Adtran TRC6320 Manual rev

TRACER 6000 SERIES

Split System Manual

12806200L1 TRACER 6200 Modular Indoor Unit (IDU) 12806320L1A TRACER 6320 5.8 GHz Outdoor Unit (ODU) Plan A 12806320L1B TRACER 6320 5.8 GHz Outdoor Unit (ODU) Plan B

612806320L1-1A March 2005

Trademarks TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

Trademarks

Any brand names and product names included in this manual are trademarks, registered trademarks, or trade names of their respective holders.

To the Holder of the Manual

The contents of this manual are current as of th e date of publication. ADTRAN reserves the right to change the contents without prior notice.

In no event will ADTRAN be liable for any special, incidental, or consequential damages or for commercial losses even if ADTRAN has been advised thereof as a result of issue of this publication.

About this Manual

This manual provides a complete description of the TRACER 6000 Series split system and system software.The purpose of this manual is to provide the technician, system administrator, and manager with general and specific information related to the planning, installation, operation, and maintenance of the TRACER 6000 Series split systems. This manual is arranged so that needed information can be quickly and easily found.

901 Explorer Boulevard

P.O. Box 140000

Huntsville, AL 35814-4000

Phone: (256) 963-8000

Printed in U.S.A.

TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual Revision History

Revision History

Document

Revision

A March 2005 Initial release of manual.

Date Description of Changes

Notes provide additional useful information.

Cautions signify information that could prevent service interruption.

Warnings provide information that could prevent damage to the equipment or endangerment to human life.

Safety Instructions TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

Safety Instructions

When using your telephone equipment, please follow these basic safety precautions to reduce the risk of fire, electrical shock, or personal injury:

1. Do not use this product near water, such as a bathtub, wash bowl, kitchen sink, laundry tub, in a wet basement, or near a swimming pool.

2. Avoid using a telephone (other than a cordless-type) during an electrical storm. There is a remote risk of shock from lightning.

3. Do not use the telephone to report a gas leak in the vicinity of the leak.

4. Use only the power cord, power supply, and/or batteries indicated in the manual. Do not dispose of batteries in a fire. They may explode. Check with local codes for special disposal instructions.

Save These Important Safety Instructions

TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual FCC-Required Information

FCC-Required Information

Federal Communications Commission Radio Frequency Interference Statement

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio frequencies. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.

Shielded cables must be used with this unit to ensure compliance with Class A FCC limits.

Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly appr oved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.

Radio Frequency Interface Statement

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for an intentional radiator, p ursuant to Part 15, Subpart C of the FCC Rules. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy. If not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, it may cause interference to radio communications.

The limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential situation. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment on and off, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna of the affected radio or television.

• Increase the separation between the equipment and the affected receiver.

• Connect the equipment and the affected receiver to power outlets on separate circuits.

• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

Changes or modifications not expressly approved by ADTRAN could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.

FCC-Required Information TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

FCC Output Power Restrictions

The FCC does not require licensing to implement this device. License-free operation in the industrial, scientific, and medical band is documented in FCC Rules Part 15.247. It is the responsibility of the individuals designing and implementing the radio system to assure compliance with any pertinent FCC Rules and Regulations. This device must be professionally installed.

Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields

The TRACER 6320 is designed to operate at 5.8 GHz with 100 mW maximum transmit power.

This space reserved for international application notations.

This level of RF energy is below the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) levels specified in FCC OET 65:97-01. The installation of high gain antenna equipment in the system configuration may create the opportunity for exposure to levels higher than recommended for the general population at a distance less than 15 feet (4.6 meter) from the center of the antenna. The following precautions must be taken during installation of this equipment:

Verify the antenna installation meets all regulations specified in the National Electric Code (NEC) Article 810.

• The installed antenna must not be located in a manner that allows exposure of the general population to the direct beam path of the antenna at a distance less than 15 feet (4.6 meters). Installation on towers, masts, or rooftops not accessible to the general population is recommended; or

• Mount the antenna in a manner that prevents any personnel from entering the area within 15 feet (4.6 meter) from the front of the antenna.

• It is recommended that the installer place radio frequency hazard warnings signs on the barrier that prevents access to the antenna.

• Prior to installing the antenna to the TRACER output, make sure the power is adjusted to the settings specified in section 2 of this manual.

• During antenna installation, be sure that power to the TRACER equipment is turned off in order to prevent any energy presence on the coaxial connector.

• During installation and alignment of the antenna, do not stand in front of the antenna assembly.

• During installation and alignment of the antenna, do not handle or touch the front of the antenna.

These simple precautions must be taken to prevent general population and installation personnel from exposure to RF energy in excess of specified MPE levels.

TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

Warranty, Customer Service, Product Support Information, and Training

ADTRAN will repair and return this product within the warranty period if it does not meet its published specifications or fails while in service. Warranty information can be found at www.adtran.com/warranty.

A return material authorization (RMA) is required prior to returning equipment to ADTRAN. For service, RMA requests, training, or more information, use the contact information given below.

Repair and Return

If you determine that a repair is needed, please contact our Customer and Product Service (CaPS) department to have an RMA number issued. CaPS should also be contacted to obtain information regarding equipment currently in house or possible fees associated with repair.

CaPS Department (256) 963-8722

Identify the RMA number clearly on the package (below address), and return to the following address:

ADTRAN Customer and Product Service 901 Explorer Blvd. (East Tower) Huntsville, Alabama 35806

RMA # _____________

Pre-Sales Inquiries and Applications Support

Your reseller should serve as the first point of contact for support. If additional pre-sales support is needed, the ADTRAN Support website provides a variety of support services such as a searchable knowledge base, latest product documentation, application briefs, case studies, and a link to submit a question to an Applications Engineer. All of this, and more, is available at:

http://support.adtran.com

When needed, further pre-sales assistance is available by calling our Applications Engineering Department.

Applications Engineering (800) 615-1176

TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

Post-Sale Support

Your reseller should serve as the first point of contact for support. If additional support is needed, the ADTRAN Support website provides a variety of support services such as a searchable knowledge base, updated firmware releases, latest product documentation, service request ticket generation and trouble-shooting tools. All of this, and more, is available at:

http://support.adtran.com

When needed, further post-sales assistance is available by calling our Technical Support Center. Please have your unit serial number available when you call.

Technical Support (888) 4ADTRAN

Maintenance Support

The ADTRAN Custom Extended Services (ACES) program offers multiple types and levels of maintenance services which allow you to choose the kind of assistance you need. This support is available at:

http://www.adtran.com/aces

For questions, call the ACES Help Desk.

ACES Help Desk (888) 874-ACES (2237)

Training

The Enterprise Network (EN) Technical Training Department offers training on our most popular products. These courses include overviews on product features and functions while covering applications of ADTRAN's product lines. ADTRAN provides a variety of training op tions, including customized training and courses taught at our facilities or at your site. For more information about training, please contact your Territory Manager or the Enterprise Training Coordinator.

Training Phone (800) 615-1176, ext. 7500 Training Fax (256) 963-6700 Training Email training@adtran.com

Section 1 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Provides an overview of the TRACER 6000 Series split system.

Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Explains the basics of analyzing a wireless microwave link or path. Defines significant parameters and makes several installation recommendations.

Section 3 Engineering Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Provides information to assist network designers with incorporating the TRACER 6000 Series split system into their networks.

Section 4 Network Turnup Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Provides shipment contents list, grounding instructions, mounting options, and specifics of supplying power to the unit.

Section 5 User Interface Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Provides detailed descriptions of all menu options and configuration parameters available for the TRACER 6000 Series split system.

Section 6 Detail Level Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Provides detailed instructions on performing common system tasks such as connecting to the system and upgrading firmware.

DLP-1 Connecting a VT100 Terminal or PC to the CRAFT Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

DLP-2 Logging into the TRACER System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

DLP-3 Setting IP Parameters for the TRACER System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

DLP-4 Verifying Communications Over an IP LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

DLP-5 Updating the Firmware Using TFTP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

DLP-6 Updating the Firmware Using XMODEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Section 7 MIBs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Provides a listing of SNMP Management Information Bases (MIBs) supported by the TRACER 6000 split system. This section also lists traps supported for each MIB.

Section 8 Troubleshooting Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Provides helpful information for troubleshooting common configuration problems for the TRACER 6000 Series.

Table of Contents TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Provides an overview of the TRACER 6000 Series split system.

CONTENTS

System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Features and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Configuration and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Operational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

E1 Network Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

T1 Network Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Quad Ethernet Switch Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Section 1 System Description TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

1. SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The TRACER 6000 series wireless modular radio system provides license-free scalable connectivity for service providers and corporate networks. These radios feature two modular network interface ports that can accommodate various combinations of T1, E1, and Ethernet option cards up to 8xT1/E1 (16.384 Mbps maximum). This flexibility provides customized time division multiplex (TDM) and packet solutions for voice and data applications in a single platform. The TRACER 6000 series radios provide carrier class point-to-point connectivity for up to 30 miles in the 5.8 GHz frequency band. A TRACER 6000 Series split system consists of a TRACER 6200 Indoor Unit (IDU) and a TRACER 6320 Outdoor Unit (ODU) at each end of the link. The TRACER 6200/6320 combination maximizes flexibility and reduces installation costs by providing outdoor-mounted radio options (TRACER 6320).

Reserved for international application notations.

Complete network management is supported via simple network management protocol (SNMP), Telnet access, and a VT100 terminal interface ( T1/E1/Ethernet alarm conditions and statistics, enabling remote installations to report outages without requiring a visit to the remote site. Version 2 standard management information bases (MIBs) are supported for all interface cards, while an enterprise-specific MIB is provided for radio functionality. Triple-DES (3DES) security provides additional protection from unauthorized access without requiring any additional external security appliances. Future upgrades and enhancements can be added through FLASH firmware downloads via trivial file transfer protocol (TFTP) (on the Ethernet interface) or XMODEM on the

CRAFT port.

CRAFT port). SNMP traps are implemented for all RF link and

Receive sensitivity is optimized through the use of extensive forward error correction and high-performance receiver design techniques. Dynamic receive sensitivity allows the user to increase receiver performance by decreasing the delivered bandwidth. This feature maximizes link performance by customizing the delivered bandwidth to the specific needs of the installation. Three software selectable channel plans are supported to simplify frequency coordination at co-located sites. Channel plans are easily changed via any of the software management interfaces without the added expense of hardware upgrades or spare filter assemblies.

TRACER wireless solutions maximize equipment density through the combination of compact size (only 1U rack space required for the Indoor Unit (IDU)), low power consumption, and high thermal transfer. TRACER systems can be deployed at twice the density of other available wireless products.

2. FEATURES AND BENEFITS

The following is a brief list of the TRACER 6000 Series split system features and benefits:

Configuration and Management

• VT100 control ports (RS232 via a DB-9 interface) for configuration and monitoring

• Telnet access via the 10/100BaseT/TX Management interface

• SNMPv2 control over the RF link and E1/T1/Ethernet interfaces using standard and enterprise-specific MIBs

TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual Section 1 System Description

Operational

• Frequency: 5.725 to 5.850 GHz

• Dual module slots for network connectivity

• Up to 8xT1 or E1s bandwidth (16.384 Mbps) using two 4xT1 or 4xE1 network modules

• Point-to-point transmission

• Indoor (IDU) and Outdoor (ODU) system components

• IDU 1U high for easy rack mounting

E1 Network Module

• Four E1 circuits provided through a single DB-25, 75Ω connector

• Complies with CCITT G.703, G.704, and G.823 standards (with the BNC breakout panel)

• E1 circuit alarm reporting capability

• Testing support through local and remote line and link loopbacks

•75Ω E1 breakout panel (P/N 1280060L1) provides BNC interfaces for E1 connections

T1 Network Module

• Four T1 circuits provided through four RJ-45 connectors

• Complies with ANSI T1.403 and AT&T 54016 and 62411

• T1 circuit alarm reporting capability

• Testing support through local and remote line and link loopbacks

Quad Ethernet Switch Module

• Four 10/100BaseT/TX interfaces provided through four RJ-45 connectors

• Auto MDI/MDIX crossover on all interfaces

• Back-pressure flow control on all half-duplex interfaces

• Pause-frame flow control on all full-duplex interfaces

Section 1 System Description TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

MICROWAVE PATH ENGINEERING BASICS

Explains the basics of analyzing a wireless microwave link or path. Defines significant parameters and makes several installation recommendations.

CONTENTS

Line-of-Sight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Decibels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Calculating the Fade Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Receiver Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Antenna Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Transmitted Power (PT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Carrier Wavelength (l). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Path Distance (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

System Losses (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Path Loss (LP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Receiver Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Antenna Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Antenna Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

TRACER RSSI Test Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Antenna Beam Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Fresnel Zones, Earth Curvature, and Antenna Heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Path Availability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

FIGURES

Figure 1. Example Microwave Path with Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Figure 2. Typical Antenna Beam Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

TABLES

Table 1. Antenna Gain for Given Dish Diameters (Standard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Table 2. Antenna Gain for Given Dish Diameters (Metric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Table 3. Typical Coaxial Loss for Common Cable Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Table 4. Path Loss for Given Path Lengths (miles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Table 5. Path Loss for Given Path Lengths (kilometers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Table 6. Receiver Sensitivity for the TRACER 6320 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Table 7. Minimum Antenna Height for Given Path Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Table 8. Minimum Antenna Height for Given Path Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

1. LINE-OF-SIGHT

The TRACER 6200/6320 system is designed for operation in the license-free 5.725 GHz to 5.850 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. Radio wave propagation in this band exhibits microwave characteristics which are ideally suited for point-to-point, line-of-sight communications. Line-of-sig ht requires that the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna are able to “see” each other, and that the straight-line path between the two antennas is free of obstructions such as buildings, trees, mountains, and in longer paths, even the curvature of the earth. For maximum signal strength, the area around the visual line-of-sight where microwave signals reflect (Fresnel zone) must also be free of obstructions. Fresnel zones are discussed in more detail on page 24.

Terminology

Point-to-Point Wireless communication from a single site to another individual

site. Contrast with point-to-multipoint.

Line-of-Sight An unobstructed, direct path exists between the transmitting and

the receiving antennas.

2. DECIBELS

Understanding the decibel (dB) format is key when discussing microwave path engineering because the received signal power is often expressed in decibel format. In general, any quantity can be expressed in decibels. If the quantity x is a power level (in Watts), the de cibel equivalent is defined as

10 log10x()

⋅

(dB)

If the quantity x is referenced to a milliwatt (mW), then the decibel-milliwatt (dBm) is used instead of a generic decibel.

dBm

10 log

⋅

⎛⎞

------------ -

⎝⎠

1mW

(dBm)

Using the decibel format simplifies power calculations by reducing multiplication and division operations into addition and subtraction operations.

3. CALCULATING THE FADE MARGIN

It is imperative to determine whether the proposed microwave path is suitable (at a minimum) for ideal, nondistorted signals before attempting instal lation.

The fade margin (F ) is a value in decibels (dB) that represents the amount of signal reduction that can be tolerated before the link exceeds the specified bit error rate (BER). Fade margin is simply the difference between the available signal power at the receiver (P

) and the receiver sensitivity (P

sens

–=

RPsens

= PT + GT + GR - L - LP - P

sens

(dB)

TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics

where the variables in the equations are defined as

received power (dBm) transmitted power (adjustable up to 20 dBm maximum) transmit antenna gain (decibels referenced to an isotropic source – dBi) receive antenna gain (dBi)

L other losses (RF coaxial cable, etc. – dB) L

path loss (dB)

Higher levels of fade margin indicate stronger protection against signal fading and a more reliable link . For most applications, 20 to 30 dB of fade margin should ensure a reliable link.

The following sections further discuss the necessary power calculations and their components.

4. RECEIVER POWER

The viability of a particular microwave path is determined by the power of the transmitted microwave signal, the transmit and receive antenna gain, distance, and accumulated system losses (such as RF coaxial cable losses and path loss).

The equation relating received signal power to the other microwave parameters is

PTGTG

------------------------------=

()2d2L

(Watts, W)

or (in decibel notation)

= PT + GT + GR - L - L

where the variables in the equations are defined as

received power (dBm) transmitted power (adjustable up to 20 dBm maximum) transmit antenna gain (decibels referenced to an isotropic source – dBi) receive antenna gain (dBi)

λ carrier wavelength (meters)

d path distance (meters) L other losses (RF coaxial cable, etc. – dB) L

path loss (dB)

When using decibel notation, all quantities must be individually converted to decibels prior to performing addition and subtraction.

(decibels referenced to a milliwatt, dBm)

Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

Figure 1 illustrates a wireless link configuration containing all the parameters necessary for the power budget analysis.

d, L

Figure 1. Example Microwave Path with Parameters

The following sections further discuss the power budget analysis and its components.

Antenna Gain

This section does not apply to customers deploying the TRACER 6320 ODU with integrated antenna.

Actual transmit and receive antenna gain values depend strictly upon the physical characteristics of the antennas installed for each link. In other words, the size of the dish determines the antenna gain. Using a parabolic dish antenna results in the best performance. Antenna gains are specified in terms of decibels of gain referenced to an isotropic source (dBi). An isotropic source is a hypothetical antenna having equal radiation in all directions. Typical antenna gains are listed in Table 1 (standard) and Table 2 on page 19 (metric); however, dish manufacturers can provide gains for specific types of antennas.

Table 1. Antenna Gain for Given Dish Diameters (Standard)

Dish Diameter

(in feet)

228.5

434.2

637.5

840.7 10 42.5 12 44.2

Gain at 5.8 GHz

(in dBi)

TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics

Table 2. Antenna Gain for Given Dish Diameters (Metric)

Dish Diameter

(in meters)

0.6 28.5

0.8 31.1

1.0 33.0

1.2 33.0

1.5 34.6

1.8 37.9

2.0 39.0

Gain at 5.8 GHz

(in dBi)

Transmitted Power (PT)

The FCC specifies the maximum transmitter power used for antennae of a given gain. FCC Rules (Part 15, Subpart 247) allow for a maximum transmit power of 1 Watt (30 dBm). Since the TRACER 6320 maximum transmit power is 100 milliwatts, there is no reduction in transmitter output power required.

The TRACER 6320 ODU with integrated antenna has a maximum transmit power of 100 milliwatts (20 dBm). The transmitter can be adjusted from approximately 0 to 20 dBm. This antenna has an EIRP of less than +33 dBm.

Carrier Wavelength (λ)

The carrier wavelength is the physical wavelength of the main RF carrier being used for communication, and is usually approximated at the center frequency of the band (which is 5787.5 MHz for the TRACER 6320). The carrier wavelength calculations follow

λ = c / f (meters)

where

c = speed of light (in meters) f = frequency (in Hz)

resulting in the following carrier wavelength

λ = 3.00 x 10

/ 5787.5 x 10

= 0.0518 m or 5.18 cm

Path Distance (d)

The path distance is simply the physical distance between the transmit and receive antennas. For the TRACER 6320, these distances can range up to 30 miles (48.27 meters).

System Losses (L)

System losses are defined by RF coaxial cable loss, connector losses, and losses added from any additional lightning protection devices for the power budget analysis. Coaxial cable is required to attach the TRACER 6320 to the antenna (for all systems without the integrated antenna). The length of the cable varies from a few feet to hundreds of feet, depending upon your applica tion and the proximity of the TRACER 6320 to the antenna. Various grades of coaxial cable will work sufficiently for connecting the TRACER 6320 unit to the antenna. A low-loss coaxial cable will minimize cable losses.

Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

One end of the coaxial cable requires an N-type male connector (plug) to mate with the TRACER 6320 unit. The other end of the coaxial cable requires a connector compatible with the antenna chosen for the installation (usually an N-type male connector). Additionally, ADTRAN recommends that the outdoor connector on the coaxial cable be weatherproofed to prevent corrosion and electrical shorting.

In areas wher e lightning strikes are frequent, a lightning arrestor should be installed directly on the antenna coaxial cable. Installing lightning arrestors helps protect the RF electronics (including the TRACER 6320 unit) in the downstream path from damaging voltages and currents.

IF lightning arrestors must have the ability to pass DC voltages (up to +/- 60 volts) and should be installed with care.

Table 3 gives typical loss figures for some of the more common coaxial cable types (per 100 feet).

Table 3. Typical Coaxial Loss for Common Cable Types

Cable Type 5.8 GHz Loss/100 ft (in dB)

RG58 N/A RG8 (air) N/A RG8 (foam) N/A 1/4” Coax 11.36 3/8” Coax 9.65 1/2” Coax 6.49 5/8” Coax 4.90 7/8” Coax N/A 1 1/4” Coax N/A 1 5/8” Coax N/A

5.8 GHz Elliptical Waveguide 1.23

Path Loss (LP)

Path loss is the estimated attenuation between the transmit and receive antennas caused by signal separation and scattering. The path loss is considered basic transmission loss over the microwave link. The following expression calculates path loss:

⎛⎞

--------- -

⎝⎠

⎛⎞ ⎝⎠

----------- c

(dB)

where

f carrier frequency (Hz) λ carrier wavelength (c / f) (meters)

d path distance (meters) c speed of light, free-space (meters)

TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics

96.6 20 log10d() 20·log+

⋅

f()

(dB)

where d is expressed in miles and f in GHz.

Path loss, as shown here, increases rapidly as either the path length increases or the carrier wavelength decreases (which happens as the carrier frequency increases). Therefore, longer microwave paths naturally experience more path loss than shorter paths. Likewise, higher frequency microwave communication experiences more path loss than lower frequency microwave communication.

The path loss values for various path lengths for the TRACER 5.8 GHz system are listed in Table 4 (miles) and Table 5 (kilometers). Values not listed in the tables can be interpolated from those listed.

Table 4. Path Loss for Given Path Lengths (miles)

Path Length

(miles)

1112 2118 3121 4124

5126 10 132 15 135 20 138 25 140 30 141 35 143

Path Loss

(dB)

Table 5. Path Loss for Given Path Lengths (kilometers)

Path Length (kilometers)

1108

2114

3117

4120

5122 10 128 15 131 20 134 25 136 30 137 35 139

Path Loss

(dB)

Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

5. RECEIVER SENSITIVITY

Receiver sensitivity is a value expressed in decibels referenced to one milliwatt (dBm) that corresponds to the minimum amount of signal power needed at the receiver to achieve a given bit error rate (BER). Receiver sensitivity is usually a negative number of decibels, and smaller receiver sensitivity (higher quantity negative number) is better for a given BER. Several factors affect receiver sensitivity, including the data bandwidth of the wireless link and the amount of additional signal degradation introduced in the receiver electronics.

Receiver sensitivity of the TRACER 6320 is dynamic as a function of the desired bandwidth; receiver sensitivity improves as delivered bandwidth decreases. TRACER bandwidth is provided in the form of 8 channels available for mapping to the interface modules. For T1 and E1 modules, each channel mapped represents a single T1 or E1 interface. For Quad Ethernet Switch modules, each channel mapped represents 2 Mb of Ethernet data delivered to the module. In situations where 8-channel connectivity is not required, the delivered bandwidth can be decreased to 4 or 2 channels, and the receiver sensitivity will be improved as follows:

Table 6. Receiver Sensitivity for the TRACER 6320

Receiver

Delivered Bandwidth

8xT1 -85 dBm 4xT1 -89 dBm 2xT1 -92 dBm

8xE1 or 16 Mbps Ethernet -83 dBm

4xE1 or 8 Mbps Ethernet -87 dBm 2xE1 or 4 Mbps Ethernet -90 dBm

Sensitivity

Should an interferer be present nearby, three software-selectable band plans are provided for frequency agility. Changing the TRACER 6320 band plan does not require additional components, or opening of the radio. See > RF Link Configuration > RF Band Plan on page 65 for additional details.

6. ANTENNA INFORMATION

The overall wireless system is directly affected by the antenna selection and installation, discussed in the following sections.

Verify the antenna installation meets all regulations specified in the National Electric Code (NEC) Article 810.

TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics

Antenna Alignment

This section does not apply to systems deploying the TRACER 6320 ODU with integrated antenna.

With line-of-sight microwave communications, optimum system performance requires that the transmitting and receiving antennas are properly aligned. This ensures maximum received signal power at each receiver. Antenna alignment must be achieved in both azimuth (along a horizontal plane) and elevation (along a vertical plane). By ensuring maximum received signal strength, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) helps the equipment installer to determine when alignment is maximized.

TRACER RSSI Test Points

RSSI for the TRACER 6000 Series split system is provided through the RSSI test points located on the front of the TRACER 6200 IDU and on the bottom of the TRACER 6320 ODU. It is also presented via the VT100 terminal menus as a series of bars indicating signal strength. More bars means more RSSI, which ensures greater received signal strength and better link performance.

If both the local and remote end of the system are operational, the remote system receive power can be viewed from the local TRACER 6200 IDU VT100 terminal menu interface.

An RSSI test point is provided on the front panel of the TRACER 6200 IDU and beneath a weatherproof cap on the bottom of the TRACER 6320 ODU. The RSSI test points provide a DC voltage level (relative to

GND test point) that corresponds to the amount of signal being received from the far end’s transmitter.

the The voltage at this test point can vary from approximately 0 to 5 VDC. An RSSI calibration sheet is shipped with the system to provide the installer a cross-reference between actual received signal level (in dBm) and RSSI voltage. This sheet is useful for verifying link budget calculations and ensuring proper equipment installation

Antenna Beam Patterns

This section does not apply to systems deploying the TRACER 6320 ODU with integrated antenna.

Directly related to the subject of antenna alignment is the topic of antenna beam patterns. Antennas used with the TRACER system have a particular beam shape, determined in part by the physical construction and geometry of the antenna. The antenna beam patterns are charac terized by a d ominant main lobe, which is the preferred lobe to use for point-to-point communications, and several side lobes, as shown in Figure 2. When setting up a microwave link, antenna alignment is nothing more than steering the main lobes of both antennas until the main lobe of one transmitter is centered on the receiving element of the receiving antenna.

Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

main lobe

side lobes

Figure 2. Typical Antenna Beam Pattern

Antennas are also designed to radiate RF energy efficiently for a specific range of frequencies. Please consult the data sheet for your particular antenna make and model to ensure that it is specified to operate in the 5725 MHz to 5850 MHz frequency band for the TRACER 6320 system.

Fresnel Zones, Earth Curvature, and Antenna Heights

Fresnel zones correspond to regions in the microwave path where reflections of the intended signal occur and combine in both constructive and destructive manners with the main signal, thereby either enhancing or reducing the net power at the receiver.

In general, the odd numbered Fresnel zones (1, 3, 5, ...) add constructively at the receiver, while the even numbered Fresnel zones (2, 4, 6, ...) add destructively at the receiver.

The first Fresnel zone corresponds to the main lobe, 60 percent of which must be free of physical obstructions for the path calculations to be valid. Since the main lobe contains the vast majority of the microwave energy, this zone is typically used to determine proper antenna heights when placing antennas on towers or buildings.

The curvature of the Earth becomes a legitimate obstruction for path lengths of 7 miles (11.26 kilometers) or greater, and must also be accounted for when determining minimum antenna heights.

The aggregate expression for minimum antenna height that incorporates both the 60 percent first Fresnel zone and the Earth’s curvature is given by

h72.1

---- 4f

0.125d

(feet)

where f is in GHz and d is in miles, or

21.975

------------ -

6.436f

0.0147d

(meters)

where f is in GHz and d is in kilometers.

The minimum antenna heights for given path lengths are displayed in Table 7 on page 25 (feet/miles) and Table 8 on page 25 (meters/kilometers).

TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics

Table 7. Minimum Antenna Height for Given Path Lengths

Path Length

(miles)

Min. Antenna Height

(ft)

2 22 4 32 6 41

8 50 10 60 14 81 16 92 18 104 20 117 22 131 24 145 26 161 28 177 30 194 32 213 34 232 36 252

Table 8. Minimum Antenna Height for Given Path Lengths

Path Length (kilometers)

2 5

4 8

6 10

8 11 10 13 14 16 16 18 18 20 20 22 22 24 24 26 26 28 28 31 30 33 32 35 34 38 36 41

Min. Antenna Height

(meters)

Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

7. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Path Availability

The path availability of a wireless link is a metric that expresses the fractional amount of time a link is available over some fixed amount of time, and depends on several factors. Path availability is expressed as

A12.510

()abfd310

where the parameters are

a terrain factor b climate factor f carrier frequency (GHz) d path length (miles) F fade margin (dB)

6.00 10

()abfd310

where the parameters are

a terrain factor b climate factor f carrier frequency (GHz) d path length (kilometers) F fade margin (dB)

6–

7–

F10

⁄

–

()–[]100%

F10

–

()–[]100%

⁄

(%)

Terrain Factor (a)

The terrain factor is a quantity that compensates the link availability for different types of terrain. Generally speaking, the smoother an area’s terrain, the less availability a wireless link running over that terrain will have, primarily due to multipath reflections. In contrast, secondary microwave signals will be randomly dispersed over rough terrain and will not interfere with the main signal lobe as badly as in the smooth terrain case. The terrain factor values normally used are listed below:

Terrain Terrain Factor Description

Smooth 4 water, flat desert

Average 1 moderate roughness

Mountainous 1/4 very rough, mountainous

TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics

Climate Factor (b)

The climate factor is a quantity that compensates the link availability for different types of climates (weather). In general, microwave links operating in areas with high humidity will have less availability than those in arid areas, primarily because water is a dispersive mechanism to microwave energy and causes the main signal lobe to refract and disperse away from the receiver location. The climate factor values normally used are listed below

Climate Climate Factor Description

Very Dry 1/8 desert regions

Temperate 1/4 mainland, interior region

Humid 1/2 humid and coastal regions

Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

ENGINEERING GUIDELINES

Provides information to assist network designers with incorporating the TRACER 6000 Series split system into their networks.

CONTENTS

Equipment Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Power Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Reviewing the Front Panel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

RSSI Monitoring Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Front Panel LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

AUX RS232 Interface (RJ-45). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

CRAFT Port (DB-9). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Reviewing the TRACER 6200 Rear Panel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

MGMT 10/100BaseT/TX Connection (RJ-45). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

DC Power Connection (Plug-In Terminal Block). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Fuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Alarm Contacts (Plug-In Terminal Block) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

To ODU Interface (N-Type Connector) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

TRACER 6320 Outdoor Unit (ODU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

RSSI Monitoring Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

To IDU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Network Module Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4xE1 Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4xT1 Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Quad Ethernet Switch Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

At-A-Glance Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

FIGURES

Figure 1. TRACER 6200 Front Panel Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 2. TRACER 6200 Rear Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Figure 3. TRACER 6320 ODU Bottom Panel without Integrated Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Figure 4. TRACER 6320 ODU Bottom Panel with Integrated Antenna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Figure 5. E1 Breakout Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

TABLES

Table 1. TRACER 6200 Front Panel Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Table 2. TRACER 6200 LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Table 3. AUX RS232 Pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Table 4. CRAFT Pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Table 5. Null-Modem Pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Table 6. Rear Panel Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Table 7. MGMT 10/100BaseT/TX Interface Pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Section 3 Engineering Guidelines TRACER 6000 Series Split System Manual

Table 8. DC Power Connector Example Pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Table 9. Alarm Contact Connector Pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Table 10. ODU Bottom Panel Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Table 11. 4xE1 Module DB-25 Connector Pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Table 12. DB-25 to 75Ω Unbalanced Cable Pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Table 13. 4xT1 Module RJ-45 Connector Pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Table 14. Quad Ethernet Switch RJ-45 Connector Pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Table 15. At-A-Glance Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

+ 98 hidden pages