Waveform (Time Domain)Measure

Marker

RF Envelope

Span X Scale

Scale/Div 1.00 ms

Ref Value 0.00 s

Ref Position Left| Ctr | Right

Scale Coupling On | Off

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 10.00 dB

Ref Value 0.00 dBm

Ref Position Top| Ctr | Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

I/Q Waveform

Span X Scale

Scale/Div 1.00 ms Ref Value 0.00 s Ref Position Left|Ctr | Right

Scale Coupling On | Off

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 100.0 mV Ref Value 0.00 V

Ref Position Top |Ctr | Bot Scale Coupling On | Off

Select 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

Normal

Delta Function Off

Band Power

Noise

Off

Trace Envelope

RF Envelope

I/Q Waveform

Off

Shape Diamond

Diamond

Line

Square

Cross

Marker All Off

32 Chapter2

Setting Up the NADC Mode

Installing and Uninstalling Optional Measurement Personalities

Active License Key

The measurement personality option you have purchased with your instrument has been installed and enabled at the factory. With the purchase of the measurement personality, and with any future purchase of a new personality, you will receive a unique license key number. The license key enables you to install, or reinstall, any personality you have purchased. Follow these steps to locate the unique license key number for the measurement personality that has come installed in your instrument:

1. Press

unique license key number will now appear in the active function area of the display.

2. If you are going to install a new personality option purchased later on, you will receive a certiﬁcate which displays the unique license key number that you will use to install that option. Refer to

“Installing Personality Options” on page 34 to install it using the

front panel keys.

3. If you need to uninstall one of the current personality options in order to secure memory space for another option for example, refer to “Uninstalling PersonalityOptions” on page 35 to uninstall it from the instrument using the front panel keys.

You will want to keep a copy of your license key number in a secure location. Please enter your license key numbers in the box provided below for future reference. If you should lose your license key number, call your nearest Agilent Technologies sales and service ofﬁce for assistance.

Active License Key Numbers for Instrument with Serial # ________

For Option______________ the license number is ________________________

System, More (1 of 3), More (2 of 3), Install, License Key. Your

For Option______________ the license number is ________________________ For Option______________ the license number is ________________________

NOTE You will only need to use a license key number if, (1) you purchase an

additional measurement personality, (2) you want to uninstall a selected personality option, or (3) you want to reinstall a measurement personality that has been uninstalled.

Chapter 2 33

Setting Up the NADC Mode

Installing and Uninstalling Optional Measurement Personalities

Installing Personality Options

The option designation consists of three upper-case letters, as shown in the Option column of the table below.

Available Personalities Option

GSM measurement personality BAH cdmaOne measurement personality BAC NADC, PDC measurement personality BAE

To install the selected option use the following steps:

1. Press Pressing the

System, More(1 of 3), More(2 of 3), Install, and Choose Option.

Choose Option key will activate the alpha editor menu.

Use the alpha editor to enter the three-letter option designation in upper-case,then press the

Done key. As you enter the option number

you will see your entry in the active function area of the display.

2. The License Key number will require entry of both letters and numbers. Use the alpha editor to enter letters. Use the front-panel numeric keyboard to enter numerical values. Youwill see your entry in the active function area. When you have completed entering the license key number, press the

3. Press the

Install Now key after you have entered the active license

key number and the personality option. When pressed, the

No keys will appear in the Install Now menu, and an instruction

Done key.

Yes and

message, “Insert disk and power cycle the instrument”, will appear in the active function area of the display. Press the key only if you wish to cancel the installation process. If you want to proceed with the installation, press the

Yes key and cycle the

instrument off and then on. When the instrument is powered on, the data from the disk will be read and automatically loaded into your instrument.

NOTE Not all personality installations require an installation disk. If the

personality upgrade kit does not include a disk, disregard the Insert disk portion of the message that appears in the active function area when the Install Now key is pressed.

4. The

Exit Main Firmware key is only for use when you want to update

ﬁrmware using a LAN connection. The

Exit Main Firmware key halts

the operation of the resident ﬁrmware code so you can install an updated version of ﬁrmware using a LAN connection. Instructions for loading future ﬁrmware updates will be available at the following URL: www.agilent.com/ﬁnd/vsa.

34 Chapter2

Setting Up the NADC Mode

Installing and Uninstalling Optional Measurement Personalities

Uninstalling Personality Options

The possibility exists that there may be more personalities available than can ﬁt into the instrument’s memory at the same time. You may need to uninstall a selected personality in order to free up memory space to install other personalities.

NOTE The following procedure removes an option from the instrument

memory by deleting the option ﬁrmware and license key ﬁles for the selected option. Write down the 12 digit license key number for the option you are uninstalling before uninstalling it. If that measurement personality is to be reinstalled later, you will need the license key number to reinstall the personality ﬁrmware.

1. Press Pressing the

System, More(1 of 3), More(2 of 3), Uninstall, and Choose Option.

Choose Option key will activate the alpha editor menu.

Use the alpha editor to enter the three-letter option designation in upper-case,then press the

Done key. As you enter the option number

you will see your entry in the active function area of the display.

2. Press the Uninstall Now key after you have entered the personality option. When pressed, the

Yes and No keys will appear, and you will

see a message, “Uninstall Now”, appear in the active function area of the display. Press the installation process. Press the

No key only if you wish to cancel the

Yes key if you want to uninstall the

selected option.

3. Cycle the instrument power off and on to complete the uninstall process.

Chapter 2 35

Setting Up the NADC Mode

Installing and Uninstalling Optional Measurement Personalities

36 Chapter2

3 Making NADC Measurements

Making NADC Measurements

NADC Measurements

Once in the NADC mode the following measurements for the NADC band are available by pressing the

Adjacent Channel Power on page 45

• Error Vector Magnitude on page 52

• Spectrum (Frequency Domain) on page 61

• Waveform (Time Domain) on page 71

These are referred to as one-button measurements. When you press the key to select a measurement, it will become the active measurement, using settings and a display unique to that measurement. Data acquisitions will automatically begin when trigger requirements, if any, are met.

Measure key.

38 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Preparing for Measurements

If you want to set the NADC mode to a known, factory default state, press

Preset. This will preset the mode setup and all of the

measurements to the factory default parameters. You should often be able to make a measurement using these defaults.

NOTE Pressing the Preset key does not switch instrument modes.

To preset only the settings that are speciﬁc to the selected measurement, press This will reset the measure setup parameters, for the currently selected measurement only, to the factory defaults.

Initial Setup

Before making a measurement, make sure the mode setup and frequency channel parameters are set to the desired settings. Refer to the sections “Changing the Mode Setup” on page 18 and “Changing the

Frequency Channel” on page 23.

Meas Setup, More (1 of 2), Restore Meas Defaults.

Measurement Selection

The Measure front-panel key accesses the menu to select one of the following measurements:

•

ACP - Press this key to make adjacent channel power (ACP)

measurements. The following menu is activated by the front-panel key:

Bar Graph - Displays the ACP bar graph at ±30, ±60 and ±90 kHz

offsets from the center frequency of the carrier signal. The summary data is also available in the text window. This is the default selection for ACP measurements.

Spectrum - Displays the ACP spectrum graph (with 24.3 kHz

bandwidth marker lines) at ±30, ±60 and ±90 kHz offsets from the center frequency of the carrier signal. The summary data is also available in the text window.

•

EVM - Press this key to make error vector magnitude (EVM)

measurements. The following menu is activated by the front-panel key:

I/Q Measured Polar Vector - Displays the EVM polar vector graph of

the I/Q demodulated signal. The summary data is also available in the text window. This is the default selection for EVM measurements.

View/Trace

Chapter 3 39

Making NADC Measurements

Preparing for Measurements

I/Q Measured Polar Constln - Displays the EVM polar constellation

graph of the I/Q demodulated signal. The summary data is also available in the text window.

I/Q Error (Quad-View) - Displays four windows for the EVM, Mag Error, Phase Error graphs and the EVM summary data. By

selecting one of the windows with the

Next Window front-panel

key, you can enlarge it to the full display area by pressing the

Zoom key.

Spectrum (Freq Domain) - Press this key to make spectrum

• measurements with the spectrum and I/Q waveform display windows. The following menu is activated by the

View/Trace

front-panel key:

Spectrum - Switches from the I/Q Waveform window to Spectrum

window. This is equivalent to the Next Window front-panel key. This is the default selection for spectrum (frequency domain) measurements.

I/Q Waveform - Switches from the Spectrum window to I/Q Waveform window. This is equivalent to the Next Window

front-panel key.

Trace Display - Allows you to control the traces displayed for the

current measurement data and/or the averaged data as follows:

All - Displays both current and average traces if the Average

function is already activated. This is the default selection for spectrum (frequency domain) measurements.

Average (or Max & Min) - Displays only the average trace if it is

already activated.

Current - Displays only the current data trace.

Waveform (Time Domain) - Press this key to make time-domain

• waveform measurements with either display of the

RF Envelope

graph and summary data windows or the I/Q Waveform window. The following menu is activated by the

RF Envelope - Changes to display the RF envelope graph window

View/Trace front-panel key:

and the summary data window. This is the default selection for waveform (time domain) measurements.

I/Q Waveform - Changes to display the I/Q waveform graph

window.

40 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Preparing for Measurements

Measurement Control

The Meas Control front-panelkeyaccessesthemenutocontrol processes that affect running the current measurement.

•

Restart - Press this key to repeat the current measurement from the

beginning, while retaining the current measurement settings. This is equivalent to the

Measure - Press this key (not to be confused with the Measure

• front-panel key which has a different function) to toggle the measurement state between to single, the measurement will continue until it has reached the speciﬁed number of averages set by the average counter. When set to continuous, the measurement will run continuously and execute averaging according to the current average mode, either repeat or exponential. The default setting is

Pause - Press this key to pause the current measurement until you

• reactivate the measurement. Once toggled, the label of the changes to read the active measurement from the point at which it was paused.

Restart front-panel key.

Single and Cont (continuous). When set

Cont.

Pause key

Resume. The Resume key, once pressed, continues

Measurement Setup

The Meas Setup key accesses the features that enable you to adjust parameters of the current measurement, such as resolution bandwidth. You will also use the

Mode and Trig Source keys.

The following measure setup feature can be used with many or all measurements.

Restore Meas Defaults - Allows you to preset only the settings that are

• speciﬁc to the selected measurement by pressing

of 2), Restore Meas Defaults. This will set the measure setup

parameters, for the currently selected measurement only, to the factory defaults.

Averaging

Selecting one of the averaging keys in the you to modify the average number and averaging mode you use for the currently selected measurement. For spectrum (frequency domain) and waveform (time domain) measurements, the following menu:

•

Avg Number - Allows you to change the number of N averages to be

made.

Meas Setup menu to access the Avg Number, Avg

Meas Setup, More (1

Meas Setup menu will allow

Average key activates the

Chapter 3 41

Making NADC Measurements

Preparing for Measurements

• Avg Mode - Allows you to toggle the averaging mode between Exp (exponential) and Repeat. This selection only effects the averaging result after the number of N averages is reached. The N is set using the

Avg Number key.

Normal averaging: Normal (linear) averaging is always used until the speciﬁed number of N averages is reached. When the

Measure key under Meas Control issettoSingle,dataacquisitionis

stopped when the number of N averages is reached, thus

Mode has no effect in the Single measurement mode.

Avg

Exponential averaging: When

Measure is set to Cont, data

acquisition will continue indeﬁnitely. Exponential averaging is used with a weighting factor of N (the displayed count of averages stops at N). Exponential averaging weights new data more heavily than old data, which allows tracking of slow-changing signals. The weighting factor N is set using the

Repeat averaging: When

Measure is set to Cont, data

Avg Number key.

acquisition will continue indeﬁnitely. After the number of N averages is reached, all previous result data is cleared and the displayed count of averages is set back to 1. This is equivalent to being in

Measure Single and pressing the Restart key each time the

single measurement ﬁnishes.

• Avg Type - Allows you to access the following menu only for making spectrum (frequency domain) and waveform (time domain) measurements:

Pwr Avg (RMS) - Executes the true power averaging which is

equivalent to taking the rms of the voltage. This is the most accurate type.

Log-Pwr Avg(Video) - Simulates the traditional spectrum analyzer

type of averaging by calculating an average of the log power.

Voltage Avg - Executes the voltage averaging. Maximum - Executes the maximum voltage averaging by

capturing peak data.

Minimum - Executes the minimum voltage averaging.

42 Chapter3

Trigger Source

Making NADC Measurements

Preparing for Measurements

Changing the selection in the

Trig Source menu alters the trigger source

for the selected measurement only. Not all of the selections are available for all measurements. Choose one of the following trigger sources:

NOTE The RF Burst, Video (IF Envlp), Ext Front and Ext Rear keys found under

the

Trigger menu enable you to change the default settings of the delay,

level and slope for each of these trigger sources.

•

Free Run (Immediate) - A trigger occurs at the time the data is

requested, completely asynchronous with the RF or IF signal.

• Video (IF Envlp) - An internal IF envelope trigger that occurs at the absolute threshold level of the IF signal level. This trigger source is not available for ACP measurements.

•

RF Burst (Wideband) - An internal wideband RF burst trigger that

has the automatic level control for burst signals. It triggers at the level that is set relative to the peak RF signal (12 MHz bandwidth) input level.

•

Ext Front - Activates the front-panel external trigger input (EXT TRIGGER INPUT) port. The external signal must be between −5.00

and +5.00 V with 1 or 10 mV resolution.

• Ext Rear - Activates the rear panel external trigger input (TRIGGER

IN) port. The external signal must be between −5.00 and +5.00 V

with 1 or 10 mV resolution.

• Frame - Uses the internal frame clock to generate a trigger signal. The clock parameters are controlled under the

Mode Setup key or the

measurement ﬁrmware, but not both. See the speciﬁc measurement for details.

•

Line - Sets the trigger to the internal line mode. Sweep triggers occur

at intervals synchronous to the line frequency. This trigger source is available for spectrum (frequency domain) and waveform (time domain) measurements.

The rear panel

TRIGGER 1 OUT and TRIGGER 2 OUT connectors are

coupled to the selected trigger source. These trigger outputs are always on at the rising edge with a pulse width of at least 1 µs.

Chapter 3 43

Making NADC Measurements

Preparing for Measurements

Burst Sync

This menu is only used for EVM measurements. Pressing the

Sync key allows you to choose the source used to synchronize the

Burst

measurement to the “point 0” of the NADC burst. The “point 0” is deﬁned as the start of symbol 1 in timeslot 1. Pressing the

Burst Sync

key accesses the menu with the following choices:

Sync Word - Synchronizes the measurement to the sync word which

• is one of the six possible 28-bit NADC timeslot synchronization words contained in the signal. This is the default selection when

Device is set to MS. RF Amptd - Synchronizes the measurement to the rising edge of the

• bursted RF carrier. The under

None - Measurements are made without synchronizing with the

•

Mode Setup applies to RF Amptd.

NADC burst. This is the default selection when

Search Threshold setting in the Burst menu

Device is set to BS.

44 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Adjacent Channel Power Measurement

Purpose

To maintain a quality call by avoiding channel interference, it is quite important to measure and reduce an adjacent channel power (ACP) transmitted from an NADC mobile phone. The characteristics of adjacent channel power are mainly determined by the transmitter design, including a digital ﬁlter called a root Nyquist ﬁlter.

Adjacent channel power is deﬁned by the NADC standard as the total power within the deﬁned bandwidth, centered at ∆f kHz offset from the carrier frequency. The carrier is modulated by the standard coding test signal which has the same coding speed as the NADC modulation signal. The following speciﬁcations from the TIA/EIA IS-136, IS-137 and IS-138 standards apply to both base stations and mobile stations:

(1) At ±30 kHz offsets: Less than −26 dBc (2) At ±60 kHz offsets: Less than −45 dBc (3) At ±90 kHz offsets: Less than −45 dBc or −13 dBm, whichever is

the lowest power

For Tx power >50 W: −60 dBc

Measurement Method

This measurement analyzes the total power levels within the deﬁned bandwidth at given offset frequencies on both sides of the carrier frequency using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). If

Integ (integration), the total power within the 32.8 kHz bandwidth,

using the root-raised cosine weighting ﬁlter, is measured at each offset frequency. The equivalent 3-dB bandwidth is 24.3 kHz. If set to bandwidth through the entire NADC bandwidth of 30 kHz.

The measurement functions, such as averaging, trigger source, limit test, offsets and limits, need to be set up to make a measurement and pass/fail test based on the NADC channel width and weighting prescribed in the NADC standard. The test result is displayed in either bar graph window or spectrum window. Both the absolute power levels and the power levels relative to the center power band are displayed in the text window. When be varied for your optimum observation by pressing the

Scale front-panel key.

Peak, the total peak power is measured with 1 kHz resolution

Spectrum View is selected, the vertical scale can

Offset Power is set to

Offset Power is

Amplitude Y

Chapter 3 45

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Adjacent Channel Power Measurement

Making the Measurement

NOTE The factory default parameters provided for this measurement will give

you an NADC compliant measurement for the instrument setup. You should be able to make a measurement often using these defaults.

Select the desired center frequency as described in “Changing the

Frequency Channel” on page 23.

Press

Measure, ACP to immediately make an adjacent channel power

measurement. Tochange any of the measurement parameters from the factory default

values, refer to “Changing the Measurement Setup” on page 47 for this measurement.

Results

The next ﬁgure shows an example result of adjacent channel power measurements in the bar graph window. The power levels on both sides of the carrier frequency are displayed in the graph window and text window.

Figure 3-1 Adjacent Channel Power Measurement - Bar Graph View

46 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Adjacent Channel Power Measurement

Changing the Measurement Setup

The next table shows the factory default settings for adjacent channel power measurements.

Table 3-1 Adjacent Channel Power Measurement Defaults

Measurement Parameter Factory Default Condition

View/Trace Bar Graph Meas Setup:

Avg Number 10, On Avg Mode Exp Trig Source:

(when Device is MS) (when Device is BS)

Limit Test On

Free Run (Immediate) RF Burst (Wideband)

Ofs & Limits:

Offset A Offset Freq:

A B C D

E Offset Power Integ Abs Limit:

A, B, D, E

C Fail:

A, B

D, E Rel Lim (Car):

B, C

D, E

30.000 kHz, On

60.000 kHz, On

90.000 kHz, On

120.000 kHz, Off

0.0 Hz, Off

0.00 dBm

−13.00 dBm

Relative OR AND

−26.00 dB

−45.00 dB

0.00 dB

Chapter 3 47

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Adjacent Channel Power Measurement

Make sure the ACP measurement is selected under the Measure menu. The

Meas Setup key accesses the menu which allows you to modify the

average number, average mode and trigger source for this measurement as described in “Measurement Setup” on page 41. However, the trigger source does not include

Video and Line. In

addition, the following parameters for adjacent channel power measurements can be modiﬁed:

•

Limit Test - Allows you to toggle the limit test function between On

and Off. If set to On, Abs Limit and/or Rel Lim (Car) need to be speciﬁed to execute pass/fail tests with the logical judgement under the

Fail key. Pass/fail results are shown in the active display window

with the number of averages. In the text window, a red character F is shown on the right side of each measurement result, either relative or absolute, if it exceeds the limits with its logical judgement.

•

Ofs & Limits - Allows you to access the menu to change the following

parameters for pass/fail tests:

Offset - Allows you to access the memory selection menu to store 5

offset frequency values in

A through E. Only one selection at a

time (A, B, C, D, or E) is shown on this key label. The default selection is A.

Offset Freq - Allows you to enter an offset frequency value and

toggle the offset frequency functionbetween

On and Off, according

to each offset key selected. The allowable range is 0 Hz to

200.000 kHz. While this key is activated, enter an offset value from the numeric keypad by terminating with one of the frequency unit keys shown. ForNADCmeasurementsoffsets A, B and C are defaulted to 30.000 kHz On, 60.000 kHz On, and

90.000 kHz On, respectively. Offset D is temporarily defaulted to

120.000 kHz Off while offset E is defaulted to 0.00 Hz Off. One offset frequency value selected from the

Offset menu is shown on

this key label. The default state shows 30.000 kHz On.

Offset Power - Allows you to select either one of the following

power measurement methods:

Integ (integration) - Measures the total power within the

NADC bandwidth of 32.8 kHz with the root-raised cosine

weighting ﬁlter.

Peak - In a 1 kHz resolution bandwidth, the peak frequency

amplitude across the 30 kHz channel is reported. When

averaging is on, an rms average is computed prior to the peak

selection. This creates a banded limit line measurement,

similar to other standards which call for a close-in spurious

response measurement. Limits can be relative or absolute.

When the limits are relative, the average power in the

reference channel, normalized to a 1 kHz bandwidth, is used to

48 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Adjacent Channel Power Measurement

compute the ratio.

Abs Limit - Allows you to enter an absolute limit value ranging

from −200.00 to +50.00 dBm with the best resolution of 0.01 dB. The default settings for offsets A, B, D and E are 0.00 dBm, while offset C is defaulted to −13.00 dBm to make the OR logical judgement with its relative limit of −45.00 dB.

Fail - Allows you to access the following menu to select one of the

logic keys for fail conditions between the measurement results and the test limits:

AND - Fail is shown if one of the relative ACP measurement

results is larger than ACP measurement results is larger than

Rel Lim (Car) AND one of the absolute

Abs Limit. This is the

default setting for offsets D and E.

OR - Fail is shown if one of the relative ACP measurement

results is larger than measurement results is larger than

Rel Lim (Car) OR one of the absolute ACP

Abs Limit. This is the

default setting for offset C.

Absolute - Fail is shown if one of the absolute ACP

measurement results is larger than

Relative - Failis shown if one of the relative ACP measurement

results is larger than

Rel Lim (Car). This is the default setting

Abs Limit.

for offsets A and B.

Rel Lim (Car)- Allows you to enter a relative limit value ranging

from −200.00 to +50.00 dB with the best resolution of 0.01 dB. The default settings for offsets A, B and C are −26.00, −45.00 and

−45.00 dB, respectively, while offsets D and E are defaulted to

0.00 dB.

Chapter 3 49

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Adjacent Channel Power Measurement

Changing the View

The View/Trace key accesses the menu which allows you to select the desired measurement view from the following selections:

•

Bar Graph - In the factory default condition, 7 of the total integration

power levels, centered at the carrier frequency and ±30 kHz, ±60 kHz and ±90 kHz offset frequencies, are shown in the bar graph

window. The corresponding measured data is shown in the text window as shown in Figure 3-1 on page 46.

•

Spectrum - Once this view is selected, Figure 3-1 on page 46 changes

as shown below. In the factory default condition, the swept frequency spectrum is displayed with the bandwidth marker lines in the spectrum graph window. The corresponding measured data in the text window is the total integration power within the deﬁned bandwidth. While in this view, you can change the vertical scale by pressing the

Figure 3-2 Adjacent Channel Power Measurement - Spectrum View

Amplitude Y Scale key.

50 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Adjacent Channel Power Measurement

Troubleshooting Hints

The adjacent channel power measurements suggest us numerous faults in the transmitter section of the UUT, as follows:

(1) Faults caused by a malfunction of the baseband circuitry consisting of a code generator, a digital ﬁlter, digital-to-analog converters, 90-degree phase shifter, and I/Q modulators.

(2) Faults due to high phase noise levels from the local oscillators. (3) Faults due to excessive noise ﬂoor levels from the up-converter,

output ampliﬁer, and/or analog ﬁlters.

Chapter 3 51

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement

Purpose

Phase and frequency errors are the measures of modulation quality for the NADC system. This modulation quality is obtained through Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) measurements. Since the NADC system uses the π/4 DQPSK modulation technique, the phase and frequency accuracies of the NADC transmitter are critical to the communications system performance and ultimately affect range.

NADC receivers rely on the phase and frequency quality of the π/4 DQPSK modulation signal in order to achieve the expected carrier to noise ratio. A transmitter with high phase and frequency errors will often still be able to support phone calls during a functional test. However, it will tend to provide difﬁculty for mobiles trying to maintain service at the edge of the cell with low signal levels or under difﬁcult fading and Doppler conditions.

Measurement Method

The phase error of the unit under test is measured by computing the difference between the phase of the transmitted signal and the phase of a theoretically perfect signal.

The instrument samples the transmitter output in order to capture the actual phase trajectory. This is then demodulated and the ideal phase trajectory is mathematically derived using detected bits and raised-cosine channel ﬁltering. Subtracting one from the other results in a phase error signal.

For base stations, the NADC standard speciﬁes that the phase error should not exceed 5 degrees rms or 20 degrees peak, and that the mean frequency error across the burst must not exceed 0.05 ppm. These speciﬁcations hold truefornormaland extreme temperature conditions, and with exposure to vibration.

This measurement allows you to display these errors numerically and graphically on the instrument display. There are graphs for EVM, Phase Error and Mag Error in the graph windows. In the text window, there are Evm: in % rms, in % peak at the highest symbol number, in % rms on the ﬁrst 10 symbols (only when Device is MS), Mag Error: in % rms, Phase Error: in degrees, Freq Error: in Hz, and IQ Offset: in dB.

52 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement

Making the Measurement

NOTE The factory default parameters provided for this measurement will give

you an NADC compliant measurement for the instrument setup. You should be able to make a measurement often using these defaults.

Select the desired center frequency, burst type, and slot as described in

“Changing the Frequency Channel” on page 23.

Press

Measure, EVM to immediately make an error vector magnitude

measurement. Tochange any of the measurement parameters from the factory default

values, refer to “Changing the Measurement Setup” on page 63 for this measurement.

Results

The next ﬁgure shows an example of measurement result with the graph and text windows. The measured summary data is shown in the left window and the dynamic vector trajectory of the I/Q demodulated signal is shown as a polar vector display in the right window. When

Device is set to MS, the First 10 EVM result is also shown in the left

window.

Figure 3-3 Error Vector Magnitude Measurement - Polar Vector View

Chapter 3 53

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement

Changing the Measurement Setup

The next table shows the factory default settings for error vector magnitude measurements.

Table 3-2 Error Vector Magnitude Measurement Defaults

Measurement Parameter Factory Default Condition

View/Trace I/Q Measured Polar Vector Meas Setup:

Avg Number 10, On Avg Mode Exp Trig Source:

(when Device is BS) (when Device is MS)

Burst Sync:

(when Device is BS) (when Device is MS)

Free Run (Immediate) RF Burst (Wideband)

None

Sync Word Limit Test On Limits:

RMS EVM Peak EVM First 10 EVM (MS only) Origin Offset

Make sure the The

Meas Setup key accesses the menu which allows you to modify the

EVM measurement is selected under the Measure menu.

12.5 Pcnt

40.0 Pcnt

25.0 Pcnt

−20.00 dB

averaging, trigger source and burst sync for this measurement as described in “Measurement Setup” on page 41. However, the trigger source does not include

Line. In addition, the following error vector

magnitude measurement parameters can be modiﬁed:

•

Limit Test - Allows you to toggle the limit test function between On

and Off. If set to On, the Limits key needs to be pressed to specify the limit values for rms EVM, peak EVM, ﬁrst 10 symbols EVM (when Device is set to MS) and origin offset. Pass/fail results are shown in the active display window with the number of averages.

•

Limits - Allows you to access the menu to change the following

parameters for pass/fail tests:

RMS EVM - Allows you to enter a limit value ranging from 0.0 to

50.0% with 0.1% resolution for the pass/fail test of the rms error vector magnitude measured on all of the symbols. The default setting is 12.5%.

54 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement

Peak EVM - Allows you to enter a limit value ranging from 0.0 to

50.0% with 0.1% resolution for the pass/fail test of the peak error vector magnitude measured on all of the symbols. The default setting is 40.0%.

First 10 EVM (MS only) - Allows you to enter a limit value ranging

from 0.0 to 50.0% with 0.1% resolution for the pass/fail test of the error vector magnitude measured on the ﬁrst 10 symbols. The default setting is 25.0%. This is valid when

Origin Offset - Allows you to enter a limit value ranging from

Device is set to MS.

−100.00 to 0.00 dB with 0.01 dB resolution for the pass/fail test of the origin offset. The default setting is −20.00 dB.

Chapter 3 55

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement

Changing the View

The View/Trace key accesses the menu which allows you to select the desired measurement view from the following selections:

•

I/Q Measured Polar Vector - The measured summary data is shown in

the left window and the dynamic vector trajectory of the I/Q demodulated signal is shown as a polar vector display in the right window as shown in Figure 3-3 on page 53.

•

I/Q Measured Polar Constln - The measured summary data is shown in

the left window and the dynamic polar constellation of the I/Q demodulated signal is shown as a polar constellation display in the right window as shown below.

Figure 3-4 Error Vector Magnitude Measurement - Polar Constln View

56 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement

• I/Q Error (Quad-View) - Four display windows show EVM, Mag Error and Phase Error graphs, and the EVM summary data text as shown below.

Figure 3-5 Error Vector Magnitude Measurement - Quad View

Chapter 3 57

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement

Changing the Display

The Display key accesses the menu to allow the following selections for changing the graph displaysofI/QMeasuredPolar VectorandI/QError (Quad-View):

•

Pts/Symb Displayed - Allows you to specify the number of displayed

points per symbol, either

Symbol Dots - Allows you to toggle the symbol dot display function

• between

On and Off. The default setting is On.

When either EVM, Phase Error or Mag Error window is active in the I/Q Error (Quad-View) display, the Span X Scale key accesses the menu to allow the following selections:

•

Scale/Div - Allows you to deﬁne the horizontal scale by changing the

symbol value per division. The range is 1.000 to 100.0 symbols per division with the best resolution of 0.001 symbol. The default setting is 16.10 (for BS) or 15.60 (for MS) symbols per division. However, since the

Scale Coupling default is set to On, this value is

automatically determined by the measurement result.

1 or 5. The default setting is 5.

• Ref Value - Allows you to set the symbol reference value ranging from 0 to 1000 symbols. The default setting is 0.000 symbol. This value is automatically determined by the magnitude of the measurement results because

Ref Position - Allows you to set the reference position to either Left,

•

Ctr (center) or Right. The default setting is Left. Scale Coupling - Allows you to toggle the scale coupling function

• between

On and Off. The default setting is On. This function

Scale Coupling is defaulted to On.

automatically determines the scale per division and reference value by the magnitude of the measurement results.

When either EVM or Mag Error window is active in the I/Q Error (Quad-View) display, the

Amplitude Y Scale key accesses the menu to

allow the following selections:

•

Scale/Div - Allows you to deﬁne the vertical scale by changing the

value per division. The range is 0.100 to 50.0% per division. The default setting is 20.0%. However, since the set to

On, this value is automatically determined by the

Scale Coupling default is

measurement result.

• Ref Value - Allows you to set the reference value ranging from 0.00 to

500.0%. The default setting is 0.00%. This value is automatically determined by the magnitude of the measurement results because

Scale Coupling is defaulted to On. Ref Position - Allows you to set the reference position to either Top,

•

Ctr (center) or Bot (bottom). For the EVM graph, the default setting is Bot. For the Mag Error graph, the default setting is Ctr.

58 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement

• Scale Coupling - Allows you to toggle the scale coupling function between

On and Off. The default setting is On. This function

automatically determines the scale per division and reference value by the magnitude of the measurement results.

When the Phase Error window is active in the I/Q Error display, the

Amplitude Y Scale key accesses the menu to allow the following

selections:

•

Scale/Div - Allows you to deﬁne the vertical scale by changing the

value per division. The range is 0.01 to 3600 degrees. The default setting is 20.0 degrees per division. However, since the

Coupling default is set to On, this value is automatically determined

Scale

by the magnitude of measurement results.

• Ref Value - Allows you to set the reference value ranging from −36000 to 36000 degrees. The default setting is 0.00 degrees. This value is automatically determined by the magnitude of the measurement results because

Ref Position - Allows you to set the reference position to either Top,

•

Ctr (center) or Bot (bottom). The default setting is Ctr.

Scale Coupling is defaulted to On.

Scale Coupling - Allows you to toggle the scale coupling function

• between

On and Off. The default setting is On. This function

automatically determines the scale per division and reference value by the magnitude of the measurement results.

Chapter 3 59

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement

Troubleshooting Hints

A poor phase error indicates a problem at the I/Q baseband generator, ﬁlters, and/or modulator in the transmitter circuitry of the UUT. The output ampliﬁer in the transmitter can also create distortion that causes unacceptably high phase error. In a real system, a poor phase error will reduce the ability of a receiver to correctly demodulate the received signal, especially in marginal signal conditions.

60 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement

Purpose

Excessive amount of spectrum energy spilling into an adjacent frequency channel could interfere with signals being transmitted to other mobile stations or base stations. The measurements are made for both spectrums due to π/4 DQPSK modulation and due to switching transients (burst ramping).

The spectrum measurement is a generic measurement for viewing spectrums in the frequency domain. The instrument uses Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to provide the spectrum measurement. The measurement control is designed to be familiar to those who are accustomed to using general swept frequency spectrum analyzers.

The FFT-speciﬁc parameters are located in the

page 64. Also available is an I/Q waveform window, which shows the I

and Q signals in parameters of voltage and time. The advantage of having an I/Q waveform view available in spectrum measurements is that it allows you to view complex components of the same signal without changing any settings or measurements.

Advanced menu on

Measurement Method

The transmitter tester uses digital signal processing (DSP) to sample the input signal and convert it to the frequency domain. With the instrument tuned to a ﬁxed center frequency, samples are digitized at a high rate, converted to I and Q components with DSP hardware, and then converted to the frequency domain with FFT software.

Chapter 3 61

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement

Making the Measurement

NOTE The factory default parameters provided for this measurement will give

you an NADC compliant measurement for the instrument setup. You should be able to make a measurement often using these defaults. Press return all parameters for the current measurement to their default settings.

Meas Setup, More (1 of 2), Restore Meas Defaults at any time to

Press

Measure, Spectrum (Freq Domain) to immediately make a

spectrum (frequency domain) measurement. Tochangeany of the measurement parameters from the default values,

refer to “Changing the Measurement Setup” on page 63 for this measurement.

Results

A display with both a Spectrum window and an I/Q Waveform window will appear when you activate a spectrum measurement. Use the

Window key to select a window, and the Zoom key to enlarge it. Figure

3-6 shows an example of the spectrum measurement.

Figure 3-6 Spectrum Measurement - Spectrum and I/Q Waveform View

62 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement

Changing the Measurement Setup

The next table shows the factory default settings for spectrum (frequency domain) measurements.

Table 3-3 Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement Defaults

Measurement Parameter Factory Default Condition

Meas Setup:

Res BW 20.0000 kHz, Auto Trig Source Free Run (Immediate) Average:

Avg Number Avg Mode Avg Type

Spectrum Window

Meas Setup: Span 1.00000 MHz

25, On Exp Log-Pwr Avg (Video)

Amplitude Y Scale: Scale/Div 10.00 dB

I/Q Waveform Window (major items)

Meas Setup: Capture Time 188.00 µs Amplitude Y Scale: Scale/Div 60.0 mV

Advanced

Pre-ADC BPF On Pre-FFT Fltr Flat Pre-FFT BW 1.55000 MHz, Auto FFT Window Flat Top (High Amptd Acc) FFT Size:

Length Ctrl Min Pnts/RBW Window Length

FFT Length ADC Range Auto Peak Data Packing Auto ADC Dither Auto

Auto

1.300000 706 when Length Ctrl is Man 4096 when Length Ctrl is Man

Decimation 0, Auto IF Flatness On

Chapter 3 63

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement

NOTE Parameters under the Advanced key seldom need to be changed. Any

changes from the default advanced values may result in invalid measurement data.

Make sure the the

Measure menu. Press the Meas Setup key to access a menu which

Spectrum (Freq Domain) measurement is selected under

allows you to modify the averaging function and trigger source for this measurement as described in “Measurement Setup” on page 41. In addition, the following parameters can be modiﬁed:

•

Span - Allows you to modify the frequency span in which the FFT

measurement is made. The default setting is 1.00000 MHz. Changing the span causes the bandwidth to change automatically, and will affect data acquisition time.

•

Res BW - Allows you to toggle the resolution bandwidth control

between

Man. The default settings are Auto and 20.0000 kHz. A narrower

Auto and Man, and to specify the bandwidth value if set to

bandwidth will result in a longer data acquisition time but you will be able to examine the signal more closely. In auto, the resolution bandwidth is set to

Advanced - Allows you to access the following selection menu. The

•

Span/50 (2% of the span).

FFT advanced features should be used only if you are familiar with their operation. Changes from the default settings may result in invalid data.

Pre-ADC BPF - Allows you to toggle the pre-ADC bandpass ﬁlter

between

On and Off. The default setting is On. The pre-ADC

bandpass ﬁlter is useful for rejecting nearby signals, so that sensitivity within the span range can be improved by increasing the ADC range gain.

Pre-FFT Fltr - Allows you to toggle the pre-FFT ﬁlter type between Flat (ﬂat top) and Gaussian. The default setting is Flat which is

suitable for FFT analysis. The Gaussian ﬁlter has better pulse response.

Pre-FFT BW - Allows you to toggle the pre-FFT bandwidth control

between

Auto and Man. The default setting is Auto. In auto, this

bandwidth is nominally 50% wider than the span. In manual, the bandwidth ranges from 1 Hz to 10 MHz. This bandwidth determines the ADC sampling rate.

64 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement

FFT Window - Allows you to access the following selection menu.

The default setting is

Flat Top (High Amptd Acc).Ifyouarefamiliar

with FFT windows, you can use other digital ﬁlters but the use of the ﬂat top ﬁlter is recommended.

Flat Top (High Amptd Acc) - Select this ﬁlter for best amplitude

accuracy by reducing scalloping error.

Uniform - Select this ﬁlter to have no active window. Hanning - Press this key to activate the Hanning ﬁlter. Hamming - Press this key to activate the Hamming ﬁlter. Gaussian (Alpha 3.5) - Press this key to activate the Gaussian

ﬁlter with an alpha of 3.5.

Blackman - Press this key to activate the Blackman ﬁlter. Blackman-Harris - Press this key to activate the

Blackman-Harris ﬁlter.

K-B 70dB/90dB/110dB (Kaiser-Bessel) - Allows you to select one

of the Kaiser-Bessel ﬁlters with sidelobes at −70, −90, or

−110 dB.

FFT Size - Allows you to access the following selection menu to

deﬁne the FFT size:

Length Ctrl - Allows you to toggle the FFT and window length

controls between

Min Pnts/RBW - Allows you to set the minimum number of data

Auto and Man.

points that will be used inside the resolution bandwidth. The range is 0.10 to 100.00 points with 0.01 or 0.1 resolution. The default setting is 1.300000 points. This key is valid if

Ctrl is set to Auto. Window Length - Allows you to enter the FFT window length in

Length

the number of captured samples ranging from 8 to 1048576. The default setting is 706. This length represents the actual quantity of I/Q samples that are captured for the FFT processing. This key is valid if

FFT Length - Allows you to enter the FFT length in the number

Length Ctrl is set to Man.

of captured samples ranging from 8 to 1048576. The default setting is 4096. The FFT length setting is automatically limited to equal to or greater than the FFT window length setting. Any amount greater than the window length is implemented by zero-padding. This key is valid if set to

Man.

Length Ctrl is

Chapter 3 65

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement

ADC Range - Allows you to access the following selection menu to

deﬁne one of the ADC ranging functions. The default setting is

Auto Peak.

Auto - Select this to set the ADC range automatically. For most

FFT spectrum measurements, the auto feature should not be selected. An exception is when measuring a “bursty” signal, in which case auto can maximize the time domain dynamic range, if FFT results are less important to you than time domain results.

Auto Peak - Select this to set the ADC range automatically to

the highest peak signal level. Auto peak is a compromise that works well for both CW and bursted signals.

Auto Peak Lock - Select this to adjust and hold the ADC range

automatically at the peak signal level, even when that peak signal is no longer present. Auto peak lock is more stable than auto peak for CW signals, but should not be used for “bursty” signals.

Manual - Allows you to access the selection menu: −6 dB, 0 dB, +6 dB, +12 dB, +18 dB, +24 dB, to set the ADC range level. Also

note that manual ranging is best for CW signals.

Data Packing - Allows you to access the following selection menu to

deﬁne one of the data packing methods. The default setting is

Auto.

Auto - Data is automatically packed. This is the default setting

and most recommended.

Short (16 bit) - Data is packed by every 16 bits. Medium (24 bit) - Data is packed by every 24 bits. Long (32 bit) - Data is packed by every 32 bits.

ADC Dither - Allows you to set the ADC dither function to Auto,On,

Off. The default setting is Auto. When set to auto, ADC dither

will be activated when a narrow bandwidth is being measured, and deactivated when a wide bandwidth is being measured. “ADC dither” refers to the introduction of noise to the digitized steps of the analog-to-digital converter; the result is an improvement in amplitude accuracy. Use of ADC dither, however, reduces the dynamic range by approximately 3 dB.

66 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement

Decimation - Allows you to toggle the decimation function between Auto and Man, and to enter a decimation value ranging from 0 to

1000 if set to

Man. The default setting is 0 and Auto which is the

preferred setting, and the only setting that guarantees aliasing-free FFT spectrum measurements. If you are familiar with the decimation feature, you can change the decimation value by setting to

Man, but be aware that aliasing can result in higher

values.

IF Flatness - Allows you to toggle the IF ﬂatness feature between On and Off. The default setting is On. When toggled to On, the IF

ﬂatness feature causes background amplitude corrections to be performed on the FFT spectrum. The

Off setting is used for

adjustment and troubleshooting the transmitter tester.

Changing the View

The View/Trace key is used to activate a measurement view with preset X and Y scale parameters, called a “window”. Using the and Amplitude Y Scale keys you can then modify these settings. You can also activate one speciﬁc trace using the

Trace Display key.

Span X Scale

Windows Available for Spectrum Measurements

The spectrum and I/Q waveform windows can be viewed at the same time or individually. You can use the

Next Window and Zoom keys to

move between these views.

•

Spectrum - Select this window if you want to analyze frequency and

power. Changes to frequency span or power will sometimes affect data acquisition.

•

I/Q Waveform - Select this window to view the I and Q signal

characteristics of the current measurement in parameters of voltage and time.

NOTE For the widest spans, such as 4.5 MHz and greater, the I/Q waveform

window becomes just “ADC time domain samples”, because the I/Q down-conversion is no longer in effect.

Chapter 3 67

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement

Using the Markers

The Marker front-panel key accesses the menu to conﬁgure the markers. If you want to use the marker function in the I/Q waveform window, press

View/Trace, I/Q Waveform, Marker, Trace, IQ Waveform.

Select - Allows you to activate up to four markers with the

• corresponding numbers, respectively. The selected number is underlined and its function is deﬁned by pressing the The default setting is 1.

• Normal - Allows you to activate the selected marker to read the frequency and amplitude of the marker position on the spectrum trace, for example, which is controlled by the RPG knob.

•

Delta - Allows you to read the differences in frequencies and

amplitudes between the selected marker and the next.

• Function - Allows you to deﬁne the selected marker function to be

Band Power, Noise, or Off. The default setting is Off. If set to Band Power, you need to select Delta. If set to Noise, you need to select Normal.

Function key.

Trace - Allows you to place the selected marker on the Spectrum,

•

Spectrum Avg, or I/Q Waveform trace. The default setting is Spectrum. Off - Allows you to turn off the selected marker.

•

Shape - Allows you to access the menu to deﬁne the selected marker

• shape to

Diamond. Marker All Off - Allows you to turn off all of the markers.

•

Diamond, Line, Square, or Cross. The default setting is

Example: Band Power Measurement

A band power measurement using the markers calculates the average power between two adjustable markers. To make a band power measurement:

Step 1. Press the Step 2. Press

Marker key.

Trace, Spectrum to activate a marker on the instantaneous

spectrum trace.

Step 3. Press

Function and select Band Power.

Step 4. Two marker lines are activated at the extreme left side of the horizontal

scale. Press

Normal and move marker 1 to the desired place by rotating

the RPG knob.

Step 5. Press

Delta to bring marker 2 to the same place as marker 1.

Step 6. Move marker 1 to the other desired position by rotating the RPG knob.

Example: “Pwr Mkrs: 1, 2: 74.305 kHz −30.60 dBm” displayed in the upper right corner of the spectrum window.

68 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement

For a full description of the marker features see the user’s guide for your instrument.

Chapter 3 69

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement

Troubleshooting Hints

The spectrum measurement, along with the error vector magnitude measurements, can reveal several faults in the transmitter section, such as the I/Q baseband generator, ﬁlters, modulators and power ampliﬁer, of the UUT.

70 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement

Purpose

The waveform measurement is a generic measurement for viewing waveforms in the time domain. This measurement is how the instrument performs the zero span functionality found in traditional spectrum analyzers. Also available under the basic waveform measurement is an I/Q waveform window that shows the I and Q signals with voltage and time parameters. The advantage of having an I/Q view available during waveform measurements is that it allows you to view complex components of the same signal without changing settings or measurements.

The waveform measurement can be used to perform general purpose power measurements to a high degree of accuracy.

Measurement Method

The transmitter tester makes repeated power measurements at a set frequency, similar to the way a swept-tuned spectrum analyzer makes zero span measurements. The analog input signal is converted to a digital signal, which then is processed into a representation of a waveform measurement using FFT. The transmitter tester relies on a high rate sampling process to create an accurate representation of a time domain signal.

Chapter 3 71

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement

Making the Measurement

NOTE The factory default parameters provided for this measurement will give

you an NADC compliant measurement for the instrument setup. You should be able to make a measurement often using these defaults.

Press

Measure, Waveform (Time Domain) to immediately make a

waveform (time domain) measurement. Tochange any of the measurement parameters from the factory default

values, refer to “Changing the Measurement Setup” on page 73 for this measurement.

Results

A display with the RF envelope window and measured data window will appear when you activate a waveform (time domain) measurement.

Figure 3-7 shows an example of the waveform (time domain)

measurement.

Figure 3-7 Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement - RF Envelope View

72 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement

Changing the Measurement Setup

The next table shows the factory default settings for waveform (time domain) measurements.

Table 3-4 Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement Defaults

Measurement Parameter Factory Default Condition

View/Trace RF Envelope Meas Setup:

Sweep Time 10.00 ms Res BW 100.000 kHz Average:

Avg Number Avg Mode Avg Type

Trig Source Free Run (Immediate)

10, Off Exp Pwr Avg (RMS)

RF Envelope

Amplitude Y Scale:

Scale/Div Ref Position

I/Q Waveform

Amplitude Y Scale:

Scale/Div Ref Position

Advanced

Pre-ADC BPF Off RBW Filter Gaussian ADC Range Auto Data Packing Auto ADC Dither Off Decimation Off

10.00 dB Top

100.0 mV Ctr

Chapter 3 73

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement

Make sure the Waveform (Time Domain) measurement is selected under the

Measure menu. Press the Meas Setup key to access the menu which

allows you to modify the averaging and trigger source for this measurement as described in “Measurement Setup” on page 41. In addition, the following waveform parameters can be modiﬁed:

•

Sweep Time - Allows you to select the measurement acquisition time.

The allowable range is 1.0 µs to 100.0 s, depending upon the resolution bandwidth setting. The default setting is 10.00 ms. It is used to specify the length of the time capture record.

•

Res BW- Allows you to set the measurement resolution bandwidth.

The allowable range is 10.0 Hz to 7.5 MHz with the best resolution of 1 Hz. The default setting is 100.000 kHz. A higher resolution bandwidth results in a larger number of acquisition points and reduces the maximum sweep time allowed.

NOTE Parameters under the Advanced key seldom need to be changed. Any

changes from the default values may result in invalid measurement data.

•

Advanced - Allows you to access the following selection menu. The

FFT advanced features should be used only if you are familiar with their operation. Changes from the default settings may result in invalid data.

Pre-ADC BPF - Allows you to toggle the pre-ADC bandpass ﬁlter

between

On and Off. The default setting is Off. The pre-ADC

bandpass ﬁlter is useful for rejecting nearby signals, so that sensitivity within the span range can be improved by increasing the ADC range gain.

RBW Filter - Allows you to toggle the resolution bandwidth ﬁlter

type between

Gaussian. The Gaussian ﬁlter provides more even time domain

Flat (ﬂat top) and Gaussian. The default setting is

response, particularly for bursts. The ﬂat top ﬁlter provides a ﬂatter bandwidth but is less accurate for pulse responses.Theﬂat top ﬁlter also requires less memory and allows longer data acquisition times. For most waveform applications, the Gaussian ﬁlter is recommended.

74 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement

ADC Range - Allows you to access the following selection menu to

deﬁne one of the ADC ranging functions. The default setting is

Auto.

Auto - Select this to adjust the ADC range automatically for

optimum results. As this is the time domain measurement of the bursted signal, auto can maximize the time domain dynamic range.

Auto Peak - Select this to adjust the ADC range continuously to

the highest peak signal level identiﬁed. Auto peak is a compromise that works well for both CW and bursted signals.

Auto Peak Lock - Select this to adjust and hold the ADC range

automatically at the highest peak signal level, even when that peak signal is no longer present. Auto peak lock is more stable than auto peak for CW signals, but should not be used for “bursty” signals.

Manual - Allows you to access the selection menu: −6 dB, 0 dB, +6 dB, +12 dB, +18 dB, +24 dB, to set the ADC range level. Also

note that manual ranging is best for CW signals.

Changing the View

Trace Display key.

Windows Available for Waveform Measurements

•

RF Envelope - Select this window if you want to view

power (in dBm) vs. time. Remember that data acquisition will be affected when you change the sweep time. An illustration of an RF envelope window is found in Figure 3-7 on page 72.

•

I/Q Waveform - Select this window to view the I and Q signal

characteristics of the current measurement in parameters of voltage and time.

Span X Scale

Chapter 3 75

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement

Using the Markers

The Marker front-panel key accesses the menu to conﬁgure the markers. If you want to use the marker function in the I/Q waveform window, press

View/Trace, I/Q Waveform, Marker, Trace, IQ Waveform.

Select - Allows you to activate up to four markers with the

• corresponding numbers, respectively. The selected number is underlined and its function is deﬁned by pressing the The default setting is 1.

• Normal - Allows you to activate the selected marker to read the time and amplitude of the marker position on the waveform trace, for example, which is controlled by the RPG knob.

•

Delta - Allows you to read the differences in times and amplitudes

between the selected marker and the next.

• Function - Allows you to deﬁne the selected marker function to Band

Power, Noise, or Off. The default setting is Off. Press Band Power, Delta to read the time and absolute power differences between the

selected marker and the next. Press

Off, Delta to read the time and

relative power differences between the markers. Pressing invalid and displays the message: “Time Domain Noise Mkr not available”.

Function key.

Noise is

•

Trace - Allows you to place the selected marker on the RF Envelope or

the

I/Q Waveform trace. The default setting is RF Envelope.

Off - Allows you to turn off the selected marker.

•

Shape - Allows you to access the menu to deﬁne the selected marker

• shape to

Diamond. Marker All Off - Allows you to turn off all of the markers.

•

Diamond, Line, Square, or Cross. The default setting is

For a full description of the marker features see the user’s guide for your instrument.

76 Chapter3

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement

Troubleshooting Hints

This waveformmeasurement,very often along with the adjacent carrier power measurement and/or spectrum measurement, can reveal some defective parts in the transmitter section of the UUT as follows:

(1) Some faults in the DC power supply control of the transmitter power ampliﬁer, RF power controller of the pre-power ampliﬁer stage, and/or I/Q control of the baseband stage, if the speciﬁed dynamic range is less than 80 dB.

(2) Some timing error from the faulty DC power on/off control circuit and other linear RF level control circuit.

Chapter 3 77

Making NADC Measurements

Making the Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement

78 Chapter3

4 Understanding PDC

Understanding PDC

What is the PDC Communications System?

Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) is one of the cellular communications systems in Japan. The PDC communications system is deﬁned in the Association of Radio Industries and Business (ARIB) document, RCR STD-27, Personal Digital Cellular Telecommunication System Standard.

The PDC system is a digital communications system that employs a combination of a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and a time division multiple access (TDMA). A pair of frequencies (130 or 50 MHz apart in the 800 MHz bands and 48 MHz apart in the 1500 MHz band) is used to provide the full duplex operation with RF channels spacing 50 kHz each with interleaving by 25 kHz.

Band Uplink Downlink

940 to 958 MHz 810 to 828 MHz

800 MHz

1500 MHz 1429 to 1453 MHz 1477 to 1501 MHz

887 to 889 MHz 832 to 834 MHz 898 to 901 MHz 843 to 846 MHz 915 to 940 MHz 860 to 885 MHz

One TDMA frame is structured with 6 timeslots, so each channel frequency can support up to 6 timeslots. There are two types of speech codecs. One is the full-rate speech codec with 11.2 kbps coding speed in which two timeslots of each frame are used for one trafﬁc channel. Another is the half-rate speech codec with 5.6 kbps coding speed in which each trafﬁc channel requires just one timeslot per frame. For example, there is a transmission service among others that allows the network transmission function to switch between 5.6 kbps voice and

11.2 kbps data.

One frame is 40 ms long and each timeslot is 6.667 ms long. Thus, the mobile stations have burst carriers that are turned on for two timeslots (full-rate codec) or one timeslot (half-rate codec). When an RF channel is in use by a digital base station, the base station carrier will be turned on for one entire frame. This is true even if only one trafﬁc channel is in use on that RF channel. However, the carrier power can be different at each timeslot.

The digital modulation format used in the PDC system is the π/4 differential quadrature phase shift keying (π/4 DQPSK). The π/4 DQPSK modulation causes both phase and amplitude variations on the RF signal. The quadrature nature of this modulation allows 2 bits to be transmitted at the same time on orthogonal carriers. These 2 bits make one PDC symbol. The digital modulation operates at 140 symbols, or

80 Chapter4

Understanding PDC

What is the PDC Communications System?

280 bits in each timeslot. The symbol period is 47.63 µs. Since there are 1,680 bits in 6 timeslots and 25 frames in one second, the transmission bit rate is 42,000 bits per second.

Chapter 4 81

Understanding PDC

What does the Agilent Technologies E4406A do?

This instrument can help determine if a PDC transmitter operates correctly. When conﬁgured for PDC, the instrument can be used to test a PDC transmitter according to the Research and Development Center for Radio Systems (RCR) standards, RCR STD-27. This document deﬁnes complex and multiple-part measurements used to maintain an interference-free environment. For example, the document includes the testing method of a carrier power. The E4406A Transmitter Tester automatically makes these measurementsbasedontheRCRstandards. The detailed measurement result displays allow you to analyze PDC system performance. You may alter the measuring parameters for your speciﬁc measurement and analysis.

82 Chapter4

Understanding PDC

Other Sources of Measurement Information

• Application Note 1298 Digital Modulation in Communications Systems - An Introduction

part number 5965-7160E

• Application Note 1324 Understanding PDC and NADC Transmitter Measurements for

Base Transceiver Stations and Mobile Stations part number 5968-5537E

Instrument Updates at www.agilent.com/ﬁnd/vsa

This web location can be used to access the latest information about the transmitter tester.

Chapter 4 83

Understanding PDC

Other Sources of Measurement Information

84 Chapter4

5 Setting Up the PDC Mode

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Mode

Measurement Personalities” on page 104.

At the initial power up, the transmitter tester will come up in the Basic mode, with the Spectrum (frequency domain) measurement selected and the

Measure menu displayed.

To access the PDC measurement personality press the select

PDC.

Mode key and

If you want to set the PDC mode to a known, factory default state, press the Preset key. This will preset the mode setup and all of the PDC measurements to the factory default parameters.

NOTE Pressing the Preset key does not switch instrument modes.

How to Make a Measurement

Follow the three-step procedure shown in the table below:

Step Primary Key Setup Keys Related Keys

1. Select &setup a mode.

2. Select &setup a measurement.

3. Select &setup a view.

Mode Mode Setup, Input,

Frequency Channel

Measure Meas Setup Meas Control,

View/Trace Span X Scale,

Amplitude Y Scale Display,Next Window, Zoom

System

Restart File, Save,

Print, Print Setup, Marker, Search

Step 1. Select & setup a mode, for example:

• Press the

Mode key and select PDC. Frequency Channel key and enter the channel frequency to

be measured.

• Press the

Input, Trigger and Burst menus from those default settings, if

Mode Setup key to change any of the settings in the Radio,

required.

Refer to “Changing the Mode Setup” on page 88 and “Changing the

Frequency Channel” on page 93 for further explanation.

86 Chapter5

Refer to “Mode Setup / Frequency Channel Key Flow” on page 95 for the hierarchical details.

Step 2. Select & setup a measurement, for example:

• Press the Measure key and select either ACP, EVM, Occupied BW,

Spectrum (Freq Domain), or Waveform (Time Domain) key to make its

measurement.

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Mode

• Press the

Meas Setup key to change any of the measurement

Refer to “ACP Measurement Key Flow” on page 96, and to “Waveform

(Time Domain) Measurement Key Flow (1 of 2)” on page 102 for the

hierarchical details.

Step 3. Select & setup a view, for example:

• Press the

View/Trace key and select the desired view for the current

measurement.

• Press the

Next Window key and select a window, then press the Zoom

key to expand the window to the full display area.

• Press the

Span X Scale,Amplitude Y Scale, and/or Marker keys for your

desired display. These keys are not always valid for each measurement being done. The measurements.

Refer to “ACP Measurement Key Flow” on page 96, and to “Waveform

(Time Domain) Measurement Key Flow (1 of 2)” on page 102 for the

hierarchical details.

Display key is only valid for EVM

Chapter 5 87

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Mode

Changing the Mode Setup

Numerous settings can be changed at the mode level by pressing the

Mode Setup key. This will access the selection menu listed below. These

settings affect only the measurements in the PDC mode.

Radio

The

Radio key accesses the menu as follows:

Trafﬁc Rate - Allows you to toggle the trafﬁc rate between Full and

•

Half. Device - Allows you to toggle the test device between BS (Base

• Station) and

When the PDC mode is selected, the instrument will default to the following settings.

MS (Mobile Station).

Radio Default Settings

Trafﬁc Rate Full Device BS

Input

Input key accesses the menu as follows: (You can also access this

The menu from the

RF Input Range - Allows you to toggle the RF input range function

• between domain) measurements. If

Input front-panel key.)

Auto and Man (manual). Auto is not used for Spectrum (freq

Auto is chosen, the instrument

automatically sets the input attenuator based on the carrier power level, where it is tuned. Once you change the

Atten value with the RPG knob, for example, the RF Input Range key

is automatically set to

Man. If there are multiple carriers present,

Max Total Pwr or Input

the total power might overdrive the front end ampliﬁers. In this case you need to set maximum total power by activating the

RF Input Range to Man and enter the expected

Max Total Pwr key. Man is also

useful to hold the input attenuation constant for the best relative power accuracy. For single carriers it is generally recommended to set this to

Max Total Pwr - Allows you to set the maximum total power from the

•

Auto.

UUT (Unit Under Test). The range is −200.00 to +50.00 dBm with

0.01 dB resolution. This is the expected maximum value of the mean carrier power referenced to the output of the UUT; it may include multiple carriers. The the

Input Atten and Ext Atten settings. Once you change the Max Total

Pwr value with the RPG knob, for example, the RF Input Range key is

automatically set to

Max Total Pwr setting is coupled together with

Man.

88 Chapter5

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Mode

• Input Atten - Allows you to control the internal input attenuator setting. The range is 0 to 40 dB with 1 dB resolution. The

Input Atten

Total Pwr setting. Once you change the Input Atten value with the

RPG knob, for example, the to

Man.

Ext Atten - Allows you to access the following menu to enter the

• external attenuation values. Either of the coupled together with the

Ext Atten does not switch the RF Input Range key to Man. This will

Input Atten setting is coupled together with the Max

RF Input Range key is automatically set

Ext Atten settings is

Max Total Pwr setting, however, pressing

allow the instrument to display the measurement results referenced to the output of the UUT.

MS - Sets an external attenuator value ranging from −50.00 to

+50.00 dB with 0.01 dB resolution for MS. The default setting is

0.00 dB.

BS - Sets an external attenuator value ranging from −50.00 to

+50.00 dB with 0.01 dB resolution for BS. The default setting is

0.00 dB.

NOTE The Max Total Pwr setting is coupled together with the Input Atten and

Ext Atten settings. For a given measurement, changing the input Max Total Pwr setting by x dB changes the Input Atten setting by x dB, and

vice-versa. However, changing the the

Ext Atten setting,even though changing the Ext Atten setting by x dB

changes the different measurement, the the

Input Atten setting may change if the two measurements have

Max Total Pwr setting by x dB. When you switch to a

Max Total Pwr setting is kept constant, but

Max Total Pwr setting does not change

different mixer margins. Thus, you can directly set the transmitter tester input attenuator, or you can set it indirectly by specifying the expected maximum power from the UUT.

When the PDC mode is selected, the instrument will default to the following settings.

Input Default Settings

RF Input Range

Auto

Max Total Pwr Input Atten Ext Atten:

MS BS

Chapter 5 89

−15.00 dBm

0.00 dB

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Mode

a. Auto is not used for Spectrum (freq

domain) measurements.

b. This may differ if the maximum input

power is more than −15 dBm.

Trigger

Trigger key allows you: (1) to access the trigger source selection

The menu to specify the triggering conditions for each trigger source, (2) to modify the default trigger holdoff time using the

Trig Holdoff key, (3) to

modify the auto trigger time and to activate or deactivate the auto trigger feature using the the frame timer using the

NOTE The actual trigger source is selected separately for each measurement

Auto Trig key, and (4) to modify the period of

Frame Timer key.

under the Meas Setup key.

•

RF Burst, Video (IF Envlp), Ext Front and Ext Rear - Pressing one of

these trigger keys will access each triggering condition setup menu. This menu is used to specify the

Delay, Level and Slope settings for

each trigger source as follows:

Delay - Allows you to enter a numerical value to modify the

trigger delay time. The range is −500.000 to +500.000 ms with the best resolution of 1 µs. For trigger delay use a positive value, and for pre-trigger use a negative value.

Level - Allows you to enter a numerical value to adjust the trigger

level depending on the trigger source selected. —For

RF Burst selection, the RF level range is −200.00 to 0.00 dB

with 0.01 dB resolution, relative to the peak RF signal level. The realistic range can be down to −20 dB.

—For

Video (IF Envlp) selection, the video level range is −200.00

to +50.00 dBm with 0.01 dB resolution at the RF input. The realistic range can be down to around −40 dBm, depending on the noise ﬂoor level of the input signal.

—For

Ext Front or Ext Rear selection, the level range is −5.00 to

+5.00 V with 1 or 10 mV resolution.

Slope - Allows you to toggle the trigger slope between Pos at the

positive-going edge and

Neg at the negative-going edge of the

burst signal.

Other keys accessed under the Trigger key:

Trig Holdoff - Allows you to set the period of time before the next

• trigger can occur. The range is 0.000 to 500.0 ms with the best resolution of 1 µs.

90 Chapter5

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Mode

• Auto Trig - Allows you to specify a time for a trigger timeout. The range is 0.000 to 1000 sec with the best resolution of 1 µs. If no trigger occurs by the speciﬁed time, a trigger is automatically generated.

•

Frame Timer - Allows you to access the menu to manually control the

frame timer:

Period - Allows you to set the period of the frame clock. The range

is 1.000000 to 559.0000 ms with the best resolution of 1 ns.

When the PDC mode is selected, the instrument will default to the following settings.

Trigger Default Settings

RF Burst:

Delay Peak Level Slope

0.000 sec

−10.0 dB Pos

Video (IF Envlp):

Delay Level Slope

Ext Front & Ext Rear:

Delay Level

Slope Trig Holdoff 10.00 ms Auto Trig 100.0 ms, On Frame Timer:

Period:

(if set to full rate) (if set to half rate)

0.000 sec

−30.00 dBm Pos

0.000 sec

2.00 V Pos

20.00000 ms

40.00000 ms

Chapter 5 91

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Mode

Burst

Burst key allows you to access the following menu to set the trigger

The condition for the ACP and EVM measurements when

Radio is set to MS. This is used in conjunction with Frame Timer.

Delay - Allows you to set the delay time after searching a threshold

•

Device under

level of PDC bursts. The range is −500.0 to +500.0 ms with the best resolution of 0.1 µs.

•

Search Threshold - Allows you to set the threshold level used in

search for PDC bursts after data is acquired. The range is −200.00 to

−0.01 dB with 0.01 dB resolution. The realistic range can be down to

the noise ﬂoor level of the input signal.

When the PDC mode is selected, the instrument will default to the following settings.

Burst Default Settings

Delay 0.000 s Search Threshold −30.00 dB

92 Chapter5

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Mode

Changing the Frequency Channel

After selecting the desired mode setup, you will need to select the desired center frequency, burst type and slot. The selections made here will apply to all measurements in the mode. Press the

Channel key to access the following menu:

Center Freq - Allows you to enter a frequency value that corresponds

• to the desired RF channel to be measured. This is the current instrument center frequency for any measurement function.

•

Burst Type - Allows you to choose a PDC burst type from the following

selections only when

Device under Radio is previously set to MS,

otherwise this key is unavailable. This is used only when making EVM measurements.

Trafﬁc (TCH) - Sets to the trafﬁc channel burst signal of which

burst length is 270 bits or 135 symbols.

Control (CCH) - Sets to the control channel burst signal of which

burst length is 258 bits or 129 symbols.

Frequency

• Slot (Std) - Allows you to toggle the slot selection function between

Auto and Man (manual), and also to specify the particular timeslot to

be measured when

Man is selected. This is used only when making

EVM measurements.

Auto - In auto, the measurement is made on the ﬁrst timeslot

found to have any one of the valid sync words, corresponding to slots 0 to 5. The measurement may be made on various timeslots if more than one timeslot has a valid sync word.

Man - In manual, the measurement is made only on the speciﬁed

timeslot that has a valid sync word. The timeslot range is 0 to 5.

When the PDC mode is selected, the instrument will default to the following settings.

Frequency Channel Default Settings

Center Freq 1.00000 GHz Burst Type

Slot (Std) 0, Auto

Trafﬁc (TCH)

a. This is used only when Device is MS.

Chapter 5 93

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Measurement Key Flow

“Mode Setup / Frequency Channel Key Flow” on page 95, “ACP Measurement Key Flow” on page 96, “EVM Measurement Key Flow” on page 97, “Occupied Bandwidth Measurement Key Flow” on page 98, “Spectrum (Freq Domain) Measurement Key Flow (1 of 3)” on page

99,

“Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement Key Flow (1 of 2)” on page

102.

Meas Setup

EVM

Avg Number 10 On | Off

Use these ﬂow diagrams as follows:

Default conditions are shown as much as possible with underlined parameters or values displayed on those softkey labels.

• Start from the extreme upper left corner of each measurement diagram to the right direction, and go from the top to the bottom.

• When deﬁning a key from auto with underline to manual, for example, just press that key one time.

• When entering a numeric value of

Frequency, for example, use the

numeric keypad by terminating with the appropriate unit selection from the softkeys displayed.

• When entering a numeric value of numeric keypad by terminating with the

Slot (Std), for example, use the

Enter front-panel key.

• Instead of using the numeric keypad to enter a value, it may be easier to use the RPG knob or Up/Down keys depending on the input ﬁeld of a parameter.

94 Chapter5

PDC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 5-1 Mode Setup / Frequency Channel Key Flow

PDCMode

Mode Setup

Radio

Traffic RateFull| Half

DeviceBS | MS

Input

RF Input RangeAuto| Man

Max Total Pwr -15.00 dBm

Input Atten 0.00 dB

Ext Atten

MS 0.00 dB

BS 0.00 dB

Trigger

RF Burst

Delay 0.000 s

Peak Level -10.00 dB

Slope Pos | Neg

Video (IF Envlp)

Delay 0.000 s

Level -30.00 dBm

Slope Pos | Neg

Ext Front

Delay 0.000 s Level 2.00 V Slope Pos | Neg

Ext Rear

Delay 0.000 s

Level 2.00 V

Slope Pos | Neg

Trig Holdoff 10.00 ms

Auto Trig 100.0 msOn | Off

Frame Timer

Period 20.00000 ms

Burst

Delay 0.000 s

Search Threshold -30.00 dB

Setting Up the PDC Mode

Frequency Channel

Chapter 5 95

Center Freq 1.00000 GHz

Burst Type Traffic (TCH)

Traffic (TCH)

Control (CCH)

Slot (Std) 0 Auto| Man

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 5-2 ACP Measurement Key Flow

Measure

ACP

Meas Setup

ACPMeasure

View/Trace

Avg Number 10 On| Off

Avg Mode Exp | Repeat

Trig Source Free Run (Immediate)

Free Run (Immediate)

RF Burst (Wideband)

Ext Front

Ext Rear

Frame

Limit Test On | Off

Offs & Limits

Offset A

B C D

Offset Freq 50.000 kHz On | Off

Offset Power Integ| Peak

Abs Limit 0.00 dBm Fail Relative

AND

Absolute

Relative

Rel Limit (Car) -45.00 dB

Restore Meas Defaults

Bar Graph

Spectrum

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 10.00 dB

Ref Value -30.00 dBm Ref PositionTop| Ctr | Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

<A: default selection>

<A: 50.000 kHz On> <B: 100.000 kHz On>

<C, D, E: 0.00 Hz Off>

<A: -45.00 dB> <B: -60.00 dB>

96 Chapter5

Figure 5-3 EVM Measurement Key Flow

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Measurement Key Flow

Measure

EVM

Meas Setup

EVMMeasure

View/Trace

EVMMeasure

Display

Avg Number 10 On | Off

Avg Mode Exp| Repeat

Trig Source Free Run (Immediate)

Free Run (Immediate)

Video (IF Envlp)

RF Burst (Wideband)

Ext Front Ext Rear Frame

Burst Sync None

Sync Word

RF Amptd

None

Limit Test On | Off

Limits

RMS EVM 12.5 Pcnt Peak EVM 40.0 Pcnt Origin Offset -20.00 dB

Restore Meas Defaults

I/Q Measured Polar Vector I/Q Measured Polar Constln

I/Q Error (Quad View)

Span X Scale

Scale/Div 13.70 Sym

Ref Value 0.000 Sym

Ref PositionLeft| Ctr | Right

Scale Coupling On | Off

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 10.0 Pcnt

Ref Value 0.00 Pcnt

Ref PositionTop | Ctr |Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 2.00 Deg

Ref Value 0.00 Deg

Ref Position Top| Ctr| Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 10.0 Pcnt

Ref Value 0.00 Pcnt

Ref Position Top| Ctr| Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

Pts/Symb Displayed 1 |5 Symbol Dots On | Off

Chapter 5 97

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 5-4 Occupied Bandwidth Measurement Key Flow

Measure

Occupied BW

Meas Setup

Occupied BWMeasure Amplitude Y Scale

Avg Number 10 On| Off

Avg Mode Exp | Repeat

Trig Source Free Run (Immediate)

Free Run (Immediate)

Video (IF Envlp)

RF Burst (Wideband)

Ext Front

Ext Rear Limit Test On | Off Limits 32.000 kHZ

Restore Meas Defaults

Scale/Div 10.00 dB Ref Value -30.00 dBm Ref PositionTop| Ctr | Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

98 Chapter5

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 5-5 Spectrum (Freq Domain) Measurement Key Flow (1 of 3)

Measure

Spectrum (Freq Domain)

Meas Setup

Span 1.00000 MHz

Res BW 20.0000 kHz Auto| Man

Avg Number 25 On | Off Avg Mode Exp | Repeat Avg Type Log-Pwr Avg (Video)

Log-Pwr Avg (Video) Voltage Avg Maximum

Minimum

Trig Source Free Run (Immediate)

Restore Meas Defaults

Advanced

Pre-FFT BW 1.55000 MHz Auto| Man

FFT Size

Pwr Avg (RMS)

Free Run (Immediate)

Video (IF Envlp) RF Burst (Wideband) Ext Front

Ext Rear

Frame

Line

Pre-ADC BPF On | Off

Pre-FFT Fltr Gaussian |Flat

FFT Window Flat Top (High Amptd Acc)

Flat Top (High Amptd Acc) Uniform Hanning

Hamming

Gaussian (Alpha 3.5) Blackman Blackman-Harris

K-B 70 dB (Kaiser-Bessel) K-B 90 dB (Kaiser-Bessel)

K-B 110 dB (Kaiser-Bessel)

Length Ctrl Auto| Man

Min Pnts/RBW 1.300000

Window Length 706

FFT Length 4096

(a)

Chapter 5 99

Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Measurement Key Flow

Figure 5-6 Spectrum (Freq Domain) Measurement Key Flow (2 of 3)

(a)

ADC Range Auto Peak

Auto

Auto Peak

AutoPeakLock

Manual

-6 dB 0 dB

+6 dB +12 dB +18 dB +24 dB

Spectrum (Freq Domain)Measure View/Trace

Spectrum

Span X Scale

Span 1.00000 MHz

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 10.00 dB

Ref Value 0.00 dBm

Ref Position Top| Ctr | Bot

Scale Coupling On | Off

I/Q Waveform

Span X Scale

Scale/Div 18.8 us

Ref Value 0.00 s

Ref Position Left| Ctr | Right

Scale Coupling On | Off

Amplitude Y Scale

Scale/Div 60.0 mV

Ref Value 0.00 V

Ref Position Top |Ctr| Bot

Scale Coupling On |Off

Trace Display All

All

Average (or Max & Min)

Current

100 Chapter5

Agilent E4406A NADC, PDC Measurement Guide

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

1 Understanding NADC

What is the NADC Communications System?

What does the Agilent Technologies E4406A do?

Other Sources of Measurement Information

2 Setting Up the NADC Mode

NADC Mode

How to Make a Measurement

Changing the Mode Setup

Changing the Frequency Channel

NADC Measurement Key Flow

Installing and Uninstalling Optional Measurement Personalities

Active License Key

Installing Personality Options

Uninstalling Personality Options

3 Making NADC Measurements

NADC Measurements

Preparing for Measurements

Initial Setup

Measurement Selection

Measurement Control

Measurement Setup

Making the Adjacent Channel Power Measurement

Purpose

Measurement Method

Making the Measurement

Results

Changing the Measurement Setup

Changing the View

Troubleshooting Hints

Making the Error Vector Magnitude Measurement

Purpose

Measurement Method

Making the Measurement

Results

Changing the Measurement Setup

Changing the View

Changing the Display

Troubleshooting Hints

Making the Spectrum (Frequency Domain) Measurement

Purpose

Measurement Method

Making the Measurement

Results

Changing the Measurement Setup

Changing the View

Using the Markers

Troubleshooting Hints

Making the Waveform (Time Domain) Measurement

Purpose

Measurement Method

Making the Measurement

Results

Changing the Measurement Setup

Changing the View

Using the Markers

Troubleshooting Hints

4 Understanding PDC

What is the PDC Communications System?

What does the Agilent Technologies E4406A do?

Other Sources of Measurement Information

5 Setting Up the PDC Mode

PDC Mode

How to Make a Measurement

Changing the Mode Setup

Changing the Frequency Channel

PDC Measurement Key Flow