• Adjustable or Fixed Output • High Current Regulators
1.5V, 2.5V, 2.85V, 3.0V, 3.3V, 3.5V and 5.0V
• Output Current of 1.5A • Adjustable Power Supply
• Low Dropout, 500mV at 1.5A Output Current • Notebook/Personal Computer Supplies
• Fast Transient Response
• Remote Sense
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The AMS1501 series of adjustable and fixed low dropout voltage regulators are designed to provide 1.5A output current to
power the new generation of microprocessors. The dropout voltage of the device is 100mV at light loads and rising to 500mV
at maximum output current. A second low current input voltage 1V or greater then the output voltage is required to achieve
this dropout. The AMS1501 can also be used as a single supply device.
New features have been added to the AMS1501: a remote Sense pin is brought out virtually eliminating output voltage
variations due to load changes. The typical load regulation, measured at the Sense pin, for a load current step of 100mA to
1.5A is less than 1mV.
The AMS1501 series has fast transient response. The Adjust pin is brought out on fixed devices. To further improve the
transient response the addition of a small capacitor on the Adjust pin is recommended.
The AMS1501 series are ideal for generating power supplies of 2V to 3V where both 5V and 3.3V supplies are available.
The AMS1501 devices are offered in in 5 lead TO-220, 5L TO-263 (plastic DD) and 5L TO-252 (DPAK) packages.
Thermal Resistance T Package: Control Circuitry/ Power Transistor 0.65/2.70 °C/W
Advanced Monolithic Systems, Inc.
Junction-to-Case M & D Package: Control Circuitry/ Power Transistor 0.65/2.70 °C/W
http://www.BDTIC.com/AMS
AMS1501
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Electrical Characteristics at I
= 0 mA, and TJ = +25°C unless otherwise specified.
OUT
Parameter
Device Conditions Min Typ Max Units
Dropout Voltage
Control Dropout
(V
Power Dropout
(V
CONTROL
POWER
- V
- V
OUT
OUT
)
AMS1501/-1.5/-2.5/
)
-2.85/-3.0/-3.3/-3.5/-5.0
AMS1501/-1.5/-2.5/
-2.85/-3.0/-3.3/-3.5/-5.0
Note 2
V
POWER
V
POWER
V
CONTROL
V
CONTROL
=V
=V
=V
=V
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
+ 0.8V, I
+ 0.8V, I
+ 2.5V, I
+ 2.5V, I
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
= 10mA
= 1.5A
= 10mA
= 1.5A
1.00
1.15
.10
.45
1.15
1.30
0.17
.50
V
V
V
V
Parameters identified with boldface type apply over the full operating temperature range.
Note 1:Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. For guaranteed specifications and test conditions, see the
Electrical Characteristics
Note 2: Unless otherwise specified V
. The guaranteed specifications apply only for the test conditions listed.
= V
OUT
. For the adjustable device V
SENSE
ADJ
= 0V.
Note 3: The dropout voltage for the AMS1501 is caused by either minimum control voltage or minimum power voltage. The specifications represent the
minimum input/output voltage required to maintain 1% regulation.
Note 4: For the adjustable device the minimum load current is the minimum current required to maintain regulation. Normally the current in the resistor
divider used to set the output voltage is selected to meet the minimum load current requirement.
Note 5: The control pin current is the drive current required for the output transistor. This current will track output current with a ratio of about 1:100. The
minimum value is equal to the quiescent current of the device.
PIN FUNCTIONS
Sense (Pin 1): This pin is the positive side of the reference
voltage for the device. With this pin it is possible to Kelvin
sense the output voltage at the load.
Adjust (Pin 2/5): This pin is the negative side of the
reference voltage for the device. Adding a small bypass
capacitor from the Adjust pin to ground improves the
transient response. For fixed voltage devices the Adjust
pin is also brought out to allow the user to add a bypass
capacitor.
GND (Pin 2/5): For fixed voltage devices this is the
bottom of the resistor divider that sets the output voltage.
V
POWER
device of the AMS1501. The output load current is
supplied through this pin. The voltage at this pin must
be between 0.1V and 0.8V greater than the output
voltage for the device to regulate.
V
CONTROL
control circuitry of the device. The current flow into
this pin will be about 1% of the output current. The
voltage at this pin must be 1.3V or greater than the
output voltage for the device to regulate.
Output (Pin 3/4): This is the power output of the
device.
(Pin 5/6): This pin is the collector to the power
(Pin 4/3): This pin is the supply pin for the
Advanced Monolithic Systems, Inc.
http://www.BDTIC.com/AMS
APPLICATION HINTS
The AMS1501 is designed to make use of multiple power
supplies, existing in most systems, to reduce the dropout voltage.
One of the advantages of the two supply approach is maximizing
the efficiency.
The second supply is at least 1V greater than output voltage and is
providing the power for the control circuitry and supplies the drive
current to the NPN output transistor. This allows the NPN to be
driven into saturation; thereby reducing the dropout voltage by a
VBE compared to conventional designs. For the control voltage
the current requirement is small equal to about 1% of the output
current or approximately 15mA for a 1.5A load. Most of this
current is drive current for the NPN output transistor. This drive
current becomes part of the output current. The maximum voltage
on the Control pin is 13V. The maximum voltage at the Power pin
is 7V. Ground pin current for fixed voltage devices is typical 6mA
and is constant as a function of load. Adjust pin current for
adjustable devices is 60µA at 25°C and varies proportional to
absolute temperature.
The improved frequency compensation of AMS1501 permits the
use of capacitors with very low ESR. This is critical in addressing
the needs of modern, low voltage high sped microprocessors.
Output voltage tolerances are tighter and include transient
response as part of the specification. Designed to meet the fast
current load step requirements, the AMS1501 also saves total cost
by needing less output capacitance to maintain regulation.
Careful design of the AMS1501 has eliminated any supply
sequencing issues associated with a dual supply system. The
output voltage will not turn on until both supplies are operating. If
the control voltage comes up first, the output current will be
limited to a few milliamperes until the power input voltage comes
up. If power input comes up first the output will not turn on at all
until the control voltage comes up. The output can never come up
unregulated. By tying the control and power inputs together the
AMS1501 can also be operated as a single supply device. In single
supply operation the dropout will be determined by the minimum
control voltage.
The new features of the AMS1501 require additional pins over the
traditional 3-terminal regulator. Both the fixed and adjustable
versions have remote sense pins, permitting very accurate
regulation of output voltage at the load, rather than at the
regulator. As a result, over an output current range of 100mA to
1.5A with a 2.5V output, the typical load regulation is less than
1mV. For the fixed voltages the adjust pin is brought out allowing
the user to improve transient response by bypassing the internal
resistor divider. Optimum transient response is provided using a
capacitor in the range of 0.1µF to 1µF for bypassing the Adjust
pin. The value chosen will depend on the amount of output
capacitance in the system.
In addition to the enhancements mentioned, the reference accuracy
has been improved by a factor of two with a guaranteed initial
tolerance of ±0.6% at 25°C. This device can hold 1% accuracy
over the full temperature range and load current range,
AMS1501
guaranteed, when combined with ratiometrically accurate internal
divider resistors and operating with an input/output differential of
well under 1V.
Typical applications for the AMS1501 include 3.3V to 2.5V
conversion with a 5V control supply, 5V to 4.2V conversion with
a 12V control supply or 5V to3.6V conversion with a 12V control
supply. Capable of 1.5A of output current with a maximum
dropout of 0.8V the AMS1501 also has a fast transient response
that allows it to handle large current changes. The device is fully
protected against overcurrent and overtemperature conditions.
Grounding and Output Sensing
The AMS1501 allows true Kelvin sensing for both the high and
low side of the load. As a result the voltage regulation at he load
can be easily optimized. Voltage drops due to parasitic resistances
between the regulator and the load can be placed inside the
regulation loop of the AMS1501. The advantages of remote
sensing are illustrated in figures 1 through 3.
Figure 1 shows the device connected as a conventional 3 terminal
regulator with the Sense lead connected directly to the output of
the device. R
between the device and the load. Typically R
PC traces and /or connector resistances (in the case of a modular
regulator) between the regulator and the load. Trace A of figure 3
illustrates the effect of RP. Very small resistances cause
significant load regulation steps.
Figure 2 shows the device connected to take advantage of the
remote sense feature. The Sense pin and the top of the resistor
divider are connected to the top of the load; the bottom of the
resistor divider is connected to the bottom of the load. R
connected inside the regulation loop of the AMS1501 and for
reasonable values of R
negligible. The effect on output regulation can be seen in trace B
of figure 3.
3.3V
is the parasitic resistance of the connections
P
the load regulation at the load will be
P
is made up of the
P
5V
CONTROL
POWER SENSE
AMS1501
ADJ
OUTPUT
R1
R2
R
P
LOAD
R
P
Figure 1. Conventional Load Sensing
is now
P
+
V
OUT
-
Advanced Monolithic Systems, Inc.
APPLICATION HINTS
http://www.BDTIC.com/AMS
5V
CONTROL
3.3V
POWER SENSE
AMS1501
OUTPUT
ADJ
R1
R2
Figure 2. Remote Load Sensing
V
OUT
FIGURE 1
V
OUT
FIGURE 2
(∆I
AMS1501
to allow this capability. To ensure good transient response with
heavy load current changes capacitor values on the order of 100µF
are used in the output of many regulators. To further improve
stability and transient response of these devices larger values of
output capacitor can be used.
The modern systems generate large high frequency current
transients. The load current step contains higher order frequency
R
P
LOAD
R
P
+
V
OUT
-
)(RP)
OUT
components than the output coupling network must handle until
the regulator throttles to the load current level. Because they
contain parasitic resistance and inductance, capacitors are not
ideal elements. These parasitic elements dominate the change in
output voltage at the beginning of a transient load step change.
The ESR of the output capacitors produces an instantaneous step
in output voltage (∆V=∆I)(ESR). The ESL of the output
capacitors produces a droop proportional to the rate of change of
the output current (V= L)(∆I/∆t). The output capacitance produces
a change in output voltage proportional to the time until the
regulator can respond (∆V=∆t) (∆I/C). Figure 4 illustrates these
transient effects.
ESR
EFFECTS
ESL
EFFECTS
CAPACITANCE
EFFECTS
I
OUT
TIME
Figure 3. Remote Sensing Improves Load Regulation
Voltage drops due to R
are not eliminated; they will add to the
P
dropout voltage of the regulator regardless of whether they are
inside or outside the regulation loop. The AMS1501 can control
the voltage at the load as long as the input-output voltage is
greater than the total of the dropout voltage of the device plus the
voltage drop across R
.
P
Stability
The circuit design used in the AMS1501 series requires the use of
an output capacitor as part of the device frequency compensation.
The addition of
150µF aluminum electrolytic or a 22µF solid
tantalum on the output will ensure stability for all operating
conditions. For best frequency response use capacitors with an
ESR of less than 1Ω.
In order to meet the transient requirements of the load larger value
capacitors are needed. Tight voltage tolerances are required in the
power supply. To limit the high frequency noise generated by the
load high quality bypass capacitors must be used. In order to limit
parasitic inductance (ESL) and resistance (ESR) in the capacitors
to acceptable limits, multiple small ceramic capacitors in addition
to high quality solid tantalum capacitors are required.
When the adjustment terminal is bypassed to improve the ripple
rejection, the requirement for an output capacitor increases. The
Adjust pin is brought out on the fixed voltage device specifically
SLOPE, V/t = ∆I/C
POINT AT WHICH REGULATOR
TAKES CONTROL
Figure 4.
Output Voltage
The AMS1501 series develops a 1.25V reference voltage between
the Sense pin and the Adjust pin (Figure5). Placing a resistor
between these two terminals causes a constant current to flow
through R1 and down through R2 to set the overall output voltage.
In general R1 is chosen so that this current is the specified
minimum load current of 10mA.The current out of the Adjust pin
is small, typically 50µA and it adds to the current from R1.
Because I
very precise output voltage setting is required. For best regulation
the top of the resistor divider should be connected directly to the
Sense pin.
Unlike older regulators, the AMS1501 family does not need any
protection diodes between the adjustment pin and the output and
from the output to the input to prevent die over-stress. Internal
resistors are limiting the internal current paths on the AMS1501
adjustment pin, therefore even with bypass capacitors on the
adjust pin no protection diode is needed to ensure device safety
under short-circuit conditions. The Adjust pin can be driven on a
transient basis ±7V with respect to the output without any device
degradation.
Diodes between the Output pin and V
needed. Microsecond surge currents of 25A to 50A can be handled
by the internal diode between the Output pin and V
the device. In normal operations it is difficult to get those values
of surge currents even with the use of large output capacitances. If
high value output capacitors are used, such as 1000µF to 5000µF
and the V
can occur. A diode from output to input is recommended, when a
crowbar circuit at the input of the AMS1501 is used (Figure 6).
Normal power supply cycling or even plugging and unplugging in
the system will not generate current large enough to do any
damage.
V
Input Crowbar Circuits
If the AMS1501 is connected as a single supply device with the
control and power input pins shorted together the internal diode
between the output and the power input pin will protect the control
input pin. As with any IC regulator, none the protection circuitry
will be functional and the internal transistors will break down if
the maximum input to output voltage differential is exceeded.
Thermal Considerations
The AMS1501 series have internal power and thermal limiting
circuitry designed to protect the device under overload conditions.
However maximum junction temperature ratings should not be
exceeded under continuous normal load conditions. Careful
consideration must be given to all sources of thermal resistance
from junction to ambient, including junction-to-case, case-to-heat
sink interface and heat sink resistance itself.
pin are not usually
POWER
pin is instantaneously shorted to ground, damage
POWER
V
CONTROL
POWER
+
CONTROL
POWER OUTPUT
+
AMS1501
ADJ
SENSE
D2*D1*
+
R1
R2
Figure 6. Optional Clamp Diodes Protect Against
POWER
pin of
V
OUT
AMS1501
Thermal resistance specification for both the Control Section and
the Power Transistor are given in the electrical characteristics.
The thermal resistance of the Control section is given as
0.65°C/W and junction temperature of the Control section can run
up to 125°C. The thermal resistance of the Power section is given
as 2.7°C/W and junction temperature of the Power section can run
up to 150°C. Due to the thermal gradients between the power
transistor and the control circuitry there is a significant difference
in thermal resistance between the Control and Power sections.
Virtually all the power dissipated by the device is dissipated in the
power transistor. The temperature rise in the power transistor will
be greater than the temperature rise in the Control section making
the thermal resistance lower in the Control section. At power
levels below 12W the temperature gradient will be less than 25°C
and the maximum ambient temperature will be determined by the
junction temperature of the Control section. This is due to the
lower maximum junction temperature in the Control section. At
power levels above 12W the temperature gradient will be greater
than 25°C and the maximum ambient temperature will be
determined by the Power section. In both cases the junction
temperature is determined by the total power dissipated in the
device. For most low dropout applications the power dissipation
will be less than 12W.
The power in the device is made up of two components: the power
in the output transistor and the power in the drive circuit. The
power in the control circuit is negligible.
The power in the drive circuit is equal to:
P
= (V
DRIVE
where I
I
OUT
CONTROL
/58(max).
The power in the output transistor is equal to:
P
= (V
OUTPUT
The total power is equal to:
P
= P
TOTAL
DRIVE
Junction-to-case thermal resistance is specified from the IC
junction to the bottom of the case directly below the die. This is
the lowest resistance path for the heat flow. In order to ensure the
best possible thermal flow from this area of the package to the
heat sink proper mounting is required. Thermal compound at the
case-to-heat sink interface is recommended. A thermally
conductive spacer can be used, if the case of the device must be
electrically isolated, but its added contribution to thermal
resistance has to be considered.
- V
CONTROL
OUT
)(I
CONTROL
is equal to between I
-V
)(I
POWER
+ P
OUT
OUTPUT
)
OUT
)
/100(typ) and
OUT
Advanced Monolithic Systems, Inc.
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
http://www.BDTIC.com/AMS
Control Pin Current vs
Output CurrentMinimum Control Voltage