Adrian Empire MARSHAL-2002 User Manual

The Adrian Empire, Inc.

IMPERIAL CROWN WRIT #02-01

MARSHALS MANUAL

As per the expressed wishes of the Imperial Estates, July 20, 2002, the Marshal's Manual is authorized for playtesting
throughout Adria. This manual is available at the Adrian Empire website: http: //www.adrianempire.org/library.html The
Imperial War 2002 shall utilize the manual for its marshalling with this exception: If you have been qualified as a
marshal under the old system, and attend the Saturday morning Meeting of the Marshals, then you will be deemed
qualified to marshal at the Imperial War 2002.

So say We,
Maedb Hawkins, Empress and Karl von Katzburg, Kaiser
July 31, 2002

AS ADOPTED FOR PLAYTEST JULY 2002

© 2002 The Adrian Empire Inc., all rights reserved.

Anyone is welcome to point out any error or omission that they may find.

Imperial Crown Marshal [e-mail]

Empress [e-mail]
Emperor [e-mail]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface................................................................................................................................................................4

I. Description of a Marshal.............................................................................................................................4

A. Perspective........................................................................................................................................4

B. Who may be a Marshal......................................................................................................................4

C. Scope of Duties and Responsibilities...................................................................................................4

II. Equipment Inspections.................................................................................................................................5

A. Armor ...............................................................................................................................................5

B. Weapons...........................................................................................................................................6

III. Marshalling Combat in General....................................................................................................................7

A. "Lay on"............................................................................................................................................7

B. "Hold"...............................................................................................................................................7

C. What to Watch For............................................................................................................................8

IV. Marshalling Tournaments.............................................................................................................................9

A. Prerequisites......................................................................................................................................9

B. List Field Setup................................................................................................................................10

C. Combat Initiation.............................................................................................................................10

D. Combat...........................................................................................................................................12

E. Conflict Resolution...........................................................................................................................13

V. Marshalling War........................................................................................................................................13

A. Prerequisites....................................................................................................................................13

B. BattleField Setup .............................................................................................................................14

C. Pre-Combat ....................................................................................................................................14

D. During Combat................................................................................................................................16

E. When the Battles are Over...............................................................................................................17

VI. Marshalling Combat Demonstrations..........................................................................................................17

A. Set-up .............................................................................................................................................17

B. During Combat Demonstration.........................................................................................................18

VII. Qualification, Authorization, and Training ...................................................................................................19

A. Combatant Qualification...................................................................................................................19

B. Marshal Authorization Procedure .....................................................................................................20

Appendix A: Running a Tournament....................................................................................................................22

A. Round-Robin List ............................................................................................................................22

B. Single Elimination List.......................................................................................................................22

C. Double Elimination List.....................................................................................................................22

D. Pas d'Armes....................................................................................................................................23

E. Mad Dog List..................................................................................................................................25

F. Donnybrook....................................................................................................................................26

G. Conduct of Tournaments..................................................................................................................26

Appendix B: Marshal's Kit .................................................................................................................................27

Testing and Measuring Equipment..............................................................................................................27

Repair Equipment......................................................................................................................................27

Forms.......................................................................................................................................................27

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Manuals....................................................................................................................................................27

Miscellaneous ...........................................................................................................................................27

Appendix C: Ministry Offices .............................................................................................................................28

A. Imperial Minister of Joust and War...................................................................................................28

B. Imperial Minister of Combat.............................................................................................................29

C. Imperial Crown Marshal..................................................................................................................29

D. Minister of Joust and War for Chartered Subdivision........................................................................29

E. Crown Marshal for Chartered Subdivision........................................................................................30

Appendix D: Oaths ............................................................................................................................................30

A. The Sword Oath..............................................................................................................................30

B. The Marshal's Oath..........................................................................................................................30

Appendix E: Qualification Tests..........................................................................................................................30

Adrian Empire Combat Qualification Test: Shinai.......................................................................................31

Adrian Empire Combat Qualification Test: Renaissance Schlager................................................................32

Adrian Empire Combat Qualification Test: Cut-And-Thrust........................................................................33

Adrian Empire Combat Qualification Test: Armored...................................................................................34

Adrian Empire Combat Qualification Test: Marshals...................................................................................35

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PREFACE

This is the manual of procedures for the Marshallate within the Adrian Empire, being the year sixteen anno Adriano,
and revis ed during the reign of Their Imperial Majesties, Dame Maedb Hawkins and Sir Karl von Katzburg. Special
thanks to the many members who have contributed significantly to this manual, who include (but are certainly not
limited to):

• Sir Coda der Drachesohn, Gottesknecht

• Sir Arion Hirsch von Schutzhundheim

• Sir Frederick von Burg

I. DESCRIPTION OF A MARSHAL

A. PERSPECTIVE

You are a marshal. You are in control on the field of combat. The safety of the fighters and the
spectators is in your hands. Take your job serio usly.

B. WHO MAY BE A MARSHAL

Any member of the Adrian Empire may choose to become a marshal. It is highly recommended that the
person desiring to become an authorized marshal also have achieved at least the Sergeant's level of combat.

C. SCOPE OF DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Marshals conduct armor and weapons checks, qualify combatants and have ultimate authority on the field.
Marshals are the safety officers of the empire. In the case where a marshal’s judgment is called into question,
an appeals process exists to help ensure fairness and objectivity. The marshal’s main job is to see that combat
activity in the Adrian Empire Inc. is safe and fair. Secondly, the marshal helps to ensure that combat in Adria
is both fun and educational for participants and spectators.

A marshal in the Empire of Adria is expected to be able to know how to:

• Administer the basic sword oath by heart

• Conduct an armor inspection for all types of combat

• Conduct a weapons inspection for all types of weapons

• Identify any item on the banned weapons list

• Describe the target and non-target areas of the body

• Describe and demonstrate a legal blow with all weapon types

• Marshal single combat

• Marshal melee combat (tournament and war)

• Run a single-elimination tournament

• Authorize a marshal

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II. EQUIPMENT INSPECTIONS

A. ARMOR

Armor standards are found in Section III of the Adrian Combat Manual. The marshallate will check every
fighter for armor and weapons compliance before combat begins. If a combatant is found to be wearing sub­standard armor, corrections may be made, and the combatant re-checked. See Appendix B: Marshal's Kit for
the items needed to perform an armor inspection.

Failure to meet armoring minimums will preclude a fighter from participation until the minimums are met.

ARMOR CHECK

The following is the method for conducting an armor inspection:

1. Ask the fully armored (including helm) combatant to stand facing you, arms out.

2. Ensure that all of the places that require rigid protection, based on the type of combat, are covered
with such. If leather is being used for rigid protection, make sure it hasn't become soft from use to the
point that it is no longer adequately rigid.

3. Look for any unfastened buckles, loose ties, etc. and mention them to the combatant.

4. Ask if the combatant is wearing groin protection. Do not hit the combatant in the groin.

5. Tell the combatant to tilt his head back and look up. Verify that the entire throat is covered with no
skin showing. Examine any large openings in the helm, measuring any that appear larger than allowed
in the Adrian Combat Manual for the type of combat in which the helm will be used.

6. Tell the combatant to tilt his head forward. Verify that the back of the head and neck are sufficiently
covered. The cervical vertebrae can be found by running a hand down the neck from the back of the
head. The first large lump is the cervical vertebrae.

7. Placing one arm behind the combatants shoulder, use the other hand to press on the front of the helm
to ensure that it does not bottom out on their face. It is acceptable for the tip of the nose to touch.

8. Hold the helm with both hands and pull up on the helm to ensure that it does not easily come off of the
head. Do not yank the helm.

9. Turn the combatant around to see that the entire back of the head is covered and no skin is showing.

10. Check for undisguised plastic or aluminum, modern sports or military gear, or tennis shoes.

11. Examine shield for splinters and loose edging. If the combat type required rigid hand protection, check
that the combatant either has a gauntlet or an adequate combination of shield hand guard and demi­gauntlet.

12. If the combatant smells of alcohol or appears to be inebriated, ask them if they have had any alcohol
prior to coming to the field and remove them from the field if they have.

When conducting an armor inspection, do not:

• Test armor by hitting it with weapons

• Hit the combatant in the groin

• Yank on the helm

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B. WEAPONS

The marshallate shall inspect all weapons before allowin g them to be used in combat. Weapons standards are
found in Section III of the Adrian Combat Manual. See Appendix B: Marshal's Kit for the items needed to
perform a weapons inspection.

If the dimensions of any part of the weapon look questionable, check it with the appropriate gauge. See

Appendix B: Marshal's Kit for a list of gauges included in the Marshals Kit.

1. HAND-HELD WEAPONS
a. Shinai

• Does the tip come off easily?

• Does the shinai have all four (4) slats?

• Is the edge marked?

• If shinai has been modified, is the shinai still safe?

b. Shinai Pole-Weapons

• Does the shinai portion meet all the requirements above?

• Does the shinai fit snugly into the pole? (Hold it upside -down by the haft and shake it.)

• Are there any bends in the haft? (A slight flex is acceptable.)

• Is the overall length within one -half inch (1/2") of maximum allowed?

c. Renaissance Weapons

• Are there any cracks or defects in the guard or blade?

• Will the tip come off? (Have the combatant hold the sword while you pull on the tip.)

• Has the red tape covering the tip worn off?

• Is the flex within acceptable range? (Check the flexibility as described in Appendix B of

the Adrian Combat Manual.)
Any blade that maintains a sharp bend after being flexed must be permanently removed
from the field. A slight curve over the length of the blade is acceptable.

• For Cut & Thrust rapiers, does the combatant have a swept hilt or rigid hand-protection?

d. Defensive items for Renaissance Combat (e.g. mug, parrying dagger, cloak, etc.)

• Are they any sharp points? (Parry-only daggers must have rounded tips.)

• Can the weapon be broken into sharp points?

e. Weapons intended for Armored Combat

• Does the sword have the proper width, helm penetratio n, and weight? (If the weapon

seems heavy, weigh it to ensure that it does not exceed the allowed maximum.)

• Does the sword have cracks or defects that might result is breakage during combat?

• Does the blade have burrs that could cause injury or damage to an opponent's gear?

• Are the pommels are firmly secured?

• Are the heads are firmly secured to the haft?

• For pole-weapons, does the overall length exceed the allowed maximum?

• Is there an excessive amount of splintering on the haft that would significantly weake n the

haft?

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2. MISSILES, BOWS, SIEGE WEAPONS
a. Arrows

• In a spot-check of random arrows, are there any signs of "punch-through?" (Test for

punch -through by grasping the arrow shaft and wiggling the head of the arrow. Any
movement of the shaft inside the head will disqualify the arrow from further use, and be
just cause for further inspection of that quiver's arrows.)

• Have the arrows been constructed according to the Archery Construction Guidelines? (At

the Crown Marshal's discretion, a random arrow may be dis sected for inspection.)

b. Javelins and Ballista Bolts

• Are the tennis balls firmly attached to the front of the golf tube?

• Is the padding (ballista bolts only) adequate?

c. Bows

• Is the poundage appropriate for the combat type?

• Are there any cracks or stress marks on the bow, limb or arms?

• Does the bowstring have excessive fraying?

• Is the bowstring correctly attached to the ends of the limbs?

d. Siege Weapons

• Does the release mechanism operate properly? (Have the siege weapon operator

demonstrate this.)

• Are all the rocks and balls within the weight limits?

• Have the rocks and balls been constructed according to the Archery Construction

Guidelines? (At the Crown Marshal's discretion, a random rock or bolt may be dissected

for inspection.)

III. MARSHALLING COMBAT IN GENERAL

A. "LAY ON"

The phrase "lay on" is the signal to commence combat.

B. "HOLD"

The word “hold,” when shouted during combat, stops all activity immediately.
All combatants must cease fighting and kneel when a hold is called. In the case where a comba tant is

physically incapable of kneeling, they may stand, place and hold their weapon on their head.

• A marshal may call a hold for any reason.

• In one -on-one tournament combat, the combatants freeze in place (as best they can) while the marshals

deal with the situation that caused the hold. If there is no need to move the combatants from where they
were when the hold was called, they may continue the combat from their "frozen" positions.

• A hold is a stoppage in time. Combatants are not allowed to discuss strategy during a hold.

• If combatants have moved during the hold (e.g. to clear an area for an injured combatant), they must

return to their original position they were in prior to the hold before the lay on is called.

• If the hold was called because the combatants were up against a boundary, the combatants may be moved

back into the fighting area, retake their original positions, and resume combat on the word of the marshal.

• "Dead" combatants may leave the field.

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C. WHAT TO WATCH FOR

1. TIMING OF BLOWS

• Simultaneous blows (in order to judge whether or not a double-kill has occurred).

2. BOUNDARIES

• Combatants approaching the list or battlefield boundary.

• Spectators getting too close to the list or battlefield boundary from the outside.

3. BREAKAGE

• Broken weapons

• Loss of blunting tips

• Broken armor or straps

• Excessive splintering of shields or hafts

4. HEALTH AND INJURY

• Signs of extreme exhaustion of the combatants, marked by a combatants inability to defend or

attack effectively.

• Injuries

If a combatant is injured on the field, immediately call a hold and call for a physicker to attend to
the injured combatant. Do not remove any pieces of armor until the physicker arrives unless that
armor is restricting the breathing of the combatant in some way.

5. COMBATANTS' BEHAVIOR

• Blatantly ignoring blows received.

• Excessive force (Refer to Article I.E. of the Adrian Combat Manual for issues concerning

excessive force and fighters conduct on the field.)

• Loss of temper (If a combatant loses his temper, instruct the combatant to calm down or leave the

field. The marshal has authority over any combatant regardless of their rank, status, etc.)

TOURNAMENT

If a combatant is hit with an apparent good blow:

• Allow the combatant a few seconds to accept the blow.

• If it goes unacknowledged, call a hold and ask the combatant that was hit if he felt the blow.

• Inform him of where you saw the blow land, angle of the blow and what part of the weapon

landed.

• Refrain from sounding judgmental (e.g. "It looked like it came in from here and landed here," as

opposed to "You are so dead").

• Also, ask the combatant that threw the blow his opinion of the blow and what he felt when it

landed (e.g. Was it a dull thud like hitting a shield; or a mushy impact, like hitting gambeson?).

• If this occurs a second time, the marshal may make the decision for the combatant.

• If the initial blow was obviously good, the marshal shall award the point and caution the receiving

combatant to be more aware of incoming blows.

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WAR

If a combatant is hit with an obviously good blo w that goes unacknowledged:

• Point your staff at that combatant and announce that he has been killed (or wounded) loud enough

for him to hear you.

• If the combatant does not hear you, tap him with your staff to get his attention or call a hold if you

cannot get to him.

6. KIBITZING

Spectators and dead combatants are not allowed to advise, call blows on, or otherwise affect those on
the field. Inform anyone doing so that this is not allowed. Cheering and encouragement is acceptable.

IV. MARSHALLING TOURNAMENTS

These are the procedures for marshalling tournament combat and includes:

• Prerequisites

• List field setup

• Combat initiation

• Combat

• Conflict resolution

Local chartered subdivisions may add to the rules in this section as long as it does not conflict with this manual or the

Adrian Bylaws.

A. PREREQUISITES

1. PERSON IN CHARGE

A tournament should have one person that is in charge of the combat portion of the event. Generally, it
is the Minister of Joust and War, but could be any authorized marshal. The Marshal of the Field shall:

• Make sure the list field is set up properly

• Have the marshallate perform armor and weapons are inspections and man the list fields

• Ensure that the lists run smoothly for the day.

• The Marshal of the Field has the final word concerning all combat related issues arising during the

tournament. Appeals to the Marshal of the Fields decision must be made to the Crown.

2. NUMBER OF MARSHALS

There must be at least two (2) authorized marshals present to conduct a tournament. This will allow
enough marshals to run one (1) list field. Each list field must be manned by at least two (2) marshals.
It is recommended that there be at least three (3) marshals on the each list field.

3. WARM-UPS AND CHALLENGES

"Warm -up" bouts or challenges may be conducted prior to or in between rounds as long as at least one
(1) marshal is actively monitoring the combat.

4. SHORT LISTS

In the case where there are not enough combatants for a Knights Renaissance Schlager list, the local
sovereign or Minister of Joust and War may combine both Knights and Sergeants lists into one (1)
Knights list. Any combatants qualified to fight in a Sergeants Renaissance Schlager list can, at the
discretion of the sovereign or Minister of Joust and War, be allowed to participate in the Knights list
for that day. The win counts as a Knights list win. This is not an option if there are enough Sergeants
and Knights present for a full Knights list.

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B. LIST FIELD SETUP

1. SIZE

A list field intended for single combat shall be no smaller than fifteen (15) feet square with a fenced
boundary. The recommended size is twenty five (25) feet square, with a fenced boundary.

If no fencing is available for list fields, the field must be at least:

• No smaller than thirty (30) feet square if surrounded by the populace;

• Penned in on three (3) sides by natural obstacles (e.g. trees, hedges, castle walls, etc.)

• Thirty (30) feet away from the nearest encampment.

2. FENCING

The border of a list field shall be composed of at least one (1) strand of rope (minimum size 3/8"),
strung at least thirty inches (30") high at the posts. Posts that support two (2) strands of rope, one
along the top and one in the middle, are preferred. The lower strand assists in keeping small children
from running onto the field. The top of posts used to hold the list field rope must not end in a point that
could cause injury if fallen upon.

3. EXTERNAL BORDER

The list field must have an external area of at least five feet (5') out that is to be kept clear of tent
ropes, spectators, equipment, etc. A second set of ropes and poles is recommended, but not required.
For multiple, connected list fields, a five foot (5') border between the list fields is not necessary.

4. ENTRANCES

Each list field should have at least 2 entrances.

5. HAZARDS

Examine the inside of the field for gopher holes or sprinkler heads, filling holes if possible or moving
the list field if the hazard cannot be avoided.

Since most park sprinkler-heads are flat and mostly flush with the ground, informing the combatants of
where they are should be sufficient.

C. COMBAT INITIATION

1. OPENING COURT

At opening court, the Marshal of the Field shall inform the populace of the days tournament activities,
the order of combat, and any other relevant information or special rules associate d with the days
combat. Local customs that limit target areas or types of blows should be mentioned if there are
combatants from out of the area who may not be aware of them.

2. SWORD OATH

Once the lists are closed, all combatants must take the sword oath. Announce loudly, at least twice
that "Combatants must now gather neigh for the Sword Oath!" Once all are gathered, perform the
sword oath as described in Appendix D.

3. INSPECTIONS

After the sword oath has been given, begin conducting armor and weapons inspections.

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4. ANNOUNCEMENT

A herald or marshal should announce how long is left until combat begins. Make this announcement
twice:

• Once at least twenty (20) minutes before the first combat is to begin, and

• Again five (5) minutes before the first combat is to begin

5. MARSHALS' MEETING

The Marshal of the Field calls together all people wishing to marshal that day, informing them of
special rules they need to be aware of or things they need to watch for. If there are multiple list fields,
the Marshal of the Field assigns marshals to the field they will run for the day.

6. STAFF

When on the field, all marshals shall have a staff that is at least six (6) feet long.

Unsheathed swords may NOT be used as marshaling staves.

7. ON-SITE INSPECTION

When the combata nts arrive for the first round of combat, ask them if they have been inspected. If
not, inspect them. If the inspection fails, depending on time issues, either wait for the combatant to fix
the problem or postpone the combat until the next one is over. If the combatant cannot fix the problem
by the end of the next combat, the combatant forfeits this round. When the combatants arrive for
subsequent rounds, ask them if everything is back in place, and check for a gorget (the most
commonly forgotten item between rounds).

8. MARSHAL ASSIGNMENT

Prior to the start of combat, decide which marshal will watch blows to which combatant. Generally,
the marshal on the sword-side of a combatant will watch blows thrown to that combatants opponent.

9. TAKE POSITION

Have the combatants take opposite ends of the field and face each other.

10. ANNOUNCE ROUND

Loudly announce the round number and combatants' names. For example: "In the first round combat
on this field, Sir Trotts <point to him> will do honorable combat with Pug Dungfist" <point>.

11. SALUTES

Loudly call out the salutes. For example: "My lords, please salute the Crown, salute the lord/lady
whose favor you bear, salute your honorable opponent." (In subsequent rounds, salutes need only

be made to their opponents.)

12. BEGIN

To begin the combat, two (2) marshals shall:

• Cross staves between the fighters

• Confirm that both combatants are ready to begin

• Ask each combatant if they are ready

• Announce something like "For honor and glory, lay on!"

The marshals may move to observe the combat, but if there are four (4) corner judges, this should not

be necessary. The words "lay on" are the signal that combat is to begin. This is universal for all
manners of combat.

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D. COMBAT

1. MARSHAL POSITIONS

TWO MARSHALS: If there are two (2)

marshals on the field, they should be positioned
opposite of each other with full view of both
combatants as in Figure 1.

THREE MARSHALS: If there are three (3)
marshals on this field, take positions as shown in
Figure 2. Note that the side with two marshals is
on the sword side of combatants that are opposite
handed.

FOUR MARSHALS: If there are four (4)
marshals, they should take positions as shown in
Figure 3.

FIVE MARSHALS: If there are five (5)
marshals, there would be one (1) staying
stationary in each corner (assuming four corners)
and one (1) referee who will circle the
combatants. No more than five (5) marshals
should be present on a single combat list field.

2. MOVEMENT

If the combatants rotate around each other, make
an effort to maintain the illustrated positions short
of running in circles around the combatants.

3. QUESTIONED CALL

When a called point is questioned, a simple
majority of marshals rules and if a majority did not
see the blow, it doesn’t count unless the receiving
combatant accepts it.

If neither the combatants nor the marshals can

make a clear determination of a winner, allow the
combatants to step back and start over.

Figure 1. Two Marshals

Figure 2. Three Marshals

"When in doubt, fight it out."

4. ANNOUNCE WINNER

Once a bout has completed, announce the winner
of the point to the audience and begin the next
bout when both combatants are ready.

Once the round is completed, announce the winner to the audience. Make sure the list person is

notified of the outcome.

Figure 3. Four Marshals

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5. MARSHALING TREE

If there is a marshaling tree (see Appendix A), the heraldry of the winner is advanced, the on-deck
fighters are moved into the current position and the new on-deck placards are raised.

6. WATER

Allow time for the combatants to get water before starting the next round.

E. CONFLICT RESOLUTION

1. All combatants shall submit to the decisions of the marshals.
A combatant may immediately appeal a marshal’s ruling to the presiding noble whose decision is final,

except that the local noble may not overrule the decision of the:

• Imperial Earl Marshal, Imperial Minister of Jousts and War, Imperial Crown Marshal, deputies or

the rules as set forth in the Combat Manual

• Crown Marshal if the noble is directly involved with the call

2. Combatants have the right to call their own blows. This does not limit or negate the ultimate authority
of a marshal to call any legal blow not called by the combatants:

a. A marshal may stop combat and ask if a combatant felt any blow. "Did you feel that? "
b. The marshal may ask the deliverer of the blow if they thought it was a legal shot. "Did you

hit him? Where?"

The marshal may then decide whether to impose the call on the combatants or not.

3. Calls will be imposed if a simple majority of the presiding marshals saw the blow and deem it legal.

4. Marshals have the ultimate authority to judge all blows to any combatant, calling them dead or
wounded as they see fit.

5. Marshals have the authority to dismiss fighters from the field (war, tournament or demo) for losing
their temper or using vulgar or offensive language at any time.

V. MARSHALLING WAR

These are the procedures for marshalling melee and war combats and include:

• Prerequisites

• Battlefield set-up

• Combat initiation

• Conflict resolution

Local chartered subdivisions may add to the rules in this section as long as it does not conflict with this manual or the

Adrian Bylaws. The Minister of Joust and War is the person responsible for conducting wars and may appoint or

employ any number of marshals to accomplish this task.

A. PREREQUISITES

1. CONTESTED WAR

If this is a contested Crown war (either regional or Imperial), the Adrian Bylaws will determine the
number and type of scenarios that are required.

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2. NUMBER OF MARSHALS

There must be at least two (2) authorized marshals to conduct a war with at least one (1) authorized
marshal per eight (8) combatants to conduct a battle (e.g. if there are 20 combatants, there needs to
be at least 4 marshals on the field). More is better.

Non-combatants who are not authorized as marshals may assist in marshalling, though they must have
a staff and will only concern themselves with safety issues and watching the boundaries of the
battlefield. If they perceive a blow acknowledgement problem, they should inform an authorized
marshal.

If there is a shortage of marshals, ask for an equal number of volunteers from each side.

3. ADMINISTRATION

The Minister of Joust and War or his representative will arrange ahead of time for someone to:

• Manage the water-bearing activities

• Ensure that there is a physicker near the battlefield

• Keep track of the outcomes of the battles

B. BATTLEFIELD SETUP

1. SIZE

A battlefield or melee tournament field shall be no smaller than thirty (30) feet square. If more than six
(6) combatants will be fighting at once, scale the size of the field accordingly larger.

2. BORDER

The border of a melee tournament field shall be set up in the same manner as with a single combat list
field. The size and shape of the field may be altered to fit a scenario so long as there is still an
appropriate amount of space for an external area clear of spectators.

The battlefield boundaries may also be defined by natural or geographic features as long as they are
easily recognizable (e.g. hedgerow, row of trees, obvious pathways).

3. HAZARDS

Examine the field for gopher holes, sprinkler heads and rocks large enough to twist ankles, filling holes
if possible or moving the list field if the hazard cannot be avoided. A marshal can be assigned to warn
combatants when they approach, if the hazard still cannot be avoided.

4. MISSILE WEAPONS

If missile weapons are to be allowed:

• All marshals must have some sort of eye protection.

• There must be enough space around the outside of the field clear of non-combatants such that

they are not in danger of being struck with a missile in flight

Designated archery or siege weapon positions may only be used in a way that the field of fire does not
overlap spectator or camping areas.

C. PRE-COMBAT

1. OPENING COURT

At opening court, the Marshal of the Field shall inform the populace of the day's activities and any
other relevant information or special rules. He must also announce where and when a marshals
meeting shall take place prior to the start of the first scenario.

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2. MARSHALS' MEETING

There should be a marshals' meeting to go over the day's scenarios. This should take place before the
fighters gather for combat. The Marshal of the Field calls together all people wishing to marshal that
day and inform them of any special rules they need to be aware of or things they need to watch for.

3. SET-UP

If the war scenarios require time to set up obstacles or structures, make sure this is done before the
fighters are called out to the field. Try to design scenarios that require little set-up between battles.

4. ANNOUNCEMENTS

A herald or marshal should announce how long is left until combat begins. Make this announcement at
least thirty (30) minutes before and again ten (10) minutes before the first combat is scheduled to begin.

More than one (1) herald may be required to walk through the campsit es announcing this. Arrange
ahead of time for heralds to perform this duty, giving them a specific time to start announcing.

Every time the announcement is made:

• Make the announcement facing one way

• Repeat it in the opposite direction.

The thirty-minute announcement should include:

• "It is now 10 o'clock, the first scenario will begin in 30 minutes."

• "The marshals meeting will be in 10 minutes upon the battlefield."

• "Armor inspections will begin in 20 minutes upon the battlefield."

• "Water-bearers, please assemble on the battlefield in 20 minutes."

The ten minute announcement should include:

• "It is now 10:20, the first scenario will begin in 10 minutes."

• "Armor inspections will end in 10 minutes. If you are not in line to be inspected within 10

minutes, you WILL miss the first battle."

• "Water-bearers, please assemble on the battlefield."

5. COMBATANT INSPECTION

As combatants arrive for the first battle of a combat type (i.e. Shinai, Renaissance, and Armored),
have them collect in the shade of one area, inspect their armor and weapons, and direct them to
another shaded area away from the inspection site. Have as many authorized marshals as possible
inspect armor and weapons.

Sometimes, the combatant will be asked which contender or which side they will fight for. If there is a
ribbon or token indicating the combatants choice, it should be attached now. This can be used as an
indication that the combatant has been inspected and approved.

6. SWORD OATH

Once the inspections are closed, all combatants must take the sword oath. Announce loudly, at least
twice that "Combatants must now gather neigh for the Sword Oath!" Once all are gathered,
perform the sword oath as described in Appendix D.

7. STAFF

When on the field, all marshals shall have a staff of some kind that is at least six (6) feet long.

Unsheathed swords may NOT be used as marshaling staves.

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8. MARSHAL LOCATION

Decide prior to the start of combat where each marshal will be located. Make sure all marshals are in
their places prior to calling the "Lay-on."

9. BEGIN COMBAT

When everyone is ready, announce loudly something like "All combatants pray attend!" <point to
one army> "Is the X army ready?" <point to other side> "Is the Y army ready?" Repeat for all
armies.

Two (2) marshals shall cross staves between the fighters, and announce something like "For honor
and glory, lay on!" The marshals should quickly move back to observe the combat.

D. DURING COMBAT

Combat for Shinai and Renaissance scenarios takes place at the Sergeants level of combat. There is no
"kni ghtly combat" style fighting to take place. Armored combat always takes place at the Knights level, since
only Sergeants or higher are allowed to participate in Armored combat.

• Scan the Field.

Being that there are so many combatant on the field, don't spend too much time observing a single
combatant (unless there is a specific reason to), continually scan the field for potential safety hazards or
unsafe conditions.

• Be aware of the flow of the battle.

Avoid being caught in the middle of the battle or being run over by combatants. It is up to you to avoid the
combatants and flying/deflected missile weapons. Their field of view is much more limited than yours.

• Be aware of the conditions for success for the scenario.

Be prepared to stop the battle when the conditions are met. If the battle has a time limit, arrange a time ­keeper and a signal he will give to indicate the end of the battle.

• Allow dead combatants to remain on the field as long as it does not pose a safety hazard.

It may be a tactical advantage to be a physical obstacle after being killed. If people start tripping on dead
people while advancing, call a hold and get the dead under foot removed from the field.

• Will a local hold work?

Depending on the size of the battlefield, a local hold may be called to deal with a quick problem that does
not affect the rest of the battle. Keep in mind that a local hold will only be possible if the combatants in the
immediate vicinity are fairly isolated from the rest of the battle.

• Water the combatants.

If a Hold is going to last more than a few minutes, call in the water-bearers and squires to allow the
combatants to get a drink. Once the problem causing a hold has been taken care of, tell the combatants to
resume the positions they were in before the hold and call "lay on."

• Watch for combatants too close to the battlefield boundary.

Announce that they are near the edge. Depending on the scenario, if the combatants cross the boundary,
the marshal has the option of calling a local Hold to move the combatants back from the boundary, or
calling anyone who has crossed it with both feet dead. In some scenarios, the boundary of the field is
meant to be a cliff, or crossing the boundary would put combatants too close to spectators.

• Watch for charging the enemy.

For Shinai combat type scenarios, combatants may not charge into the enemy, however, they may
advance at a walk into the enemy without penalty. In this case, limited contact may be made between
combatants. This is considered incidental contact and does not violate the by laws. If the enemy resists
being pushed back, no further forward pressure is allowed.

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1. RULES OF ENGAGEMENT

a. If a combatant is in a line of combatants facing another line of combatants, he is engaged with

all combatants in the opposing line. Therefore, anyone can attack anyone in the other line even
if they are not looking in the attackers' direction.

b. If a combatant engages another combatant, those two combatants remain engaged until they

are no longer within weapons reach of each other. Therefore, a combatant cannot engage
someone, then turn their back and not expect to be hit. If a combatant manages to run, back to
his opponent, out of weapons reach, the normal rules for killing from behind come into effect if
the attacker then catches up with the fleeing combatant.

c. Anyone swinging at a combatant lying on the ground shall be ejected from the field for that

scenario. See Article I.G. in the Adrian Combat Manual for rules governing killing from
behind or on the ground.

d. Anyone swinging at an arche r or siege weapon crew member shall be ejected from the field

for that scenario. See Article I.G. in the Adrian Combat Manual for rules governing the killing
of archers.

e. Anyone ejected from two scenarios in one day will be removed from combat for the rest of

the event.

f. Combatants engaged in a discussion or taking instruction from a marshal during the battle

should not be forced to accept blows received while distracted by the marshal. So if the
combatant you are talking to gets struck, allow him to continue fighting and explain why to his
attacker if necessary.

g. Once the scenario has ended, announce loudly the winner and make sure someone is keeping

track of the points. It is very helpful to have a printed copy of the scenarios with you to make
notes on during the event.

h. Allow the combatants to get water prior to calling them back for the next scenario.

E. WHEN THE BATTLES ARE OVER

1. The Marshal of the Field should take note of those who assisted setting up the field and those who
marshaled so the y can receive credit for their contributions.

2. The Minister of Joust and War must compile the points received for each side, consult with the Arts
ministers, and prepare to give the final results of the war at closing court.

3. Prior to the end of the event, the marshals shall police the battlefield for trash, discarded items, water
bottles, weapons, etc. Take any items of value to the Imperial (if an Imperial event) or Crown (if a
local Crown event) encampment, or the designated lost-and-found area.

VI. MARSHALLING COMBAT DEMONSTRATIONS

These are the procedures for conducting public combat demonstrations. "Demos", as they will be referred to from here
on, are the most effective way of bringing in new members and displaying what the Adrian Empire is about. Therefore,
it is most important to keep in mind the public's point of view when participating in a demo. Above all, the participants
must make every effort to familiarize the public with what is occurring during combat to avoid an inaccurate perception
of what we do.

A. SET-UP

There must be at least one authorized marshal present for combat to be conducted at a demo.
The autocrat should arrive at the demonstration site a little bit early in order to set up a safe area in which to

conduct the demonstration.

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1. TIME SCHEDULE

Some kind of time schedule should have been developed by the autocrat in conjunction with the facility
or event coordinators. Ideally, this schedule will be made available prior to the day of the demo. If the
demo is at a fair or an all-day event, post a schedule for combat for the public to see. The schedule
should include:

• When to arrive

• When to start armoring up

• How long the demo will last

2. LAYOUT OF THE COMBAT AREA

Lay out an area as described for a tournament. If the demo is taking place indoors, make sure the
ceiling, light fixtures, etc. are out of weapons reach.

3. MARSHAL ASSIGNMENT

There must be at least one (1) authorized marshal and two (2) assisting marshals in the list field while
combat is taking place. More emphasis should be placed on watching the perimeter during a demo that
at a tournament since there are typically more spectators unfamiliar with the potential dangers.

If there is room, have small melees with two- or three-man teams. Have at least one (1) marshal for
every two (2) combatants.

B. DURING COMBAT DEMONSTRATION

There is much more interaction between the combatants, and involvement with the public, than in the average
tournament or war. To this end, the marshalling is a bit different, as well.

1. INTERACTION WITH THE PUBLIC

Encourage the public to ask questions. This is a good change to tell people why you like doing

this. Combatants who are not fighting are encouraged to stand amongst the spectators and explain
what is happening during combat.

Acknowledge the blows loudly and clearly. Combatants should acknowledge blows received
loudly enough for the spectators to hear. If the combatants do not acknowledge their own blows, the
marshals should do so, especially in a demo situation. Avoid non-acknowledgement of blows to extend
combat as it confuses the audience. Instead, purposely throw blows that can be easily blocked for an
exchange or two before getting into a more competitive fight. For example, two combatants may work
out that they will make two passes before starting the real match.

Announce the combat. Always have a field herald announce who is fighting, what the conditions for
combat are (counted blows, to the death, etc.) before the combat begins. If the spectators know what
to expect, they will enjoy and understand the combat better. If a victor is determined, have the herald
announce who won.

2. COMBATANT BEHAVIOR

Allow the combatants to issue challenges. Combatants who are fighting are encouraged to issue

loud challenges, praise your opponents prowess, wax poetic about the honor of your lady, to add a little
atmosphere to the demo. Think of yourselves as actors in a movie or play rather than just combatants
on the field.

The use of excessive force as described in the Adrian Combat Manual is strictly forbidden in
any type of combat.

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VII. QUALIFICATION, AUTHORIZATION, AND TRAINING

A. COMBATANT QUALIFICATION

All combatants must be qualified for each combat type prior to being allowed to compete in it. Some weapons
forms for each type of combat may require an additional qualification as well. The additional qualifications are
listed below for each type of combat.

The Imperial or local Minister of Joust and War may, at their discretion, conduct a qualification for any
combatant who they deem safe and knowledgeable of the rules for any level of combat, combat type or
weapons type.

An authorized marshal (sergeant-level combatant or higher) must qualify a combatant in:

• Shinai combat type

• Shinai Pole Arm weapons form

• Combat Archery (any combat type)

An author ized marshal (Knight Bachelor or higher)* must qualify a combatant in:

• Renaissance Schläger combat type

• Renaissance Case, Sword and Dagger weapons form

*

An authorized marshal (Knight Bachelor or higher)
War, must qualify a combatant in:

• Knights level Schläger combat

• Cut&Thrust combat type

• Cut&Thrust Case, Sword and Dagger weapons form

• Armored-combat type

• Armored Great Sword weapons form

• Armored Pole Arm weapons form

• Siege Weapons (any combat type)

, and the local Crown Marshal or Minister of Joust and

* For areas that have no Knight Combatants, two (2) sergeant-level combatants or the local Crown
Marshal or Minister of Joust and War are considered acceptable

1. QUALIFICATION PROCEDURE

Qualification for each additional weapons type is to be conducted in the same manner.

a. Written Test

The combatant qualification test is given to the new combatant (Appendix E). The combatant
must score at least 75% on the test to be allowed to continue the qualification process. The
test is an open book test covering general safety, target areas, and issues specific to the type
of combat in which the combatant will be qualified. Paragraphs b. c. and d. do not apply to
Combat Archery or Siege Weapons qualifications.

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b. Demonstrate Defense

The combatants are to be fully armored for the particular type of combat and defend himself
while the qualifying combatant attacks calling out when and where blows land. This is to
determine if the combatant being qualified can defend himself with some effectiveness and
correctly acknowledge blow s received.

c. Demonstrate Attack

The new combatant, still fully armored, is to attack the qualifying combatant while he defends
himself. This to ensure that the new combatant is capable of attacking safely. Randomly, the
qualifier should allow himself to be struck to verify that the new combatant is using an
appropriate amount of power.

d. Power Level

The qualifying and new combatant are to "free play". Again, the qualifying combatant should,
at some point, allow themselves to be struck to test the new combatants power level.

e. Combat Card

If the qualifying combatant and the marshal conducting the qualification are satisfied that the
new combatant is fully aware of the rules and is safe, then the marshal shall sign the new
combatant’s combat card, and notify the local Crown Marshal or Minister of Joust and War.

2. ADVANCEMENT

A combatant must meet the requirements for advancement to achieve the rank of Sergeant as
described in the Adrian Bylaws before being allowed to qualify for the Knight’s list for tour neys and
wars.

3. PRIOR EXPERIENCE

A person from another re-creation group, who can provide proof of qualification in a similar type of
combat, and shows that he has been qualified in that weapon form for at least one year, may go
through the qualificatio n process for a similar combat type. This is referred to as the "1-year" rule.

For this purpose, a "re-creation group" is defined as a mundanely recognized association or corporation
that has a published set of bylaws, published combat rules and regulatio ns, group insurance, fighting
authorization forms, etc. The Imperium maintains a list of these organizations.

These persons may be allowed to compete on the Knight’s list, however, they must still earn all
required wins as outlined in the Adrian Bylaws and have the approval of the Crown for advancement
to knighthood.

B. MARSHAL AUTHORIZATION PROCEDURE

1. AUTHORIZATION PROCESS

All marshals performing combat qualifications must successfully complete the authorization process
and be of sufficient rank to perform the required qualification.

a. Event Attendance

The prospective marshal must have participated as a marshal in at least five (5) events under
the direction of an authorized marshal.

This requirement can be waived by the local or higher Crown Marshal or Minister of Joust
and War if the prospective marshal is known to already have the required experience.

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b. Written Test

The prospective marshal must score at least 90% on the Marshal Authorization test
(Appendix E). This is an open book test covering ma rshalling for tournament and war for all
types of combat.

c. Collegium Attendance

Local Ministers of Joust & War and/or Crown Marshals are required to hold a collegium on
Marshal training:

• Once per year, or once per reign, whichever is sooner

• When a signif icant change in the Combat or Marshals Manual has been made

Marshals shall review the rules of the list, armor and weapon standards, and aspects of this
manual. Content and format of the collegium is at the discretion of the Ministers.

2. AUTHORIZATION FOLLOW -UP

The ministers (Joust and War, and Crown Marshal) of chartered subdivisions and Imperial deputies
shall submit monthly reports to the Imperial Ministers. These reports will detail the authorization of
new marshals, any authorization or qualification revocations/expulsions, injuries requiring medical
attention, and other activities that concern the marshallate or Imperium.

The Imperial Ministers (Joust and Crown Marshal) shall submit reports on the state of combat and
combat training within the Empir e to the Imperial Crown on a quarterly basis

3. ACTIVE STATUS

Marshals are required to attend at least one (1) training collegium every two (2) years to be
considered active. As well as attending collegiums, it is also highly recommended that Marshals
marshal lists regularly to keep their skills sharp. Marshals who do not attend the training shall not be
allowed to Marshal the lists. Make -up collegiums for those who cannot attend on the scheduled
collegium dates are allowed.

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APPENDIX A: RUNNING A TOURNAMENT

This appendix explains how to manage various types of tournaments. Any tournament type that results in a single
winner is acceptable for a Crown event. Examples of charts are included.

A. ROUND-ROBIN LIST

A round robin list is one where each combatant will fight every other combatant once. This is a good choice
for a tournament where there are few fighters.

• The combatant with the most wins, wins the tournament.

• If there is a tie, those two combatants fight each other to determine the winner.

• This can be done with one bout per round or multiple bouts (such as winning 2 out of 3) per round.

B. SINGLE ELIMINATIO N LIST

A single elimination list is one where each
combatant is eliminated from the tournament after
losing a single round. (Note: A stand-by round is
commonly referred to as a "by".)

• One round may consist of any number of

bouts.

• The combatant that wins the required number

of bouts wins the round. The most common
number of bouts is two out of three.

• A combatant who gets a stand-by round (has

no one to fight that round) may be required to
fight someone not competing in the tournament. If the by affects the outcome of the tournament, it is
known as a "destructive" by since the combatant who received the by will be eliminated from the
tournament if he loses the round. Both destructive and non-destructive bys are acceptable.

• In the case of a 3-way tie, compete the tournament round-robin style, keeping track of the number of

bouts lost for each combatant.

• If, at the end of the round robin, each combatant has 1 win, count the number of lost bouts for each

combatant. The winner is the one with the fewest bouts lost.

• If there is still a tie, repeat the round robin until a winner is determined (or find some other way to

determine a winner, e.g. paper/scissors/rock).

Figure 4. Single Elimination List Table

C. DOUBLE ELIMINATIO N LIST

A double elimination list is one where each combatant is eliminated from the tournament after losing two
rounds.

• There is usually only one bout per round for this type of tournament.

• As a fight is finished, the winne r is moved up the page (to the bottom if he is already at the top), and the

defeated combatant moves down the page (to the top if they are already at the bottom).

• If two combatants end up fighting each other before the last few rounds, make an attempt to arrange the

other fights so that the two combatants do not meet each other again.

• If there is a three-way tie, have the odd man out fight the Bye or have the two that have not fought each

other already fight first. The winner fights the third.

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Figure 5. Double Elimination List Table

D. PAS D'ARMES

The following description of a pas d'armes was written by Sir Talbot MacTaggart (OL, KSCA) of the
Grand Company of the Peacock and is reprinted here by permission.

The pas d'armes was a form of tournament that is normally associated with France and Burgundy in the 15th
century. The reason that we normally associate the pas d'armes with France is that, although it was popular
elsewhere, the greatest amount of writing about these tournaments survives from this area. Two important
sources of information about the pas d'armes are King Rene d'Anjou's book of the tournament, and the
records of the Order of the Golden Fleece. It was the duty of the king of arms of the Order of the Golden
Fleece, to record the deeds of its members.

In order to describe the actual happenings of a pas d'armes it is first necessary to understand the other popular
tournament style of the day. This was the joust. The joust is what most people normally think of when they
picture a medieval tour nament. It was a tournament on a grand scale, hugely expensive to host, and
spectacular beyond compare. The joust was so expensive to hold that it would usually be held in conjunction
with a great state occasion such as a coronation or a royal wedding. Only the richest of men could afford to
host a tournament of this style.

By contrast the pas d'armes was significantly less expensive to host, and yet it was not without its share of
spectacle and combat. In its simplest form the pas d'armes would have been held by a group of knights, setting
up a pavilion, and challenging all comers to a fight. Three shields would be hung up, each signifying the types
of combat being offered. Typical weapons used at a pas d'armes included axes, swords, maces and, of course,
lances. Knights would usually let it be known that they would hold a piece of ground for a particular period of
time.

More often than not however, the pas d'armes would have been much more spectacular than a simple
challenge. The theme of the tournament usually revolved around a fanciful plot. Felix Brassart's account of the
Pas du Perron Fee of April 1463, is described by Barber and Barker in their book Tournaments, thusly:

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"A young squire is lost in a strange country at nightfall, and finds a brazen horn
hanging from a pillar, far from any habitation. Hoping that he might summon help,
he sounds it three times, and is taken prisoner by a dwarf, servant of the lady of the
magic pillar, or perron fee. When he is brought before her, he is granted his
freedom on condition that he holds a pas d'armes at the Duke of Burgundy's court.
The scenario was kept up in the lists themselves: at one end stood the perron fee
with the usual three shields hung on it for the different kinds of combat. But when
jousting began four griffins drew the perron apart to reveal the knight, still
imprisoned by the lady's dwarf, and released only in order to fight. At the end of
each combat he returned to his prison, which closed behind him. The proceedings
lasted for almost three weeks, and the different types of combat were performed in
turn: swordplay for four days, jousting for four days in war armor, and jousting
for four days in tournament armor. It was a highly popular occasion, with 42
challengers." (pp. 119-120)

The pas d'armes offered all of the best aspects of the joust; combat, chivalry and spectacle, but with
significantly less trouble and expense. It is no wonder that it became as popular as it did.

Bibliography

1. Barber, Richard and Juliet Barker. Tournaments. New York Wiedenfeld and Nicholson, 1989

2. Kottenkamp, Dr. F. The History of Chivalry and Armour. Rev. A. Lowy Trans. New York:

Portland House, 1988.

EXAMPLE OF A OF A PAS D'ARMS DECLARATION

The following example of a pas d'armes declaration was written by Sir Brion Thornbird ap Rhys (OL,
Earl & Knight of the SCA), Chancellor, Company of Saint George and is reprinted here by permission.

As was customary in the times of our ancestors, it is hereby Our desire that in the midst of War with our
Northern cousins, that We emphasize the brotherhood of chivalry that extends beyond the borders of mere
kingdoms, reaching deeply into our hearts. It is thus Our desire to test the mettle of Our knights and other
men-at-arms in a pas d'armes to provide a chance for the knights, squires and men-at-arms of both the West
and An-Tir to demonstrate their prowess, their courtesy, and their eloquence. We intend that they defend Our
field, to be defined with the Company of Saint George's list enclosure before Our Pavilion, beginning at {time
of day} on the afternoon of July 5, 1996. In the words of the 14th century chronicler Froissart, "We beg all

those noble knights and squires who are willing to proffer challenge, not to imagine for a moment that
we are doing this out of pride, hatred, or malice, but in order to have the honor of your company and
to get to know you better, a thing which we desire with our whole hearts. And there shall be no unfair
advantage, fraud, trickery, or evil design, nor anything not approved by those appointed to guard this
lists." (Quoted from Foissart, invitation to the Tournament at Saint-Ingelvert, May 1390. Research by
Catherine Keegan)

Item: This pas d'armes will be held in the customary manner, being contested solely for honor and

renown, rather than for the base spirit of victory.

Item: The Knights of the West Kingdom will stand to defend the lists, to cross swords and to pass a

pleasant afternoon in à plaisance combat at the barrier, with single sword, and with counted
blows.

Item: All who would fight in this pas d'armes, be they knight, squire or man-at-arms, should come to the

field by the hour of Noon on Friday, to the list enclosure before the West Kingdom Royal
Pavilion, bearing their pennant and arms as are appropriate for knights to bear: poleaxes,
swords, masses, or axes.

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Item: Shortly after the hour of noon, the Knights of the West Kingdom will introduce themselves, and

would invite their challenges to offer their own introductions, that the combatants of our two
kingdoms might be better known to one another.

Item: Following the introductions, there will be a Grand Mêlée, in which all combatants are invited to

take to the field, armed with but a one single -handed sword and no shield, to be fought for the
entertainment of the gallery and for the joi de combat of the combatants. This combat will use
counted blows, there each combatant may be struck with three good blows before they must
retire from the field.

Item: The defenders will form a line on the King's side of the lists, holding themselves ready to receive

their challenges and then shortly to report for combat.

Item: The challengers will then form a line on the Queen's side of the lists, offering persuasive words of

challenge while the previous combatants arm and prepare to take the field.

Item: For the challenge, the attackers should strike Charlemagne's Tree of Shields, choosing the shield

that represents the kind of combat they desire: Argent: counted blows (thrown); Azure,
Combats over the barrier; Vert, Single combats in the field, the number of blows received to be
one, three, or five; Or, any two combatants with single swords only, fought in the usual way.

Item: After everyone has had an opportunity to challenge, a barrier will be erected across the center of

the field, and gentles may defend their side of the barrier with single sword. When struck, they
must retire to their banner issue their war-cry, at which point they may re-enter the fighting.
This combat will take place for fifteen minutes.

Item: The ladies of the gallery will then choose five of the challengers whose virtue stands out,

requesting of them single combats in any style that is pleasing to the gallery. These gentles may
in turn take this commandment to any member of the defenders, sharing their honor with them.
These five fights will take place one after the other, for the pleasure of the gallery and the
combatants.

Item: If there is time, other single challenges might be accepted by the defenders following the five

champions.

Item: We will close the pas d'armes with a grand mêlée over the barrier, fought with spears. A single

kill will be sufficient to eliminate a combatant, but they might petition the gallery to allow them
to rejoin their companions. The combat will end when there are no companions left on either
side, or when the combatants determine that the fight should be ended.

Item: There will be no prize for this pas d'armes, but it is strongly recommended that the individual

combatants bear tokens of their appreciation with them that they can present to th e combatants
or consorts who strike them as particularly worthy of honor. In this way will the renown of
virtuous combatants and fair ladies be strengthened, such being the purpose of the pas
d'armes.

E. MAD DOG LIST

A Mad Dog list is a bit like an informal round robin.

• A large list field is staked out; combatants are free to enter the list field, find a marshal and pick a fight.

• The two combatants then report the results of the combat to the list person who keeps track of how many

wins each combatant ha s.

• Sometimes, points are assigned to a combatant based on his rank (e.g. Sergeants are worth 1, Knights are

worth 2), and the combatant who beats them get the number of points the defeated combatant is worth.

• The combatant with the most point at the end of the day is declared the winner.

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F. DONNYBROOK

This is a melee, usually used as a warm-up battle.

• All combatants enter the field and spread out around the perimeter.

• When "lay on" is called, combatants proceed to pick fights with anyone but the person next to them.

• After the initial combat, anyone is fair game.

• The last combatant standing is the winner.

G. CONDUCT OF TOURNAMENTS

The word ‘autocrat’ is being used below to indicate the persons that are hosting the tournament. This includes,
but is not limited to, the Crowns, Minister of Joust & War, Crown Marshal, etc.

1. Targets can be restricted so long as they do not conflict with the safety goals of the Adrian Combat

Manual. A tournament may call for ‘killing blows only’ or ‘head shots only.’

2. The autocrat may limit the weapons allowed or mandate the use of a particular weapon, so long as it
does not conflict with this manual.

3. A list is always to be held, except for reasons in item 5 at sanctioned Adrian events. Tournament wins
and participation points are awarded in accordance with the Adrian Bylaws.

4. Any tournament format may be used as long as there is only a single winner. NOTE: Tournaments in
which a win does not count towards knighthood do not have this restriction. Rules and victory
conditions of non-standard tournaments must be explained to all combatants prior to the start of
combat.

5. Lists that must be canceled due to lack of facilities or acts of ‘God’ (e.g., floods, poor weather,
interference from mundane authorities, etc.) may be made up at another event or date, to be set in
accordance with Adrian policy and bylaws, and sanctioned by the Crown. In the event of a canceled
list, it will be up to the Crown as to how to handle the eligibility of participation of any make -up list or
event.

Marshals' Manual Page 27 of 35
June 2002

APPENDIX B: MARSHAL'S KIT

Each local Crown Marshal should have a marshals kit that is brought to every event. It contains all the necessary items
required to measure weapons, qualify combatants, and do minor adjustments or repairs if necessary. Authorized
marshals are encouraged to assemble a kit for personal use as well.

This is the minimum list of recommended items and their uses:

TESTING AND MEASURING EQUIPMENT

• Fish scale or similar (good for weighing items under 10 lbs.). This will probably need a cord that loops over the fish

scale hook, to suspend weapons and aid in their weighing.

• 2" diameter washer with a 3/4" diameter hole. This is used to check the curvature of axe and mace flanges. It is

also placed over the end of a sword tip to check the depth that the tip will penetrate a legal helm.

• Six-inch (6") ruler

• 10-foot (10') tape measure (minimum length)

• One pound (1#) weight for flexibility testing of schlager blades (see Adrian Combat Manual)

• Metal thickness gauge (or samples of 14, 16 and 18 gauge steel)

REPAIR EQUIPMENT

• Metal file for removing burrs from swords or rounding tips or edges

• Red plastic or duct tape for schlager tips

• Black electrical tape

FORMS

• Blank combatant qualification cards

• Combat qualification tests

• Marshalling authorization tests

MANUALS

• Adrian Combat Manual

• Adrian Marshaling Manual

• Archery manual (includes sections on combat archery)

MISCELLANEOUS

• Pen

• Scissors or knife

• Two (2) six -foot (6') marshalling staves

• Sample of ten ounce (10 oz.) leather

• Duct tape

Marshals' Manual Page 28 of 35
June 2002

APPENDIX C: MINISTRY OFFICES

The Ministry of Combat and Ministry of Joust and War are responsible for helping insure the safety of those who
participate in the combatant arts of the Adrian Empire. Local areas may have a Minister of Joust and War, a Crown
Marshal or both. When only one of the local positions is filled, the responsibilities for that officer include those of both
offices. In addition to the requirements specified for each office, all officers MUST also be authorized marshals.

DEPUTIES

These descriptions shall apply to the deputy ministers of Joust and War, Combat and Crown Marshal, each
position answering to that specific minister.

All Imperial deputies:

• Meet the same requirements for a minister of a chartered subdivision

• Have held the position of minister for a chartered subdivision (recommended)

• Are appointed and removed at the discretion of the Imperial minister, in conjunction with the Imperial

Crown

• Have the same authority as the Imperial minister in their absence

• Act as an assistant to the Imperial minister in their presence

• Consult the Imperial minister when making decisions in the name of the Imperial minister

All deputies for chartered subdivisions:

• Are appointed and removed at the discretion of the minister, in conjunction with the Crown, for that

chartered subdivision

• Have the same authority as the minister for that chartered subdivision in their absence

• Act as an assistant to the minister for that chartered subdivision in their presence

• Consult the minister for that chartered subdivision when making decisions in the name of that minister

A. IMPERIAL MINISTER OF JOUST AND WAR

Ministers of Jousts and War are responsible for the organization of combat for tournaments and wars. They
are the combat logistics officers of the empire. The Imperial Minister of Joust and War report directly to the
Imperial Crown. In addition to the requirements and responsibilities outlined in the Adrian Bylaws:

1. RECOMMENDED QUALIFICATIONS

• Authorized marshal

• Knight Bannerette (or higher), or

• Knight Bachelor who has held the pos ition of Royal Minister of Joust or Crown Marshal.

2. RESPONSIBILITIES

• Develop tournament formats and war scenarios for Imperial events

• Act as or assign the Marshal of the Field in running Imperial events

• Supervise the Imperial Crown Marshal in enforcing the rules and requirements of combat

• Supervise the Ministers of Joust and War for chartered subdivisions

• Assist the Imperial Minister of Combat in revising and updating the Adrian Marshals Manual and

Combat Manual

Marshals' Manual Page 29 of 35
June 2002

B. IMPERIAL MINISTER OF COMBAT

Whenever the re is not an Imperial Minister of Combat, these duties shall be assumed by the Imperial Minister
of Joust and War. The Imperial Minister of Combat reports directly to the Imperial Crown.

The Imperial Minister of Combat is responsible for producing and modifying the Adrian Combat Manual and
Marshals Manual as well as the application and interpretation of the rules and regulations stated therein. The
decision-making authority for issues relating to these manuals shall be (in order):

• The Imperial Minister of Combat, in conjunction with the Imperial Minister of Joust and War

• The Imperial Crown

• The Imperial Estates General

1. RECOMMENDED QUALIFICATIONS

• Authorized marshal

• Knight Bannerette (or higher), or

• Knight Bachelor who has held the position of Royal Minister of Joust or Crown Marshal

2. RESPONSIBILITIES

• Revise and update the Adrian Marshal and Combat Manuals when necessary

• Approve new armor ideas for use within the Adrian Empire

• Supervise and assist local Crown Marshals

• Regulate combat so that safety is the first priority

C. IMPERIAL CROWN MARSHAL

The Imperial Crown Marshal is responsible for enforcing compliance with the rules of combat. The Imperial
Crown Marshal reports to the Imperial Minister of Joust and War.

1. RECOMMENDED QUALIFICATIONS

• Authorized marshal

• Knight Bannerette (or higher), or

• Knight Bachelor who has held the position of Royal Minister of Joust or Crown Marshal

2. RESPONSIBILITIES

• Ensure proper weapon and armor standards are being adhered to and correctly interpreted

• Run or assist the Marshal of the Field in running Imperial events

• Supervise and assist local Crown marshals

• Govern and teach the proper training of marshals

D. MINISTER OF JOUST AND WAR FOR CHARTER ED SUBDIVISION

The Imperial Crown Marshal is responsible for running local tournaments, wars and demos. The Minister of
Joust and War for a Chartered Subdivision reports to the Imperial Minister of Joust and War.

1. RECOMMENDED QUALIFICATIONS

• Authorized marshal

• Knight Bachelor (or higher), or

• A Sergeant if there is no Knight Bachelor qualified and available

2. RESPONSIBILITIES

• Develop tournament formats and war scenarios for Crown events

• Act as or assist the Marshal of the Field in running Crown events

Marshals' Manual Page 30 of 35
June 2002

E. CROWN MARSHAL FOR CHARTERED SUBDIVISION

The Local Crown Marshal is responsible for enforcing compliance with the rules of combat locally. The Local
Crown Marshal reports to the Imperial Crown Marshal.

1. RECOMMENDED QUALIFICATIONS

• Authorized marshal

2. RESPONSIBILITIES

• Ensure proper weapon and armor standards are being adhered to

• Assist the Marshal of the Field in running Crown events

• Govern and teach the proper training of marshals

• Authorize marshals and qualify combatants

• Regulate combat, in the local region, so that safety is first priority

APPENDIX D: OATHS

A. THE SWORD OATH

Combat in the Empire of Adria is based on the honor system and combatants play with deadly toys. The sword
oath is the main method of making certain that the combatants understand what is expected of them. A
combatant is bound by his word. The sword oath must be administered after the weapons and armor checks
have been completed at each and every Adrian Empire event where combat takes place. No combatant will
be allowed on the field until they have been armor/weapons checked and have taken the sword oath.

A marshal may interject discretionary items as a part of the sword oath so long as no part of the basic oath is
omitted. The standard sword oath is:

“Here do I swear by mouth and hand to conduct myself with honor and chivalry, to
acknowledge all blows fairly given and received, to heed the words of the marshals and obey
the rules of the lists.

B. THE MARSHAL'S OAT H

Combat in the Empire of Adria is based on the honor system and combatants play with deadly toys. While the
sword oath makes sure the combatants understand this, the marshals also need to be aware of their duties and
responsibilities. No marshal will be allowed on the field until they have been have taken the marshal's oath.

The standard marshal's oath is:

“Here do I swear by mouth and hand to conduct myself with honor and chivalry, to fairly and
impartially call all blows, to enforce the rules of the lists, and to hold safety above all else.

APPENDIX E: QUALIFICATION TESTS

The tests contained on the following pages are open-book tests, but must be completed in the presence of the
authorized minister conducting the qualification test. The answers are available upon request to authorized ministers.

Prospective marshals must pass all combat-type written tests as well as the marshal's test with a score of 90%.

Marshals' Manual Page 31 of 35
June 2002

ADRIAN EMPIRE COMBAT QUALIFICATION TEST: SHINAI

1. A blow that was started before a hold
was called is considered:
a. valid
b. invalid

2. If you are struck with a good blow to
the hip, you should
a. die
b. hop on one leg
c. continue fighting from your knees
d. ignore it

3. Circle all that apply. With a shinai, you
are allowed to:
a. thrust
b. strike with the front edge
c. strike with the back edge
d. strike with the pommel/handle
e. grapple with the handle

4. The minimum age for a combatant in
Shinai is:
a. 12
b. 13
c. 16
d. 18

5. While warming up at an event, you
must make sure:
a. there is a marshal watching
b. there are no unaware bystanders

nearby
c. you are fully armored
d. All of the above

6. What Shinai weapons are approved for
thrusting?
a. Daggers
b. One-handed swords
c. Two-handed swords
d. Pole-arms
e. None

7. Circle all that apply: Who can judge a
blow in Shinai combat?
a. Combatant receiving the blow
b. Combatant delivering the blow
c. Spectators
d. Marshals

8. How thick does the body protection
need to be?
a. One layer of T-shirt material
b. One layer of sweatshirt material
c. 1/4" of padding
d. 1/2" of padding

9. When can you strike an opponent who
has fallen to the ground?
a. Anytime
b. When he is not being defended
c. When he is face up on the ground
d. Never

10. When are you allowed to strike the hand
of your opponent?
a. Any time
b. When he uses it to block
c. Never

11. What is the minimum blade length of a
shinai?
a. 12"
b. 16"
c. 18"
d. 34"

12. A Shinai helm may have no openings:
a. large enough to allow the end of a

shinai to enter through the front
b. larger than 1/8"
c. larger than 1/4"
d. larger than 3/4"

13. When is it appropriate to argue with a
marshal?
a. Anytime during combat
b. When he is wrong
c. Never

14. Elbows must be covered with at least:
a. sweatshirt material
b. elbow pads
c. rigid elbow cops
d. T-shirt material

15. The determination of a good blow
should be made by:
a. the marshal
b. the combatant being hit
c. the combatant throwing the blow

16. Circle all that apply. What is allowed
during a Hold?
a. Discussing strategy
b. Receiving water from a water-

bearer
c. Moving to a shady spot
d. Leaving the field if you are dead

17. Wooden shields for Shinai combat
must be at least:
a. 1/4" thick
b. 1/2" thick

18. Combat cards must be presented:
a. at armor inspection
b. right before the first round of

combat

c. when the combatant signs in

19. How many times will a combatant
be warned for excessive force before
being removed from the field?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three

20. What areas are you allowed to have
bare skin?
a. Upper arms
b. Lower legs
c. Feet
d. Nowhere

21. Circle all that apply. A gorget must
cover:
a. Cervical Vertebrae
b. Sides of the neck
c. Top of the breastbone
d. Clavicle
e. Point of the shoulder

22. In wars, Shinai combatants are
allowed to charge into the enemy.
a. True
b. False

23. "Dead" combatants are allowed to
give advise or commands to those
still on the field.
a. True
b. False

24. All combatants must take the Sword
Oath before being allowed to fight.
a. True
b. False

Combat Manual Page 32 of 35
as adopted November 2000, amended April 2002

ADRIAN EMPIRE COMBAT QUALIFICATION TEST: RENAISSANCE SCHLAGER

1. A thrust that is deflected but still lands is considered:
a. valid
b. invalid

2. If you are struck with a thrust to the knee, you should
die
a. hop on one leg
b. continue fighting from your knees
c. ignore it

3. Circle all that apply. In Sergeants list Schlager, you are
allowed to:
a. thrust
b. strike with the front edge
c. strike with the back edge
d. strike with the pommel/handle

4. The minimum age for a combatant in Renaissance Schlager is:
a. 13
b. 15
c. 16
d. 18

5. How thick does the forearm protection need to be?
a. One layer of T-shirt material
b. One layer of sweatshirt material
c. 1/4" of padding
d. 1/2" of padding

6. What is the maximum overall weight for a Schlager?
a. 2 lbs.
b. 2.5 lbs.
c. 3.5 lbs.
d. 4 lbs.

7. Circle all that apply. Which of the following would be legal
defensive items:
a. cloak
b. ceramic mug
c. hat
d. turkey leg
e. large wooden spoon
f. 28" buckler

8. When a Schlager gets a sharp bend in it, you should:
a. finish the current point before getting a new weapon
b. call a Hold and straighten the blade before continuing
c. remove the blade from the field permanently

9. A Renaissance helm may have no openings larger than:

a. 1/8"
b. 1/4"
c. 3/4"

10. How m uch deflection is required to ensure a schlager has the
proper amount of flexibility?
a. 2"
b. 4"
c. 5"
d. no test is required

11. Elbows must be covered with at least:
a. sweatshirt material
b. elbow pads
c. rigid elbow cops
d. T-shirt material

12. What is the largest diameter buckler allowed in Renaissance
Schlager?
a. 12"
b. 16"
c. 18"
d. 24"

13. How many times will a combatant be warned for backing up
into the list field boundary in a tournament before losing the
point?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three

14. Circle all that apply. A gorget must cover:
a. Cervical Vertebrae
b. Sides of the neck
c. Top of the breastbone
d. Clavicle
e. Point of the shoulder

15. In wars, Renaissance combatants are allowed to grapple with
the enemy.
a. True
b. False

16. In tournaments, Renaissance combatants are allowed to grab
their opponents blade.
a. True
b. False

Combat Manual Page 33 of 35
as adopted November 2000, amended February 2002

ADRIAN EMPIRE COMBAT QUALIFICATION TEST: CUT-AND-THRUST

1. The maximum overall weight for a Cut and Thrust sword is:
a. 1.5 lbs.

b. 2.5 lbs.
c. 3.5 lbs.
d. 4 lbs.

2. If you are struck with a thrust to the groin, you should
a. die
b. hop on one leg
c. continue fighting from your knees
d. ignore it

3. Cut&Thrust is only a Knights list level of combat:
a. True
b. False

4. The minimum age for a combatant in Renaissance Cut and
Thrust is:
a. 13
b. 15
c. 16
d. 18

5. Circle all that apply. Combatants who agree to "Knightly
Combat", are allowed to grab the opponents:
a. blade
b. hilt
c. arm
d. leg
e. head

6. Circle all that apply. A helm may be made of:
a. 18 gauge reinforced mild steel
b. 18 gauge stainless steel
c. reinforced 3-weapons mask
d. 16 gauge mild steel

7. Cut&Thrust blades, according to the current testing method,
must flex:
a. 2 inches
b. 5 inches
c. Cut&Thrust blades do not need to flex.

8. Circle all that apply. Acceptable hand protection can include:
a. A cross hilt with a heavy leather glove
b. A cross hilt with a steel gauntlet
c. A swept hilt with a light leather glove
d. A swept hilt with a heavy leather demi-gauntlet over a

heavy leather glove

9. Cut and Thrust blades have a width in the range of:
a. 1 to 2 inches
b. 1/2 to 1 inches
c. 3/4 to 1 inches
d. 3/4 to 1-1/2 inches

10. Cut and Thrust blades may not be used against:
a. non-thrusting daggers
b. bucklers
c. schlagers

Combat Manual Page 34 of 35
as adopted November 2000, amended February 2002

ADRIAN EMPIRE COMBAT QUALIFICATION TEST: ARMORED

1. If you are struck inside the point of
the shoulder, you should
a. take it as a kill
b. lose the use of that arm
c. ignore it

2. Circle all that apply. In Armored
combat, you are allowed to:
a. strike an opponent who has

fallen to the ground
b. kick
c. bash with the edge of your

shield
d. strike your opponent with

your pommel
e. grab the haft of your

opponents weapon

3. The minimum age for a combatant in
Armored combat is:
a. 13
b. 15
c. 16
d. 18

4. Circle all that apply. What can the
crown of a helm be made of?
a. 14-gauge mild steel
b. 14-gauge stainless steel
c. 16-gauge stainless steel
d. T6 aluminum

5. What is the maximum overall weight
for a mace?
a. 2 lbs.
b. 2.5 lbs.
c. 3.5 lbs.
d. 4 lbs.

6. What is the maximum dimensions
for a rectangular war shield:
a. 36" x 48"
b. 24" x 36"
c. 36" x 60"
d. 24" x 48"

7. In a war, when your opponent falls
down (and is not dead), you may:
a. step on him on your way to

your next opponent.

b. swing at him before he can get

back up.

c. hold him at sword point and

call him dead.

d. fall on top of him in order to

subdue him.

8. A flat thrusting tip must be at least:
a. 3/4" across
b. 1" across
c. 1-1/2" across
d. 2" across

9. A faceplate on a helm may have no
openings:
a. larger than 1/8"
b. larger than 1/4"
c. larger than 3/4"

10. Circle all that apply. A slash is
considered good if:
a. it lands unobstructed
b. it is blocked but pushed into

the body

c. it is deflected but lands without

losing momentum

d. it lands with the flat of the

blade

11. What is the minimum weight
requirement for a single handed
weapon?
a. 2 lbs.
b. 3 lbs.
c. 4 lbs.
d. there is no minimum weight

requirement

12. Elbows must be covered with at
least:
a. sweatshirt material
b. elbow pads
c. rigid elbow cops
d. steel elbow cops with wing

13. How hard are you allowed to swing
at an opponents shield?
a. as hard as you want
b. full force
c. as hard as would to an

opponents body

d. hard enough to knock it out of

the way

14. Circle all that apply. A single­handed sword may
a. not protrude into a legal

faceplate more than 3/4"
b. weigh up to 5 lbs.
c. not have a sharp point
d. be used for thrusting if it has a

dull tip

15. Morning Stars are banned because:
a. They give a combatant an

unfair advantage.

b. They are not appropriate for

the Adrian time period.

c. They are too hard to control.

16. Circle all that apply. Which areas do
not require rigid protection?
a. point of the shoulder
b. sides of the neck
c. ribs
d. upper arms
e. shins
f. kidney area
g. hips

17. "Knightly Combat"
a. is always assumed when

Knights are fighting.

b. can be conducted if the

combatants agree to it. The
marshals don't need to know.

c. can be conducted if both

combatants agree and the
marshals are told.

18. How thick must a wooden shield be
for Armored combat?
a. 1/4"
b. 3/8"
c. 1/2"

19. Draw-cuts are not considered valid
in Armored combat.
a. True
b. False

20. Circle all that apply. A coat of
plates (being the only body armor
worn) may have plates made of:
a. 1/4" ABS plastic
b. 8 oz. boiled leather
c. 15 oz. unboiled leather
d. T6 aluminum

Combat Manual Page 35 of 35
as adopted November 2000, amended February 2002

ADRIAN EMPIRE COMBAT QUALIFICATION TEST: MARSHALS

1. Normally, a double-kills in a tournament
a. count as a death for both

combatants

b. are refought until one combatant

gets a victory

2. Which of the following is not true with
regards to armor inspections:
a. All combatants must have groin

protection

b. Helms for Armored and

Cut&Thrust must have chin straps

c. All combatants must demonstrate

that they are able to lie on their
back and get back up

d. Combatants are to be inspected

with their helms on

3. What is the 1-year rule?
a. How long a new combatant must

participate in Adria before
qualifying for the Knights list

b. How long a combatant from a

similar club has been qualified in
that club before being allowed to
qualify for the Knights list

c. How long someone will be banned

from the field for unsafe conduct

4. The minimum age for a combatant in Cut
and Thrust is:
a. 12
b. 13
c. 16
d. 18

5. How high does a combatant need to
score on the qualification test to qualify
for Renaissance Schlager combat:
a. 60%
b. 75%
c. 90%
d. 100%

6. Armored combat using full force blows
is:
a. allowed only for Knights list

combat.
b. only allowed in demos.
c. only allowed when striking a shield
d. never allowed.

7. The minimum number of marshals on the
field for Shinai combat is:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

8. The marshals meeting prior to the start
of war scenarios is intended to:
a. inform the marshals of what the

scenarios will be

b. discuss special rules of particular

scenarios

c. inform the marshals of any

potential hazards

d. All of the above

9. In Shinai battles, combatants:
a. cannot make contact with their

opponents with anything but
weapons

b. are allowed to advance into the

enemy at a run

c. are allowed to advance at a walk

until the enemy physically resists

d. may shield-bash opponents with

the flat of the shield

10. When inspecting a schläger blade:
a. hit it against a solid object to test

for breakage

b. thrust it into the combatant to test

for flexibility

c. peel the tape off to ensure the

blunt is properly attached

d. unscrew the pommel and inspect

the tang

e. None of the above

11. What is the minimum blade length of a
shinai?
a. 12"
b. 16"
c. 18"
d. 34"

12. What level of combatant does a marshal
need to be to qualify someone in
Armored combat?
a. Sergeant
b. Knight Bachelor
c. Knight Bannerette

13. A marshal is allowed to call a blow to a
combatant in a Knights list tournament?
a. True
b. False

14. A non-combatant, who is not an
authorized marshal:
a. is not allowed to marshal combat
b. cannot marshal, but can still

conduct armor inspections

c. can marshal for safety, but cannot

call blows to combatants

15. The minimum size for a list field used
for single combat (including the
external boundary) is:
a. 15 feet across
b. 25 feet across
c. 30 feet across
d. 20 yards across

16. What is the minimum number of
marshals required to conduct a battle
with 60 combatants:
a. 2
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10

17. Circle all that apply: During a combat
qualification, what is the combatant
being watched for?
a. The combatant can defend

himself adequately

b. The combatant have a good

degree of skill
c. The combatant can attack safely
d. The combatant can beat his

opponent during "free play"

18. How many events must someone
marshal at before he can be
authorized?
a. one
b. five
c. none, if he is known to have the

required experience already

d. both b. and c.

19. A weapon must be allowed on the
field if it meets the weapons
standards set forth in the Adrian
Combat Manual.
a. True
b. False

20. Circle all that apply. A marshal may
call a blow invalid if:
a. It is too hard
b. It is too light
c. It is flat