User’s, Programming, and Measurement Guide
Agilent Technologies
ESA-E Series Spectrum Analyzers
Modulation Analysis Measurement Personality
This guide documents firmware revision A.08.xx
This manual provides documentation for the following instruments:
Agilent ESA-E Series
E4402B (9 kHz - 3.0 GHz)
E4404B (9 kHz - 6.7 GHz)
E4405B (9 kHz - 13.2 GHz)
E4407B (9 kHz - 26.5 GHz)
Manufacturing Part Number: E4402-90071
Supersedes E4402-90037
Printed in USA
February 2002
© Copyright 2001, 2002 Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Notice
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
Agilent Technologies makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material,
including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness
for a particular purpose. Agilent Technologies shall not be liable for errors
contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the
furnishing, performance, or use of this material.
Warranty
This Agilent Technologies instrument product is warranted against defects in
material and workmanship for a period of three years from date of shipment.
During the warranty period, Agilent Technologies Company will, at its option,
either repair or replace products that prove to be defective.
For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility
designated by Agilent Technologies. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to
Agilent Technologies and Agilent Technologies shall pay shipping charges to
return the product to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all shipping charges, duties,
and taxes for products returned to Agilent Technologies from another country.
Agilent Technologies warrants that its software and firmware designated by
Agilent Technologies for use with an instrument will execute its programming
instructions when properly installed on that instrument. Agilent Technologies does
not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or software, or firmware will be
uninterrupted or error-free.
LIMITATION OF WARRANTY
The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or
inadequate maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing,
unauthorized modification or misuse, operation outside of the environmental
specifications for the product, or improper site preparation or maintenance.
NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. AGILENT
TECHNOLOGIES SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
2
EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES
THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND
EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES SHALL NOT BE
LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT,
OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.
Safety Information
The following safety notes are used throughout this manual. Familiarize yourself
with these notes before operating this instrument.
WARNING Warning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which, if not
correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do not
proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully
understood and met.
CAUTION Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure that, if not correctly
performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or destruction of the
instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated conditions are
fully understood and met.
WARNING This is a Safety Class 1 Product (provided with a protective earth ground
incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall be inserted only in a
socket outlet provided with a protected earth contact. Any interruption of the
protective conductor inside or outside of the product is likely to make the
product dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.
WARNING No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualified personnel.
To prevent electrical shock do not remove covers.
CAUTION Always use the three-prong AC power cord supplied with this product. Failure to
ensure adequate grounding may cause product damage.
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1. Using This Document
BookOrganization........................................................... 16
2. Understanding Modulation Analysis
DigitalCommunicationSystemsStandardsOverview .............................. 20
ThecdmaOne(IS-95)CommunicationSystem................................... 20
TheW-CDMACommunicationSystem......................................... 20
TheCDMA2000CommunicationSystem ....................................... 20
W-CDMAandcdma2000Advantages .......................................... 20
cdmaOneStandards........................................................ 22
TheNADCCommunicationsSystem........................................... 25
TheGSMStandards........................................................ 26
TheEDGEStandard........................................................ 30
ThePDCStandard ......................................................... 32
TheTETRAStandard....................................................... 32
WhattheModulationAnalysisMeasurementPersonalityDoes....................... 33
OtherSourcesofMeasurementInformation ...................................... 36
3. Getting Started
InstrumentOverview......................................................... 38
Front-PanelFeatures ....................................................... 38
Rear-PanelFeatures........................................................ 39
OptionsRequired............................................................ 41
Installing Optional Measurement Personalities . . . ................................ 43
ActiveLicenseKey ......................................................... 43
Installing the Licensing Key ................................................. 43
UsingtheInstallKey ....................................................... 44
InstallerScreenandMenu................................................... 47
AgilentESASpectrumAnalyzersUpdate....................................... 48
4. Setting Up the Modulation Analysis Mode
PreparingtoMakeMeasurements .............................................. 50
InitialSettings ............................................................ 50
HowtoMakeanEVM(ErrorVectorMagnitude)Measurement..................... 51
HowtoSaveMeasurementResults............................................ 52
5. Making Modulation Analysis Measurements
WhatYouWillFindinThisChapter.............................................54
TheModulationAnalysisPersonality............................................ 55
Purpose ..................................................................55
MeasurementMethodforaCDMASystem...................................... 56
MakingaWidebandCDMAMeasurement........................................ 57
InterpretingMeasurementResults.............................................. 64
BasebandFilteringErrors................................................... 64
I/QGainImbalance......................................................... 69
I/QQuadrature(Skew)Error................................................. 71
SymbolRateError ......................................................... 74
I/QDCOffsetError......................................................... 77
Analysis
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In-ChannelPhaseModulatingInterference......................................78
In-ChannelAmplitudeModulationInterference ..................................81
In-ChannelSpuriousSignalInterference........................................85
MeasuringaCustomQPSKFormatSignal........................................87
OtherCustomizedChangesYouCanMake .......................................88
ProblemsObtainingaMeasurement.............................................89
InMonitorSpectrummode,thesignalismissing,ordoesnotlookcorrect.............89
When using the GSM or EDGE standards, the spectrum looks valid, but all EVM
measurementsareinvalid ...................................................89
AnNADC,TETRA,orPDCsignallooksincorrect ................................90
A“WidebandCalRequired”errormessageappears ...............................90
TheresultsshowalargeEVM ................................................91
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6. Menu Maps
WhatYouWillFindinThisChapter.............................................94
Menus......................................................................95
AmplitudeMenu ...........................................................95
Det/DemodMenus ..........................................................96
DisplayMenus .............................................................97
Frequency/ChannelMenu....................................................98
InstallerMenus ............................................................99
MeasureMenu ............................................................100
MeasurementSetupMenus .................................................101
ModeMenu ..............................................................103
ModeSetupMenus ........................................................104
Span(XScale)Menu .......................................................105
TriggerMenu .............................................................106
ViewandTraceMenu ......................................................107
7. Front Panel Key Reference
KeyDescriptionsandLocations................................................110
AMPLITUDEYScale ........................................................111
Det/Demod ................................................................113
Display ...................................................................116
FREQUENCY/Channel .....................................................117
MeasSetup ................................................................119
MEASURE.................................................................123
MODE ....................................................................124
ModeSetup ................................................................125
Preset ....................................................................127
SPAN/XScale .............................................................128
Trig ......................................................................129
View/Trace ................................................................130
MonitorSpectrum .........................................................130
ErrorVectorMagnitude(EVM)...............................................130
Analysis
8. Programming Language Reference
ABORtSubsystem...........................................................132
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CALibrateSubsystem ....................................................... 133
RadioStandardCalibration................................................. 133
RadioStandardCalibration-Required........................................ 133
CONFigureSubsystem ......................................................134
ConfiguretheSelectedMeasurement ......................................... 134
DISPlaySubsystem......................................................... 135
DisplayViewingAngle ..................................................... 135
DateandTimeDisplayFormat .............................................. 135
DateandTimeDisplay .................................................... 136
DisplayAnnotationTitleData .............................................. 136
TurntheEntireDisplayOn/Off ............................................. 136
WindowAnnotation ....................................................... 136
TraceGraticuleDisplay.................................................... 137
SettheDisplayLine....................................................... 137
ControltheDisplayLine ................................................... 138
NormalizedReferenceLevel ................................................ 138
NormalizedReferenceLevelPosition ......................................... 138
TraceY-AxisAmplitudeScaling.............................................. 139
TraceY-AxisReferenceLevel ............................................... 139
VerticalAxisScaling ...................................................... 140
FETChSubsystem.......................................................... 141
FetchtheCurrentMeasurementResults ...................................... 141
INITiateSubsystem......................................................... 142
ContinuousorSingleMeasurements ......................................... 142
TakeNewDataAcquisitions ................................................ 143
PausetheMeasurement.................................................... 144
RestarttheMeasurement .................................................. 144
ResumetheMeasurement .................................................. 144
INSTrumentSubsystem ..................................................... 145
CatalogQuery............................................................ 145
SelectApplicationbyNumber ............................................... 145
SelectApplication......................................................... 146
MEASureGroupofCommands................................................ 147
MeasureCommands....................................................... 147
ConfigureCommands...................................................... 148
FetchCommands.......................................................... 148
ReadCommands.......................................................... 149
MonitorSpectrum......................................................... 150
ErrorVectorMagnitude(EVM) ..............................................150
READ Subsystem . . . ........................................................ 154
SENSeSubsystem .......................................................... 155
ChannelCommands....................................................... 155
DefaultReset ............................................................ 158
ErrorVectorMagnitudeMeasurement........................................ 158
FrequencyCommands ..................................................... 163
PhaseandQuadratureCommands ........................................... 165
MonitorSpectrumMeasurement ............................................ 166
Reference Oscillator Frequency . . . ........................................... 171
Reference Oscillator Rear Panel Output . . ..................................... 171
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Reference Oscillator Source .................................................171
RFPortInputAttenuation ..................................................172
RadioStandardsCommands.................................................172
SynchronizationCommands .................................................176
STATusSubsystem..........................................................177
OperationRegister ........................................................177
9. If You Have a Problem
IfyouhaveaProblem........................................................180
BeforeYouCallAgilentTechnologies ...........................................181
ChecktheBasics ..........................................................181
ReadtheWarranty ........................................................182
ServiceOptions ...........................................................182
GettingintouchwithAgilentTechnologies,Inc..................................182
HowtoReturnYourAnalyzerforService........................................184
ServiceTag...............................................................184
OriginalPackaging ........................................................184
OtherPackaging ..........................................................186
Analysis
8
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Alphabetical Listing
:ABORt..................................................................................132
:CALibration:WIDeband:REQuired?...........................................................133
:CALibration:WIDeband? ...................................................................133
:CONFigure:<measurement>.................................................................134
:CONFigure:<measurement>.................................................................148
:CONFigure:EVM .........................................................................150
:CONFigure:MON.........................................................................150
:DISPlay:ANGLe <integer> . . ................................................................135
:DISPlay:ANGLe? .........................................................................135
:DISPlay:ANNotation:CLOCk:DATE:FORMat MDY|DMY ........................................135
:DISPlay:ANNotation:CLOCk:DATE:FORMat? . . ...............................................135
:DISPlay:ANNotation:CLOCk[:STATe] OFF|ON|0|1 ..............................................136
:DISPlay:ANNotation:CLOCk[:STATe]? . . . ....................................................136
:DISPlay:ANNotation:TITLe:DATA <string> ....................................................136
:DISPlay:ANNotation:TITLe:DATA? ..........................................................136
:DISPlay:ENABleOFF|ON|0|1 ............................................................... 136
:DISPlay:WINDow:ANNotation[:ALL]OFF|ON|0|1.............................................. 136
:DISPlay:WINDow:ANNotation[:ALL]? .......................................................136
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:GRATicule:GRID[:STATe]OFF|ON|0|1.................................137
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:GRATicule:GRID[:STATe]?...........................................137
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y:DLINe<ampl>...................................................137
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y:DLINe:STATeOFF|ON|0|1..........................................138
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y:DLINe:STATe?...................................................138
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y:DLINe?.........................................................137
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:NRLevel<rel_ampl> ......................................138
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:NRLevel?...............................................138
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:NRPosition<integer>...................................... 138
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:NRPosition?.............................................138
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:PDIVision<rel_ampl>.....................................139
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:PDIVision?..............................................139
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel<ampl> ..........................................139
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:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel?................................................ 139
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:SPACingLINear|LOGarithmic .............................. 140
:DISPlay:WINDow:TRACe:Y[:SCALe]:SPACing?............................................... 140
:FETCh:<measurement>[n]?................................................................. 141
:FETCh:<measurement>[n]?................................................................. 148
:FETCh:EVM[n]?.........................................................................150
:FETCh:MON[n]?.........................................................................150
:INITiate:CONTinuous OFF|ON|0|1 . . . ........................................................ 142
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:INITiate:CONTinuous?. . ...................................................................142
:INITiate:PAUse........................................................................... 144
:INITiate:RESTart ......................................................................... 144
:INITiate:RESume......................................................................... 144
:INITiate[:IMMediate]...................................................................... 143
:INSTrument:CATalog?.....................................................................145
:INSTrument:NSELect<integer> .............................................................145
:INSTrument:NSELect?..................................................................... 145
:INSTrument[:SELect]SA|MAN.............................................................. 146
:INSTrument[:SELect]?.....................................................................146
:MEASure:<measurement>[n]?............................................................... 147
:MEASure:EVM[n]?.......................................................................150
:MEASure:MON[n]? ...................................................................... 150
:READ:<measurement>[n]? ................................................................. 149
:READ:EVM[n]? .........................................................................150
:READ:MON[n]? ......................................................................... 150
Analysis
:STATus:OPERation:CONDition?.............................................................177
:STATus:OPERation:ENABle<integer>........................................................177
:STATus:OPERation:ENABle?............................................................... 177
:STATus:OPERation:NTRansition<integer> .................................................... 178
:STATus:OPERation:NTRansition?............................................................178
:STATus:OPERation:PTRansition<integer>..................................................... 178
:STATus:OPERation:PTRansition?............................................................ 178
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:STATus:OPERation[:EVENt]?...............................................................178
[:SENSe]:CHANnel:BURSt NORMal|SYNC|ACCess .............................................155
[:SENSe]:CHANnel:BURSt?. ................................................................155
[:SENSe]:CHANnel:SLOT <integer> ..........................................................155
[:SENSe]:CHANnel:SLOT:AUTO OFF|ON|0|1 . . . ...............................................156
[:SENSe]:CHANnel:SLOT:AUTO?. . .......................................................... 156
[:SENSe]:CHANnel:SLOT?. . ................................................................155
[:SENSe]:CHANnel:TSCode <integer>.........................................................156
[:SENSe]:CHANnel:TSCode:AUTO OFF|ON|0|1. . ...............................................157
[:SENSe]:CHANnel:TSCode:AUTO? ..........................................................157
[:SENSe]:CHANnel:TSCode? ................................................................156
[:SENSe]:DEFaults.........................................................................158
[:SENSe]:EVM:AVERage:COUNt <integer> ....................................................158
[:SENSe]:EVM:AVERage:COUNt? . ..........................................................158
[:SENSe]:EVM:AVERage:TCONtrolEXPonential|REPeat .........................................159
[:SENSe]:EVM:AVERage:TCONtrol? .........................................................159
[:SENSe]:EVM:AVERage[:STATe]OFF|ON|0|1..................................................158
[:SENSe]:EVM:AVERage[:STATe]?...........................................................158
[:SENSe]:EVM:BSYNc:SOURce RFAMplitude|NONE. . . .........................................159
[:SENSe]:EVM:BSYNc:SOURce?............................................................159
[:SENSe]:EVM:DROop:COMPensation?.......................................................159
[:SENSe]:EVM:DROop:COMPensation[:STATe]OFF|ON|0|1 ......................................159
[:SENSe]:EVM:GSDOTs[:STATe]ON|OFF|1|0 ..................................................160
[:SENSe]:EVM:GSDOTS[:STATe]? ...........................................................160
[:SENSe]:EVM:IQOOffset<integer> ..........................................................160
[:SENSe]:EVM:IQOOffset?..................................................................160
[:SENSe]:EVM:IQPoints<integer>............................................................160
[:SENSe]:EVM:IQPoints?...................................................................161
[:SENSe]:EVM:MIXer:RANGe[:UPPer] <power>. ...............................................161
[:SENSe]:EVM:MIXer:RANGe[:UPPer]?. . . ....................................................161
[:SENSe]:EVM:PPSYmbol ONE|TWO|FOUR|FIVE|TEN . .........................................161
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[:SENSe]:EVM:PPSYmbol?................................................................. 161
[:SENSe]:EVM:ROTation[:STATe]ON|OFF|1|0..................................................162
[:SENSe]:EVM:ROTation[:STATe]?...........................................................162
[:SENSe]:EVM:SDOTS[:STATe]OFF|ON|0|1................................................... 162
[:SENSe]:EVM:SDOTS[:STATe]? ............................................................ 162
[:SENSe]:EVM:SWEep:POINts<integer>......................................................163
[:SENSe]:EVM:SWEep:POINts? ............................................................. 163
[:SENSe]:EVM:TRIGger:SOURceIMMediate|EXTernal|RFBurst ................................... 163
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[:SENSe]:EVM:TRIGger:SOURce?...........................................................163
[:SENSe]:FREQuency:CENTer<freq>.........................................................163
[:SENSe]:FREQuency:CENTer?.............................................................. 163
[:SENSe]:FREQuency:SPAN<freq>...........................................................164
[:SENSe]:FREQuency:SPAN?................................................................ 164
[:SENSe]:FREQuency:STARt<freq>..........................................................164
[:SENSe]:FREQuency:STARt?............................................................... 164
[:SENSe]:FREQuency:STOP<freq>........................................................... 165
[:SENSe]:FREQuency:STOP?................................................................ 165
[:SENSe]:IQInvert[:STATe]ON|OFF|1|0 .......................................................165
[:SENSe]:IQInvert[:STATe]?.................................................................165
[:SENSe]:MONitor:AVERage:COUNt <integer> ................................................. 166
[:SENSe]:MONitor:AVERage:COUNt? ........................................................166
[:SENSe]:MONitor:AVERage:TCONtrolEXPonential|REPeat...................................... 167
[:SENSe]:MONitor:AVERage:TCONtrol? ......................................................167
[:SENSe]:MONitor:AVERage[:STATe]OFF|ON|0|1 .............................................. 167
Analysis
[:SENSe]:MONitor:AVERage[:STATe]?........................................................167
[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:BWIDth|BANDwidth:VIDeo <freq> . .................................168
[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:BWIDth|BANDwidth:VIDeo? ....................................... 168
[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:BWIDth|BANDwidth[:RESolution] <freq> ............................ 167
[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:BWIDth|BANDwidth[:RESolution]?. .................................167
[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:DETectorPOSitive|SAMPle|NEGative................................ 168
[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:DETector?....................................................... 168
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[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:MAXHold[:STATe] ON|OFF|1|0 . . ...................................169
[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:MAXHold[:STATe]?...............................................169
[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:SWEep:TIME <seconds> . . .........................................169
[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:SWEep:TIME:AUTO OFF|ON|0|1. ...................................170
[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:SWEep:TIME:AUTO? .............................................170
[:SENSe]:MONitor:CHANnel:SWEep:TIME? ...................................................169
[:SENSe]:MONitor:TRIGger:SOURce:IMMediate|EXTernal|RFBurst................................170
[:SENSe]:MONitor:TRIGger:SOURce? ........................................................170
[:SENSe]:OPTion:ROSCillator:EXTernal:FREQuency<Hz>........................................171
[:SENSe]:OPTion:ROSCillator:OUTPut?.......................................................171
[:SENSe]:OPTion:ROSCillator:OUTPut?.......................................................171
[:SENSe]:OPTion:ROSCillator:OUTPut[:STATe]OFF|ON|0|1.......................................171
[:SENSe]:OPTion:ROSCillator:SOURceINTernal|EXTernal........................................171
[:SENSe]:OPTion:ROSCillator:SOURce?....................................................... 171
[:SENSe]:POWer[:RF]:ATTenuation<rel_power>................................................172
[:SENSe]:POWer[:RF]:ATTenuation?..........................................................172
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:ALPHA<alpha/BTnumber>........................................172
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:ALPHA?.........................................................172
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:DEVice[:SELect]BTS|MS...........................................173
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:DEVice[:SELect]?..................................................173
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:FILTer:MEASurement OFF|RNYQ|NYQ|GAUS|CBPE|RECT|LPF|EMF ......173
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:FILTer:MEASurement?..............................................173
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:FILTer:REFerence RNYQ|NYQ|GAUS|CHEB|RECT|EDGE . . . .............174
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:FILTer:REFerence?.................................................174
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:MODulationQPSK|P4DQPSK|OQPSK.................................174
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:MODulation? .....................................................174
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:SRATe<symbolrate>...............................................175
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard:SRATe?..........................................................175
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard[:SELect] CDMA|CDMA2K|WCDMA|NADC|EDGE|PDC|TETRA|GSM ......175
[:SENSe]:RADio:STANdard[:SELect]? ........................................................175
[:SENSe]:SYNC:BURSt:SLENgth<value>.....................................................176
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[:SENSe]:SYNC:BURSt:SLENgth?...........................................................176
[:SENSe]:SYNC:BURSt:STHReshold<rel_power> .............................................. 176
[:SENSe]:SYNC:BURSt:STHReshold? ........................................................ 176
Analysis
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1 Using This Document
This chapter describes the organization of this reference guide.
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Book Organization
Book Organization
This book includes both user and programmer information. The first seven
chapters cover user information such as how to set up and use the instrument.
Chapter 8 , “Programming Language Reference,” covers the SCPI remote
programming commands.
The following table gives a brief overview of each chapter.
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Table 1-1 Book Organization
1. Using this Document
This chapter.
2. Understanding
Modulation Analysis
See page 19.
3. Getting Started
See page 37.
This chapter describes the organization of
this book.
This chapter defines modulation analysis
and describes its characteristics.
This chapter describes how to install and
uninstall this measurement personality.
Analysis
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Table 1-1 Book Organization
Using This Document
Book Organization
4. Setting Up the
Modulation Analysis
Mode
See page 49.
5. Making Modulation
Analysis Measurements
See page 53.
6. Menu Maps
See page 93.
This chapter describes how to set the
instrument up to perform modulation
analysis measurements.
This chapter describes how to make
standard and custom measurements and
interpret the results.
This chapter illustrates the menu structure
of the front panel and lower-level keys.
Refer to this chapter to identify the
lower-level softkeys associated with the
front panel keys.
7. Front Panel Key
Reference
See page 109.
8. Programming Language
Reference
See page 131.
This chapter describes the instrument
front panel and menu keys. The front
panel keys are arranged alphabetically,
and the menu keys are arranged as they
appear on the instrument menus.
These are the SCPI commands available
in EVM mode.
Analysis
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Book Organization
Table 1-1 Book Organization
9. If You Have a Problem
See page 179.
This chapter includes information on
basic troubleshooting and contacting
Agilent.
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2 Understanding Modulation Analysis
The modulation analysis personality will support base-band modulation analysis
for several industry standards. This chapter introduces you to the basics of some of
the most common formats and the general functionality of the ESA with the
modulation analysis measurement personality installed. Sources for additional
information on digital communications are also listed.
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Digital Communication Systems Standards Overview
Digital Communication Systems Standards Overview
The cdmaOne (IS-95) Communication System
IS-95 code division multiple access (cdmaOne) is one of several digital wireless
transmission methods in which signals are encoded using a specific
pseudo-random sequence, or code, to define a communication channel. A receiver,
knowing the code, can use it to decode the received signal in the presence of other
signals in the channel. This is one of several "spread spectrum" techniques, which
allows multiple users to share the same radio frequency spectrum by assigning
each active user a unique code. cdmaOne offers improved spectral efficiency over
analog transmission in that it allows for greater frequency reuse. Other
characteristics of cdmaOne systems reduce dropped calls, increase battery life and
offer more secure transmission.
The W-CDMA Communication System
Wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) is the first of the supported
air interface technologies for the third generation RF cellular communication
systems. In this system, the cells operate asynchronously. Hence, it makes the
mobile synchronization more complex, but offers the advantage of flexibility in
placement of the base stations. Both reverse and forward transmitter power
controls are implemented with 0.625 ms intervals. W-CDMA is a direct sequence
spread spectrum digital communications technique that supports a wider RF
bandwidth of 5 MHz.
The CDMA2000 Communication System
Code division multiple access 2000 (cdma2000) is the second of the supported
popular wideband air interface technologies for the third generation RF cellular
communication systems. This system relies on the Global Positioning System
(GPS) for intercell synchronization. Both reverse and forward transmitter power
controls are implemented with 1.25 ms intervals. cdma2000 is a direct sequence
spread-spectrum digital communications technique that supports a wide
RF bandwidth of 1.25 MHz.
W-CDMA and cdma2000 Advantages
Analysis
The main advantages of cdma2000 and W-CDMA over other types of
communication schemes are:
• Greater capacity
• Immunity to signal loss and degradation due to high-level broadband
interference, multipath scattering and fading
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• Power consumption of mobile stations is strictly minimized by base
station and mobile controls
• Supports variable data rates up to 144 kbits/second for mobile
(vehicular) data rate, up to 384 kbits/second for portable (pedestrian)
data rate, and up to 2 Mbits/second for fixed installations
• Provides increased security
W-CDMA and cdma2000 use correlative codes to distinguish one user from
another. Frequency division (FDMA) and Time Division (TDMA) are also
used. Frequency division is used in a much larger bandwidth such as
1.25 MHz or greater for cdma 2000 and 5 MHz or greater for W-CDMA.
For W-CDMA, an initial baseband data rate is spread to a transmitted data
rate of 3.840 Mcps, which is also called chip rate or spread data rate.
W-CDMA and cdma2000 both realize increased capacity from frequency
reuse and sectored cells. The capacity limit is soft. That is, capacity can be
increased with some degradation of the error rate or voice quality.
In W-CDMA and cdma2000, a single user's channel consists of a specific
frequency combined with a unique code. Correlative codes allow each user
to operate in the presence of substantial interference. The interference is the
sum of all other users on the same W-CDMA or cdma2000 frequency, both
from within and outside of the home cell, and from delayed versions of
these signals. It also includes the usual thermal noise and atmospheric
disturbances. Delayed signals caused by multipath are separately received
and combined in these systems. One of the major differences in access is
that any frequency can be used in all sectors of all cells. This is possible
because the W-CDMA and cdma2000 systems are designed to decode the
proper signal in the presence of high interference.
Additionally, cdma2000 offers a number of RF structures to accommodate
almost any conceivable application. These options include direct spreading
to support those applications where clear spectrum is available and
multicarrier arrangements using 1.25 MHz wide channels to allow overlays
with TIA/EIA-95-B systems.
W-CDMA (3GPP) is defined in the following documents:
• TS 25.XX series 3rd Generation Partnership Project Technical
Specification; Radio Performance aspects. These documents define
complex multipart measurements used to maintain an interference free
environment.
There are many other formats supported by the modulation analysis
personality that can be referenced by the appropriate standards documents.
cdma2000 is defined in the following Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA) and Electronics Industry Alliance (EIA) document:
• TIA/EIA/IS-2000 Mobile Station - Base Station Compatibility Standard
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for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System
cdmaOne Standards
The cdmaOne communication system personality is defined in the following
standard bodies: Electronics Industry Association (EIA), Telecommunications
Industry Association (TIA), American National Standards Institute (ANSI),
Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) (Japan), and Korean
standards documents:
Analysis
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IS-95-A:
TIA/EIA-IS-95-A Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode
Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System. May 1995
TIA/EIA-IS-97-A Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for Base Stations
Supporting Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular Mobile
Stations. July 1996
TIA/EIA-IS-98-A Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for Dual-Mode Wideband
Spread Spectrum Cellular Mobile Stations. July 1996
TIA/EIA-95-B Cell and TIA/EIA-95-B PCS:
TIA/EIA-95-B Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Spread
Spectrum Systems. (SP-3693-1)
July 17, 1998
TIA/EIA-97-B Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for Base Stations
Supporting Dual-Mode Spread Spectrum Cellular Mobile Stations.
August 1998
TIA/EIA-98-B Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for Dual-Mode Spread
Spectrum Cellular Mobile Stations. August 1998
95-C Cell and 95-C PCS:
TIA/EIA-95-B Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Spread
Spectrum Systems. (SP-3693-1)
July 17, 1998
TIA/EIA-97-C Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for Base Stations
Supporting Dual-Mode Spread Spectrum Mobile Stations. (SP-4384) Ballot
Version: Nov. 20, 1998
TIA/EIA-98-C Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for Dual-Mode Spread
Spectrum Mobile Stations. (SP-4383) Ballot Version: March. 19, 1999
ANSI J-STD-008:
ANSI J-STD-008 Personal Station-Base Station Compatibility Requirements for 1.8 to 2.0 GHz
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Personal Communications
Systems. August 29, 1995.
ANSI J-STD-018 Recommended Minimum Performance Requirements for 1.8 to 2.0 GHz
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Personal Stations. (SP-3385)
January 16, 1996
Analysis
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ANSI J-STD-019 Recommended Minimum Performance Requirements for Base Stations
Supporting 1.8 to 2.0 GHz Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Personal
Stations. (SP-3383)
January 12, 1996
Analysis
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The NADC Communications System
The North American Dual-Mode Cellular (NADC) is one of the cellular
communications systems. NADC is also referred to as North American
Digital Cellular, or American Digital Cellular (ADC). Occasionally, it is
also referred to as Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS) or
NADC-TDMA. The NADC communications system is defined in the
Electronics Industry Alliance (EIA) and Telecommunication Industry
Association (TIA) standard documents. The following is a list of all
relevant and applicable standard documents:
TIA/EIA IS-136.1 TDMA Cellular/PCS - Radio Interface - Mobile Station - Base Station
Compatibility - Digital Control Channel
TIA/EIA IS-136.2 TDMA Cellular/PCS - Radio Interface - Mobile Station - Base Station
Compatibility - Traffic Channels and FSK Control Channel
TIA/EIA IS-137 TDMA Cellular/PCS - Radio Interface - Minimum Performance Standards
for Mobile Stations
TIA/EIA IS-138 TDMA Cellular/PCS - Radio Interface - Minimum Performance Standards
for Base Stations
TIA/EIA-627 800 MHz Cellular System, TDMA Radio Interface, Dual-Mode Mobile
Station - Base Station Compatibility Standard (ANSI/TIA/EIA-627-96),
which replaced IS-54-B
TIA/EIA-628 800 MHz Cellular System, TDMA Radio Interface, Dual-Mode Mobile
Station - Base Station Compatibility Standard (ANSI/TIA/EIA-627-96),
which replaced IS-54-B
TIA/EIA-629 800 MHz Cellular System, TDMA Radio Interface, Minimum Performance
Standards for Base Stations Supporting Dual-Mode Mobile Stations
(ANSI/TIA/EIA-629-96), which replaced IS-56-A
Analysis
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The GSM Standards
The Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) digital communications
standard defines a voice and data over-air interface between a mobile radio and the
system infrastructure. This standard was designed as the basis for a radio
communications system. A base station control center (BSC) is linked to multiple
base transceiver station (BTS) sites which provide the required coverage.
GSM 450, GSM 480, GSM 850, GSM 900, DCS 1800, and PCS 1900 are
GSM-defined frequency bands. The term GSM 900 is used for any GSM system
operating in the 900 MHz band, which includes P-GSM, E-GSM, and R-GSM.
Primary (or standard) GSM 900 band (P-GSM) is the original GSM band.
Extended GSM 900 band (E-GSM) includes all the P-GSM band plus an additional
50 channels. Railway GSM 900 band (R-GSM) includes all the E-GSM band plus
additional channels. DCS 1800 (in the 1800 MHz frequency band) is an adaptation
of GSM 900, created to allow for smaller cell sizes for higher system capacity.
PCS 1900 (in the 1900 MHz frequency band) is intended to be identical to DCS
1800 except for frequency allocation and power levels. PCS 1900 is used primarily
in the USA. The term GSM 1800 is sometimes used for DCS 1800, and the term
GSM 1900 is sometimes used for PCS 1900. For specifics on the bands, refer to
Tab le 2-1.
The GSM digital communications standard employs an 8:1 Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA) allowing eight channels to use one carrier frequency
simultaneously. The 270.833 kbits/second raw bit rate is modulated on the RF
carrier using Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK).
The standard includes multiple traffic channels, a control channel, and a cell
broadcast channel. The GSM specification defines a channel spacing of 200 kHz.
Analysis
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MHz
824.2 - 848.8
MHz
479.0 - 485.8
MHz
450.6 - 457.4
MHz
1850 - 1910
MHz
1710 - 1785
MHz
869.0 - 894.0
MHz
489.0 - 495.8
MHz
460.6 - 467.4
MHz
1930 - 1990
MHz
1805 - 1880
512 to 885 512 to 810 259 to 293 306 to 340 128 to 251
270.833
270.833
270.833
270.833
270.833
kbits/s
kbits/s
kbits/s
kbits/s
kbits/s
921 - 960
925 - 960
935 - 960
MHz
955 to 1023
1 to 124 and
MHz
975 to 1023
MHz
1 to 124 0 to 124 and
45 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz
3 timeslots 3 timeslots 3 timeslots 3 timeslots 3 timeslots 3 timeslots 3 timeslots 3 timeslots
270.833
270.833
270.833
kbits/s
kbits/s
kbits/s
576.9 µs576.9µs 576.9 µs 576.9 µs 576.9 µs 576.9 µs 576.9 µs 576.9 µs
200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
MHz
876 - 915
MHz
880 - 915
MHz
890 - 915
P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 R-GSM 900 DCS 1800 PCS 1900 GSM450 GSM480 GSM850
Analysis
Modulation 0.3 GMSK 0.3 GMSK 0.3 GMSK 0.3 GMSK 0.3 GMSK 0.3 GMSK 0.3 GMSK 0.3 GMSK
Channel
Spacing
Range
(ARFCN)
TX/RX Spacing
(Freq.)
TX/RX Spacing
(Time)
Modulation
Data Rate
Frame Period 4.615 ms 4.615 ms 4.615 ms 4.615 ms 4.615 ms 4.615 ms 4.615 ms 4.615 ms
Downlink
(BTS
Uplink
Table 2-1 GSM Band Data
(MS Transmit)
Transmit)
Timeslot
Bit Period 3.692 µs 3.692 µs 3.692 µs 3.692 µs 3.692 µs3.692µs3.692µs 3.692 µs
Period
TDMA Mux 88888888
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The GSM framing structure is based on a hierarchical system consisting of
timeslots, TDMA frames, multiframes, superframes, and hyperframes. One
timeslot (or RF burst) consists of 148 bit periods including training sequence,
encryption, guard time, and data bits. Eight of these timeslots make up one TDMA
frame. Either 26 or 51 TDMA frames make up one multiframe. Frames 13 and 26
in the 26 frame multiframe are dedicated to control channel signaling.
These principles of the GSM systems lead to the need for the fundamental
transmitter measurements, one of which is Phase and Frequency Error which
verifies the accuracy of the transmitter’s 0.3 GMSK modulation process.
NOTE A full suite of GSM measurements (including Power vs. Time and Output RF
Spectrum) can be performed with Option BAH.
Mobile Stations And Base Transceiver Stations
The cellular system includes the following:
• base transceiver stations, referred to as BTS
(frequency ranges dependent on the standard; refer to Table 2-1)
• mobile stations, referred to as MS
(frequency ranges dependent on the standard; refer to Table 2-1)
Uplink And Downlink
Uplink is defined as the path from the mobile station to the base transceiver
station. Downlink is the path from the base transceiver station to the mobile
station.
What Is An ARFCN?
An ARFCN is the Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number used in the GSM
system. Each RF channel is shared by up to eight mobile stations using Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA). The ARFCN is an integer (in a range
dependent on the chosen standard, refer to Table 2-1) which designates the carrier
frequency.
Analysis
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What Is A Timeslot?
GSM utilizes Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with eight time slots per
RF channel which allows eight users to use a single carrier frequency
simultaneously. Users avoid one another by transmitting in series. The eight users
can transmit once every 4.62 ms for 1 timeslot which is 577 µs long. The eight user
timeslots are numbered from 0 to 7.
Typically, each 577 µs timeslot has a length of 156.25 bit periods, which consists
of 148 data bits and 8.25 guard bits. The 4.62 ms required to cycle through eight
timeslots is called a frame. In a TDMA system, the shape of each transmitted burst
must be controlled carefully to avoid over-lapping bursts in time.
Analysis
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The EDGE Standard
What is EDGE with GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) digital communications
standard defines a voice and data over-air interface between a mobile radio and the
system infrastructure. This standard was designed as the basis for a radio
communications system. A base station control center (BSC) is linked to multiple
base transceiver station (BTS) sites which provide the required coverage.
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) enhances the GSM standard
with a new modulation format (8PSK with 3pi/8 rotation) and filtering designed to
provide higher data rates in the same spectrum. EDGE allows more bits to be sent
in each burst. This increases the number of bits per symbol, and provides a 3-fold
increase in data rate over GSM’s GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying)
modulation format.
NOTE EDGE has also been adopted as the basis for IS-136HS (NADC + EDGE) signals.
GSM 450, GSM 480, GSM 850, GSM 900, DCS 1800, and PCS 1900 are
GSM-defined frequency bands. The term GSM 900 is used for any EDGE (with
GSM) system operating in the 900 MHz band, which includes P-GSM, E-GSM,
and R-GSM. Primary, or standard, GSM 900 band (P-GSM) is the original GSM
band. Extended GSM 900 band (E-GSM) includes all the P-GSM band plus an
additional 50 channels. Railway GSM 900 band (R-GSM) includes all the E-GSM
band plus additional channels. DCS 1800 is an adaptation of GSM 900, created to
allow for smaller cell sizes for higher system capacity. PCS 1900 is intended to be
identical to DCS 1800 except for frequency allocation and power levels. The term
GSM 1800 is sometimes used for DCS 1800, and the term GSM 1900 is
sometimes used for PCS 1900.
The GSM digital communications standard employs an 8:1 Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA) allowing eight channels to use one carrier frequency
simultaneously. The 270.833 kbits/second raw bit rate is modulated on the RF
carrier using Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK).The standard includes
multiple traffic channels (TCH), a control channel (CCH), and a broadcast control
channel (BCCH). The GSM specification defines a channel spacing of 200 kHz.
Analysis
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