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information contained herein is the property of LGC Wireless. No part of this document
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InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
Limited Warranty
Seller warrants articles of its manufacture against defective materials or workmanship for a
period of one year from the date of shipment to Purchaser, except as provided in an y warranty
applicable to Purchaser on or in the package containing the Goods (which wa rranty tak es
precedence over the following warranty). The liability of Seller under the foregoing warranty
is limited, at Seller’s option, solely to repair or replacement with equivalent Goods, or an
appropriate adjustment not to exceed the sales price to Purchaser, provided that (a) Seller is
notified in writing by Purchaser, within the one year warranty period, prompt ly upon
discovery of defects, with a detailed descripti on of such defects, (b) Purchaser has obtained a
Return Materials Authorization (RMA) from Seller, which RMA Seller agrees to provide
Purchaser promptly upon request, (c) the defective Goods are returned to Seller,
transportation and other applicable charges prepaid by the Purchaser, and (d )Seller’s
examination of such Goods discloses to its reasonable satisfaction that defects were not
caused by negligence, misuse, improper installation, improper maintenance, accident or
unauthorized repair or alteration or any other cause outside the scope of Purchaser’s warranty
made hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Seller shall have the opt ion to r epair any
defective Goods at Purchaser’s facility. The original warranty period for any Goods that have
been repaired or replaced by seller will not thereby be exten ded. In additi on, all s ales will be
subject to standard terms and conditions on the sal es con tract.
PN 9000-10InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual
620021-0 Rev. A
InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
Figure 6-2 Simplex Base Station to an Accel Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21
Figure 6-3 Duplex Base Station to an Accel Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
Figure 6-4 Connecting an Accel Hub to Multiple Base Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Figure 6-5 Connecting Two Accel Hubs to a Simplex Repeater or Base Station. 6-26
Figure 6-6 Connecting Two Accel Hubs to a Duplex Repeater or Base Station . . 6-28
Table 5-18 Average Signal Loss of Common Building Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . .5 -18
Table 5-19 Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments . 5-19
Table 5-20 Frequency Bands and the Value of the first Term in Equation (3) . . . 5-20
T a ble 5-21Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
Table 8-7Troubleshooting Accel Hub Port LEDs During Normal Operation. . 8-11
Table 8-8Troubleshooting Accel Hub Status LEDs During Normal Operation8-12
viiiInterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
PN 9000-10InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual1-1
620021-0 Rev. A
1.1Purpose and Scope
This document describes the InterReach Unison Accel system.
• Section 2 InterReach Unison Accel System Description
An overview of the Unison Accel hardware and OA&M capabilities is provided in
this section. This section also contains system specifications and RF end-to-end
performance tables.
• Section 3 Accel Hub
The Main Hub is illustrated and described in this section. Connector and LED
descriptions, communicatio n cable (seria l and nul l modem) pin ou ts, and un it specifications are included.
• Section 4 Unison Remote Access Unit
The Remote Access Unit is illustrated and described in this section. Connector and
LED descriptions, and unit specifications are included.
• Section 5 Designing a Unison Accel Solution
This section provides tools to aid you in designing your Unison system, including
tables of the maximum output power per carrier at the RAU and formulas and
tables for calculating path loss, coverage distance, and link budget.
• Section 6 Installing Unison Accel
Installation procedures, requirements, safety precautions, and checklists are pro-
vided in this section. The installation procedures include guidelines for troubleshooting using the LEDs as you install the units.
• Section 7 Replacing Unison Accel Components in an Operational System
This section provides installation procedures and considerations when you are
replacing a Unison component in an operating system.
• Section 8 Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance
Contact information and troubleshooting tables are provided in this section.
• Appendix A Cables and Connectors
Connector and cable descriptions and requirements are provided in this section.
Additionally, cable pin outs and diagrams are given.
1-2InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
• Appendix B InterReach Unison Accel Property Sheet
This section contains a form that you can use during installation to record serial
numbers, gain settings, system band, RAU attenuation, and unit installation location. This information is required for the final As-Built documentation.
• Appendix C Compliance
Safety and Radio/EMC approvals are listed in this section.
• Appendix D Release Notes
A hardware/firmware/software compatibility table is provided in this section.
• Appendix E Glossary
The Glossary provides definitions of commonly-used RF and wireless networking
terms.
PN 9000-10Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-99601-3
620021-0 Rev. A
1.2Conventions in this Manual
The following table lists the type style conventions used in this manual.
ConventionDescription
boldUsed for emphasis
BOLD CAPS
MALL CAPSAdminManager window buttons
S
Measurements are listed first in metric units, followed by U.S. Customary System of
units in parentheses. For example:
0° to 45°C (32° to 113°F)
The following symbols are used to highlight certain information as described.
NOTE: This format is used to emphasize text with special significance or
importance, and to provide supplemental information.
CAUTION: This format is used when a given action or omitted
action can cause or contribute to a hazardous condition. Damage to
the equipment can occur.
Labels on equipment
WARNING: T his fo rma t i s used wh en a given action or omit ted action
can result in catastrophic damage to the equipment or cause injury to
the user.
Procedure
This form at is used to highlight a procedure.
1-4InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
1.3Acronyms in this Manual
AcronymDefinition
AGCautomatic gain control
ALCautomatic level control
AMPSAdvanced Mobile Phone Service
BTSbase transceiver station
Cat-5/6Category 5 or Category 6 (twisted pair cable)
CDMAcode division multiple access
CDPDcellular digital packet data
DASdistributed antenna system
dBdecibel
dBmdecibels relative to 1 milliwatt
DCdirect current
DCSDigital Communications System
DLdownlink
EDGEEnhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
EGSMExtended Global Standard fo r Mob ile Communications
GHzgigahertz
GPRSGeneral Packet Radio Service
GSMGroupe Speciale Mobile (now translated in English as Global Standard
for Mobile Communications)
Hzhertz
IFintermediate frequency
iDENIntegrated Digital Enhanced Network (Motorola variant of TDM A
wireless)
LANlocal area network
LOlocal oscillator
mAmilliamps
MBSmicrocellular base station
MHMain Hub
MHzmegahertz
MTBFmean time between failures
NFnoise figure
nmnanometer
OA&Moperation, administration, an d maintenance
PCSPersonal Communication Services
PN 9000-10Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-99601-5
620021-0 Rev. A
AcronymDefinition
PLLphase-locked loop
PLSpath loss slope
RAURemote Access Unit
RFradio frequency
RSSIreceived signal strength indicator
SMAsub-miniature A connector (coaxial cable connector type)
ScTPscreened twisted pair
TDMAtime division multiple access
ULuplink; Underwriters Laboratories
uWmicrowatts
UMTSUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System
UPSuninterruptable power supply
Wwatt
WCDMAwideband code division multiple access
1-6InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
1.4Standards Conformance
• Utilizes the TIA/EIA 568-A Ethernet cabling standards for ease of installation.
• See Appendix C for compliance information.
1.5Related Publications
• AdminManager User Manual, LGC Wireless part number 8810-10
PN 9000-10Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-99601-7
620021-0 Rev. A
1-8InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
SECTION 2InterReach Unison Accel
System Description
InterReach Unison Accel is a wireless networking system that is designed to handle
both wireless voice and data communications over licensed frequencies. It provide
high-quality, ubiquitous, seamless access to the wireless network in smaller buildings, including:
• Office buildings
• Hospitals
Accel provides the same RF characteristics as InterReach Unison, which is designed
for large public and private facilities such as campus environments, airports, shopping malls, subways, convention centers, sports venues, etc. Accel uses microprocessors to enable key capabilities such as software-selectable band settings, automatic
gain control, ability to incrementally adjust downlink/uplink gain, end-to-end alarming of all components and the asso ciated cable infras tru cture, and a host of additional
capabilities.
The Accel system supports major wireless standards and air interface protocols in use
around the world, including:
• Data Protocols: CDPD, EDGE, GPRS, WCDMA, CDMA2000, 1xRTT,
and Paging
PN 9000-10InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual2-1
620021-0 Rev. A
Key System Features
• Superior RF performance, particularly in the areas of IP3 and noise figure.
• High downlink composite power and low uplink noise figure enables support of
a large number of channels and larger coverage footprint per antenna.
• Software configurable Hub. Thus, the frequency band can be configured in the
field.
• Standard Cat-5 or Cat-6 (Cat-5/6) screened twisted pair (ScTP) cabling. The
Cat-5/6 ScTP cable run can be up to 100 meters recommended maximum (150
meters with RF performance degradation).
• System gain:
– Ability to manually set gain in 1 dB steps, from 0 to 15 dB, on both down-
link and uplink.
• RAU:
– RAU uplink and downlink gain can be independently attenuated 10 dB.
– Uplink level control protects the system from input overload and can be
optimized for either a single operator or multiple operators/protocols.
– VSWR check on RAU reports if there is a disconnected antenna (all RAUs
except UMTS).
• Firmware Updates are downloaded (either locally or remotely) to operating sys-
tems when any modifications are made to the product, including the addition of
new software capabilities/services.
• Extensive OA&M capabilities, including fault isolation to the field replaceable
unit, automatic reporting of all fault and warning conditions, and user-friendly
graphical-user interface OA&M software package.
2-2InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
2.1System Hardware Description
The InterReach Unison Accel system consists of two modular components:
• 19" rack-mountable Hub (connects to up to 8 Remote Access Units)
• Converts RF signals to electrical on the downlink; electrical to RF on the
uplink
• Microprocessor controlled (for alarms, monitoring, and control)
• Software configurable band
• Simplex interface to RF source
• Periodically polls all downstream RAUs for system status, and automatically
reports any fault or warning conditions
• Supplies DC power to RAU
• Remote Access Unit (RAU)
• Converts electrical signals to RF on the downlink; RF to electrical on the
uplink
• Microprocessor controlled (for alarms, monitoring, and control)
• Protocol/band specific units
The minimum configuration of a Unison Accel system is one Hub and one RAU
(1-1). The maximum configuration of a system is one Hub and 8 RAUs (1-8). Multiple systems can be combined to provide larger configurations.
Figure 2-1 Unison Accel System Hardware
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2.2System OA&M Capabilities Overview
InterReach Unison Accel is microp roces sor co ntroll ed and co ntains firmwa re which
enables much of the operations, administration, and maintenance (OA&M) functiona lity.
Complete alarming, down to the field replaceable unit (i.e., Hub and Remote Access
Unit) and the cabling infrastructure, is available. All events occurring in a system,
defined as an Accel Hub and all of its associated Remote Access Units, are automatically reported to the Hub. The Hub monitors system status and communicates that
status using the following methods:
• Normally closed (NC) alarm contact closures can be tied to standard NC alarm
monitoring systems or directly to a base station for alarm monitoring.
• The Hub’s f ront panel serial po rt connects directly to a PC (for local access) o r to a
modem (for remote access).
Figure 2-2 Three Methods for OA&M Communications
Use AdminManager to configure
or monitor a local Accel system.
Remotely, AdminManager can only
check system status, it cannot
receive modem calls.
PC/Laptop
running
AdminManager
RS-232Ethernet
1
RS-232
RJ-45
RAU
RS-232
Accel Hub
2
TCP/IP
3
Modem
ENET/232
Converter
RS-232
Accel Hub
Accel Hub
PSTN
Modem
Accel Hub
AdminManager OA&M software runs on a PC/laptop and communicates with one
Accel Hub, and its downstream RAUs, at a time.
• Connected directly to the Hub’s front panel RS-232 connector, you can access
the Installation Wizard which lets you configure a newly installed system, or
you can access the Configuration & Maintenance panel which lets you query
system status, configure a newly added or swapped unit, or change system
parameters.
• Connected remotely using a modem, AdminManager initiates communications
with the Hub. You can access a read-only Configuration & Maintenance panel
which lets you query system status to help you determine if an on-site visit is
required.
Refer to the AdminManager User Manual (PN 8810-10) for information about
installing and using the AdminManager software .
2-4InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
2.2.1System Monitoring and Reporting
Each Accel Hub in the system constantly monitors itself and its downstream RAUs
for internal fault and warning conditions. The results of this monitoring are stored in
memory and compared against new results.
When a Hub detects a change in status, a fault or warning is reported. Faults are indicated locally by red status LEDs, and both faults and warnings are reported to the
Hub and displayed on a PC/laptop, via the Hub’s serial port, that is running the
AdminManager software. Passive antennas that are connected to the RAUs are not
monitored automatically. Perform the System Test in order to retrieve status information about antennas.
Using AdminManager, you can install a new system or new components, change system parameters, and query system status. The following figure illustrates how the system reports its status to AdminManager.
Table 2-1 System Monitoring and Reporting
PC/Laptop
running
AdminManager
Use AdminManager to communicate with one or more remotely or
locally installed systems.
If a fault or warning condition is
reported, the AdminManager graphical user interface indicates the problem. AdminManager can also send
an e-mail and/or page notification to
designated recipients.
The Hub queries status of
each RAU and compares it to
previously stored status.
• If a fault is detected, LEDs
on the front panel turn red.
• If a fault or warning condition is detected in any unit,
the Hub initiates a call to
AdminManager.
2.2.2Using Alarm Contact Closures
The DB-9 female connector on the rear panel of the Accel Hub can be connected to a
local base station or to a daisy-chained series of Unison, LGCell, and/or MetroReach
Focus systems.
• When you connect MetroReach Focus or a BTS to Accel, the Accel Hub is the output of the alarms (alarm source) and MetroReach Focus or the BTS is the input
(alarm sense). This is described in Section 6.6.1 on page 6-30.
• When you connect LGCell to Accel, the Accel Hub is the input of the alarms
(alarm sense) and LGCell is the output (alarm source). This is described in
Section 6.6.2 on page 6-33.
Accel
RAU
Hub
RAU
Each RAU passes its status to
the Hub.
• If a fault is detected, the
ALARM LED is red. If no fault
is detected, the LED is green.
• If a fault or warning co n di tion
is detected, the information is
passed to the Hub.
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2.3System Connectivity
The system uses standard Cat-5/6 ScTP. This makes any system expansion, such as
adding an extra antenna for additional coverage, as easy as pulling a twisted pair
cable.
Figure 2-3 Unison Accel’s Architecture
RAURAURAU
InterReach
Unison Accel
Cat-5/6Cat-5/6Cat-5/6
up to 8 RAUs per Hub
2-6InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
2.4System Operation
• Downlink (Base Station to Wireless Devices)
The Accel Hub receives downlink RF signals
from a base station via coaxial cable.
The Hub converts the RF signals to IF
Accel Hub
Accel Hub
The Accel Hub sends uplink
RF signals to a base station
via coaxial cable.
signals and sends them to RAUs (up to 8)
via Cat-5/6 ScTP cable.
• Uplink (Wireless Devices to Base Station)
The Hub receives the IF signals from the
RAUs (up to 8) via Cat-5/6 ScTP cable and
converts to RF signals.
RAU
The RAU converts the IF signals
to RF and sends them to passive
antennas via coaxial cable.
RAU
The RAU receives uplink RF
signals from the passive
antenna via coaxial cable and
converts them to IF signals.
PN 9000-10Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-99602-7
Serial Interfac e Connector1 RS-232 9-pin D-sub, male—
LED Alarm and
Status Indicators
AC Power (Volts)Rating: 115/230V, 5.5/3A, 50–60 Hz
DC Power (Volts)—36V (from the Hub)
Power Consumption (W)4 RAUs: 150 typ/178 max
Enclosure Dimensions*
(height × width × depth)
Weight< 8 kg (< 17.5 lb)< 1 kg (< 2 lb)
1 9-pin D-sub, female—
Unit Status (1 pair):
•Power
• Status
RAU/Link Status
(1 pair per RJ-45 port):
•Link
•RAU
Operating Range: 90–132V/170–250 V a uto-ranging,
4.6–2.3A/3.6–1.6A, 47–63 Hz
4 RAUs & 4 Extenders: 167 typ/202 max
8 RAUs: 200 typ/242 max
8 RAUs & 8 Extenders: 234 typ/290 max
133.5 mm × 438 mm × 305 mm
(5.25 in. × 17.25 in. × 12 in.)
Unit Status (1 pair):
•Link
•Alarm
—
16 max (from the Hub)
44 mm × 305 mm × 158 mm
(1.7 in. × 12 in. × 6.2 in.)
*Excluding angle-bra ck et s fo r 19'' ra ck mounting of hub.
Note: Unison Accel Hub typical power consumption assumes that the Cat-5/6 cable length is no more than 100 meters without a Cat-5 Extender
and no more than 170 meters with a Cat-5 Extender.
2.5.2Environmental Specifications
ParameterUnison Accel HubRAU
Operating Temperature 0° to +45°C (+32° to +113°F)–25° to +45°C (–13° to +113°F)
Non-operating Temperature –20° to +85°C (–4° to +185°F)–25° to +85°C (–13° to +185°F)
Operating Humidity; non-c on de n si ng 5% to 95%5% to 95%
2-8InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
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2.5.4RF End-to-End Performance
The following tables list the RF end-to-end performance of each protocol.
NOTE: The system gain is adjustable in 1 dB steps from 0 to 1 5 dB, and the
gain of each RAU can be attenuated 10 dB in one step.
Cellular 800 MHz
Table 2-2 Cellular RF End-to-End Performance
Parameter
Average gain with 75 m Cat-5 at 25°C (77°F) (dB)1515
Ripple with 75 m Cat-5 (dB)33.5
Output IP3 (dBm)40
Input IP3 (dBm)–7
Output 1 d B Compression Point (dBm)27
Noise Figure 1 Hub-8 RAUs (dB)15
iDEN 800 MHz
Table 2-3 iDEN RF End-to-End Performance
Typical
DownlinkUplink
Typical
ParameterDownlinkUplink
Average gain with 75 m Cat-5/6 at 25°C (77°F) (dB)1515
Ripple with 75 m Cat-5/6 (dB)23
Output IP3 (dBm)38
Input IP3 (dBm)–7
Output 1 d B Compression Point (dBm)26
Noise Figure 1 Hub-8 RAUs (dB)17
GSM/EGSM 900 MHz
Table 2-4 GSM/EG SM RF End-to-End Performance
Typical
ParameterDownlinkUplink
Average Downlink gain with 75 m Cat-5/6 at 25°C (77°F) (dB)1515
Ripple with 75 m Cat-5/6 (dB)34
Output IP3 (dBm)38
Input IP3 (dBm)–7
Output 1 d B Compression Point (dBm)26
Noise Figure 1 Hub-8 RAUs (dB)16
2-10InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
DCS 1800 MHz
Table 2-5 DCS RF End-to-End Performance
Typical
ParameterDownlinkUplink
Average gain with 75 m Ca t-5/6 at 25°C (7 7°F) (dB)1515
Downlink ripple with 75 m Cat-5/6 (dB)2
Uplink ripple for center 35 MHz of DCS1 and DCS2, Full band for DCS4
with 75 m Cat-5/6 (dB)
Uplink gain r oll off for F ull band of DCS1 and DCS2 with 75 m Cat-5/6 ( dB )2
Output IP3 (dBm)38
Input IP3 (dBm)–12
Output 1 dB Compression Point (dBm)26
Noise Figure 1 Hub-8 RAUs (dB)17
PCS 1900 MHz
Table 2-6 PCS RF End-to-End Performance
Typical
Parameter
Average gain with 75 m Ca t-5 at 25°C (77°F) (dB)1515
Ripple with 75 m Cat-5 (dB )2.53
Output IP3 (dBm)38
Input IP3 (dBm)–12
Output 1 dB Compression Point (dBm)26
Noise Figure 1 Hub-8 RAUs (dB)16
DownlinkUplink
2
UMTS 2.1 GHz
Table 2-7 UMTS RF End-to-End Performance
Typical
Parameter
Average Gain w/75 meters Cat-5/6 @ 25°C (dB)1515
Ripple w/7 5 meters Cat - 5/6 (dB)2 .54
Noise Figure: 1 Accel Hub and 8 RAUs (dB)16
Spurious Output Levels (dBm)<–30
UMTS TDD Band Spurious Output Level
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)> 0.97> 0.97
DownlinkUplink
<–52
2-12InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
SECTION 3Accel Hub
The Accel Hub distributes downlink RF signals from a base station, repeater, or
MetroReach Focus system to up to eight Remote Access Units. The Hub also combines uplink signals fr om the RAUs.
Figure 3-1 Accel Hub in a Unison System
Downlin k Pa th : The Accel Hub receives downlink RF signals from a base station, repeater , or MetroReach Focus system via
coaxial cable. It converts the signals to IF and sends them to up to eight RAUs via Cat-5/6 cable.
The Hub also sends OA&M communication to the RAUs via the Cat-5/6 cable.
Downlink to Main Hub
Accel Hub
Uplink from Main Hub
Uplink Path: The Accel Hub receives uplink IF signals from up to eight RAUs via Cat-5/6 cable. It converts the signals to RF
and sends them to a base station, repeater, or MetroReach Focus system via coaxial cable.
The Hub also receives status information from the RAUs via the Cat-5/6 cable.
RAU
Figure 3-2 gives a detailed view of the major RF and functional blocks of the Accel
Hub.
Figure 3-2 Accel Hub Block Diagram
Dave: Please provide
(see RAU for example)
PN 9000-10InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual3-1
620021-0 Rev. A
3.1Accel Hub Front Panel
Figure 3-3 Accel Hub Front Panel
1
23
LINK
RAU
RS-232
4
PORT 1
LINK
RAU
PORT 2
LINK
RAU
PORT 3
2
LINK
RAU
PORT 4
LINK
RAU
PORT 5
LINK
RAU
PORT 6
LINK
RAU
PORT 7
LINK
RAU
PORT 8
POWER
STATUS
InterReach
Unison Accel
1. Eight standard Cat-5/6 ScTP cable RJ-45 connectors (labeled PORT 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8)
2. Eight sets of RJ-45 port LEDs (one set per port)
• One LED per port for link status (labeled
• One LED per port for downstream unit status (labeled
LINK)
RAU)
3. One se t of unit status LEDs
• One LED for unit power status (labeled
• One LED for unit status (labeled
POWER)
MAIN HUB STATUS)
4. One 9-pin D-sub male connector for system communication and diagnos tics using
a PC/laptop or modem (labeled
RS-232)
5. Power switch .
POWER
5
3-2InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
3.1.1RJ-45 Connectors
The eight RJ-45 connectors on the Hub are for the Cat-5/6 ScTP cables that are used
to transmit and receive signals to and from RAUs. Use shielded RJ-45 connectors on
the Cat-5/6 cable.
NOTE: For system performance, it is important that you use only Cat-5/6 ScTP
(screened twisted pair) cable with shielded RJ-45 connectors.
The Cat-5/6 cable also delivers DC electrical power to the RAUs. The Hub’s DC
voltage output is 36V DC nominal. A current limiting circuit is used to protect the
Hub if any port draws excessive power.
3.1.2Communications RS-232 Serial Connector
Remote Monitoring
Use a standard serial cable to connect a modem to the 9-pin D-sub male serial connector for remote monitoring or configuring. The cable typically has a DB-9 female
and a DB-25 male connector. See Appendix A.3 on page A-3 for the cable pinout.
Local Monitoring
Use a null modem cable to connect a laptop or PC to the 9-pin D-sub male serial connector for local monitoring or configuring. The cable typically has a DB-9 female
connector on both ends. See Appendix A.4 on page A-4 for the cable pinout.
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3.1.3Hub LED Indicators
The unit’s f ront panel LEDs ind icate f aults and commanded or fault lockout s. The
LEDs do not indicate warnings or whether the system test has been performed. O nly
use the LEDs to provide basic information or as a backup when you are not using
AdminManager.
Upon power up, the Hub goes through a five-second test to check the LED lamps.
During this time, the LEDs blink through the states shown in Table 3-1, letting you
visually verify that the LED lamps and the firmware are functioning properly.
The Hub will automatically send the program band command to all
connected RAUs. A mismatched band will cause an error message
to be displayed in AdminManager and the RAU will have a fault condition.
NOTE: Refer to Section 8 for troubleshooting using the LEDs.
Status LEDs
The Hub status LEDs can be in one of the states shown in Table 3-1. These LEDs can
be:
steady green
steady red
blinking green/red (alternating green/red)
There is no off state when the unit’s power is on.
Table 3-1 Accel Hub Status LED States
LED StateIndicates
POWER
STATUS
POWER
STATUS
POWER
STATUS
Green
Green
Green
Red
Green
Alternating
Green/Red
• Hub is connected to power
• Hub is not reporting a fault; but the system test may need to be performed or a warning could exist (use AdminMana ger to determine)
• Hub is connected to power
• Hub is reporting a fault or lockout condition
• Hub is connected to power
• Hub input signal level too high
3-4InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
LINK
RAU
LINK
RAU
LINK
RAU
LINK
RAU
Port LEDs
The Hub has one pair of port LEDs for each of the eight RJ-45 ports. The port LEDs
can be in one of the states shown in Table 3-2. These LEDs can be:
off
steady green
steady red
Table 3-2 Accel Hub Port LED States
LED StateIndicates
Off
Off
Green
Green
Red
Off
Green
Red
• RAU is not c onnected
• RAU is connected
• No faults from RAU
• Loss of communications to R A U
• RAU is connected
• RAU is reporting a fault or lockout condition
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3.2Accel Hub Rear Panel
Figure 3-4 Accel Hub Rear Panel
1234
1. AC power cord connector
2. Three air exhaust vents
3. Two N-type, fe male connectors:
• Downlink (labeled
• Uplink (labeled
4. One 9-pin D-sub female connector for contact closure monitoring (labeled
DIAGNOSTIC 1)
DOWNLINK)
UPLINK)
Are the back panel items labeled?
3-6InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
3.2.1Accel Hub Rear Panel Connectors
3.2.1.19-pin D-sub Connector
The 9-pin D-sub connector (labeled DIAGNOSTIC 1) provides contact closure for
major and minor error system alarm monitoring.
The following table lists the function of each pin on the 9-pin D-sub connector.
This interface can either generate contact alarms or sense a single external alarm contact.
3.2.1.2N-type Female Connectors
There are two N-type female connectors on the rear panel of the Hub:
•The
DOWNLINK connector receives downlink RF signals from a repeater, local
base station, or MetroReach Focus system.
•The
UPLINK connector transmits uplink RF signals to a repeater, local base sta-
tion, or MetroReach Focus system.
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3.3Faults and Warnings
The Accel Hub monitors and reports changes in system performance to:
• Ensure that its amplifiers and IF/RF path are functioning properly.
• Ensure that Remote Access Units are connected and functioning properly.
The Accel Hub periodically queries attached Remote Access Units for their status.
Both faults and warnings are reported to a connected PC/laptop that is running the
AdminManager software. Only faults are indicated by LEDs.
For more information, see:
• page 8-3 for Hub faults.
• page 8-7 for Hub warnings.
• page 8-8 for Hub status messages.
• page 8-11 for troubleshooting Hub LEDs.
3-8InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
3.4Accel Hub Specifications
Table 3-3 Accel Hub Specifications
SpecificationDescription
Enclosure Dimensions (H
Weight< 8 kg (< 17.5 lb)
Operating Temperature0° to +45°C (+32° to +113°F)
Non-operating Temperature–20° to +85°C (–4° to +185°F)
Operating Humidity, non-condensing5% to 95%
External Alarm Connector
(contact closure)
Serial Interface Connector1 RS-232 9-pin D-sub, male
RF Connectors8 shielded RJ-45, female (Cat-5/6)
LED Fault and Status IndicatorsUnit Status (1 pair):
AC PowerRating: 115/230V, 5.5/3A, 50–60 Hz
Power Consumption (W)4 RAUs: 150 typ/178 ma x
MTBF78,998 hours
× W × D): 133.5 mm × 438 mm × 305 mm (5.25 in. × 17.25 in. × 12 in.)
1 9-pin D-sub, female
Maximum: 40 mA @ 40V DC
Typical: 4 mA @ 12V DC
•Power
• Main Hub Stat us
Downstream Unit/Link Status (1 pair per Cat-5/6 port):
•Link
•RAU
Operating Range: 90–132V/170–250V auto-ranging,
4.6–2.3A/3.6–1.6A, 47–63 Hz
4 RAUs & 4 Extenders: 167 typ/202 max
8 RAUs: 200 typ/242 ma x
8 RAUs & 8 Extenders: 234 typ/290 max
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SECTION 4Unison Remote Access Unit
The Remote Access Unit (RAU) is an active transceiver that connects to an Accel
Hub using industry-standard Cat-5/6 screened twisted pair (ScTP) cable, which delivers RF signals, configuration information, and electrical power to the RAU.
An RAU passes RF signals between an Accel Hub and an attached passive antenna
where the signals are transmitted to wireless devices.
Figure 4-1 Remote Access Unit in a Unison Accel System
Downlink Path: The RAU receives downlink IF signals from an Accel Hub via Cat-5/6 cable. It converts the signals to RF
and sends them to a passive RF antenna via coaxial cable.
Also, the RAU receives configuration information from the Accel Hub via the Cat-5/6 cable.
Unison Accel Hub
Uplink Path: The RAU receives uplink RF signals from a passive RF antenna via coaxial cable. It converts the signals to IF
and sends them to an Accel Hub via Cat-5/6 cable.
Also, the RAU sends its status information to the Accel Hub via the Cat-5/6 cable.
Downlink to RAU
RAU
Uplink from RAU
Downlink to antenna
Uplink from antenna
PN 9000-10InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual4-1
620021-0 Rev. A
Figure 4-2 Remote Access Unit Block Diagram
4-2InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
The Unison RAUs are manufactured to a specific band or set of bands (i.e., there is
one PCS RAU which can be used for A/D, B/E, E/F, B/D, or F/C). Table 4-1 lists the
six Unison RAUs, the Unison Band, and the frequency band(s) they cover.
The RAU has one female SMA connector. The connector is a duplexed RF input/output port that connects to a standard passive antenna using coaxial cable.
4.1.2RJ-45 Connector
The RAU has one RJ-45 connector that connects it to an Accel Hub using Cat-5/6
ScTP cable. Use shielded RJ-45 connectors on the Cat-5/6 cable.
NOTE: For system performance, it is important that you use only Cat-5/6 ScTP
cable with shielded RJ-45 connectors.
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LINK
ALARM
LINK
ALARM
LINK
ALARM
LINK
ALARM
4.2RAU LED Indicators
Upon power up, the RAU goes through a two-second test to check the LED lamps.
During this time, the LEDs blink green/green red/red, letting you visually verify that
the LED lamps and the firmware are functioning properly.
NOTE: Refer to Section 8 for troubleshooting using the LEDs.
Status LEDs
The RAU status LEDs can be in one of the states shown in Table 4-2. These LEDs
can be:
off
steady green
steady red
There is no off state when the unit’s power is on.
Table 4-2 Remote Access Unit LED States
LED StateIndicates
Off
Off
Green
Green
Green
Red
Red
Red
• RAU is not receiving DC power
• RAU is powered and is not indicating a fault condition. Communi catio n with Accel Hub is
normal; but the system test may need to be performed or a warning condition could exist
(use AdminManager to determine)
• RAU is indicating a fault or lockout condition, but communication with the Accel Hub is
normal
• RAU is reporting a fault or lockout condition, and it is not able to communicate with the
Accel Hub
4-4InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
4.3Faults and Warnings
Both fault and warning conditions are reported to the Accel Hub where they are
stored. Only faults are indicated by LEDs.
For more information, see:
• page 8-6 for RAU faults.
• page 8-7 for RAU warnings.
• page 8-9 for RAU status messages.
4.4Remote Access Unit Specifications
Table 4-3 Remote Access Unit Specifications
SpecificationDescription
Dimensions (H
Weight< 1 kg (< 2 lb)
Operating Temperature–25° to +45°C (–13° to +113°F)
Non-operating Temperature–25° to +85°C (–13° to +185°F)
Operating Humidity, non-condensing5% to 95%
RF Connectors
LED Alarm and Status IndicatorsUnit Status (1 pair): • Link • Alarm
Maximum Heat Dissipation (W)16 max (from the Hub)
MTBF282,207 hours
× W × D)44 mm × 305 mm × 158 mm (1.7 in. × 12 in. × 6.2 in.)
1 shielded RJ-45, female (Cat-5/6)
1 SMA, male (coaxial)
a
a. For system performance, it is impo rta nt that yo u use only Cat-5/6 ScTP cable with shielded RJ- 45 connectors.
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4.5RAUs in a Dual Band System
A Dual-Band Diplexer can be used to combine the output from two RAUs, one that is
below 1 GHz and one that is above 1 GHz, for output to a single passive antenna..
Cat-5/6 from Accel Hub
Cat-5/6 from Accel Hub
Antenna
3 ft. coaxial cable
3 ft. coaxial cable
Unison
RAU
Dual Band
Diplexer
Unison
RAU
Refer to the Dual Band Diplexer specifications (PN 8000-54) for technical information.
4-6InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
SECTION 5Designing a Unison Accel
Solution
Designing a Unison Accel solution is ultimately a matter of determining coverage and
capacity needs. This requires the following steps:
1. Determine the wireless service provider’s requirements.
This information is usually determined by the service provider:
• Frequency (i.e., 850 MHz)
• Band (i.e., “A” band in the Cellular spectrum)
• Protocol (i.e., TDMA, CDMA, GSM, iDEN)
• Peak capacity requirement (this, and whether or not the building will be split
into sectors, determines the number of carriers that the system will have to
transmit)
• Design goal (RSSI, received signal strength at the wireless handset,
i.e., –85 dBm)
The design goal is always a stronger signal than the cell phone needs. It
includes inherent factors which will affect performance (see Section 5.4.1 on
page 5-30).
• RF source (base station or BDA), type of equipment if possible
2. Determine the power per carrier and input power from the base station or
BDA into the Main Hub: Section 5.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier
at RAU,” on page 5-3.
The maximum power per carrier is a function of the number of RF carriers, the
carrier headroom requirement, signal quality issues, regulatory emissions requirements, and Unison’s RF performance. Typically, the power per carrier decreases
as the number of carriers increases.
3. Determine the in-building environment: Section 5.2, “Estimating RF Cover-
age,” on page 5-17.
• Determine which areas of the buildi ng require cov erage (entire bu ilding, publi c
areas, parking levels, etc.)
PN 9000-10InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual5-1
620021-0 Rev. A
• Obtain floor plans to determine floor space of building and the wall layout of
the proposed areas to be covered. Floor plans will also be useful when you are
selecting antenna locations.
• If possible, determine the building’s construction materials (sheetrock, metal,
concrete, etc.)
• Determine type of environment
– Open layout (e.g., a convention center)
– Dense, close walls (e.g., a hospital)
– Mixed use (e.g., an office building with hard wall offices and cubicles)
4. Develop an RF link budget: Section5.4, “Link Budget Analysis,” on page
5-29.
Knowing the power per carrier , you can calcula te an RF link budg et which is used
to predict how much propagation loss can be allowed in the system, while still
providing satisfactory performance throughout the area being covered. The link
budget is a methodical way to derive a “design goal”. If the design goal is provided in advance, the link budget is simpl y: allowable RF loss = maximum power
per carrier – design goal.
5. Determine the appropriate estimated path loss slope that corresponds to the
type of building and its layout, and estimate the coverage distance for each
RAU: Section 5.2, “Estimating RF Coverage,” on page 5-17.
The path loss slope (PLS), which gives a value to the RF propagation characteristics within the building, is used to convert the RF link budget into an estimate of
the coverage distance per antenna. This will help establish the Unison equipment
quantities you will need. The actual path loss slope that corresponds to the specific RF environment inside the building can also be determined empirically by
performing an RF site-survey of the building. This involves transmitting a calibrated tone for a fixed antenna and making measurements with a mobile antenna
throughout the area surrounding the transmitter.
6. Determine the items required to connect to the base station: Section 5.5,
“Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station,” on page 5-42.
Once you know the quantities of Unison equipment you will use, you can determine the accessories (combiners/dividers, surge suppressors, repeaters, attenuators, circulators, etc.) that are required to connect the system to the base station.
The individual elements that must be considered in designing a Unison solution are
discussed in the following sections.
5-2InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
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5.1Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU
The following tables show the recommended maximum power per carrier out of the
RAU SMA connector for different frequencies, formats, and numbers of carriers.
These limits are dictated by RF signal quality and regulatory emissions issues. The
maximum input power to the Main Hub is determined by subtracting the system gain
from the maximum output power of the RAU. System gain is software selectable
from 0 dB to 15 dB in 1 dB steps. Additionally , both the uplink and downlink of each
RAU gain can be reduced by 10 dB.
When you connect a Main Hub to a base station or repeater, the RF power per carrier
usually needs to be attenuated in order to avoid exceeding Unison’s maximum output
power recommendations.
Refer to Section 5.6, “Designing for a Neutral Host System,” on page 5-46 when
combining frequencies or protocols on a single Main Hub.
WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub. Do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.
NOTE: These specifications are for downlink power at the RAU output (excluding
antenna).
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Allowing for Future Capacity Growth
Sometimes a Unison deployment initially is used to enhance coverage. Later that
same system may also need to provide increased capacity. Thus, the initial deployment might only transmit two carriers but need to transmit four carriers later. There
are two options for dealing with this scenario:
1. Design the initial coverage with a maximum power per carrier for four carriers.
2. Design the initial co verage for two carriers but leave RAU ports on the Hubs
unused. These ports can be used later if coverage holes are discovered once the
power per carrier is lowered to accommodate the two additional carriers.
5-16InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
5.2Estimating RF Coverage
The maximum power per carrier (based on the number and type of RF carriers that
are being transmitted) and the minimum acceptable received power at the wireless
device (i.e., RSSI, the design goal) establish the RF link budget, and consequently the
maximum acceptable path loss between the antenna and the wireless device.
Figure 5-1 Determining Path Loss between the Antenna and the Wireless Device
Antenna and Gain (G)
Coax
RAU
P = power per
carrier from the RAU
d
RSSI = power at the
wireless device
(P + L
+ G) – RSSI = PL(1)
coax
The path loss (PL) is the loss in decibels (dB) between the antenna and the wireless
device. The distance, d, from the antenna cor responding to this path loss can b e calculated using the path loss equations in Section 5.2.1 and in Section 5.2.2.
Coaxial cable is used to connect the RAU to an antenna. The following table lists
coaxial cable loss for various cable lengths.
Table 5-17 Coaxial Cable Losses
Length of Cable
(.195 in. diameter)
800 MHz
(dB)
0.9 m (3 ft)0.60.8
1.8 m (6 ft)1.01.5
3.0 m (10 ft)1.52.3
Loss at
Loss at
1900 MHz
(dB)
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5.2.1Path Loss Equation
Indoor path loss obeys the distance power law1 in equation (2):
PL = 20log(4πd
f/c) + 10nlog(d/d0) + Χ
0
s
where:
• PL is the path loss at a distance, d, from the antenna (the distance between the
antenna that is connected to the RAU and the point where the RF signal
decreases to the minimum acceptable level at the wireless device).
• d is the distance expressed in meters
•d
is usually taken as 1 meter of free-space.
0
• f is the operating frequency in hertz.
8
• c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 × 10
m/sec).
• n is the path loss exponent and depends on the building “clutter”.
•
Χ
is a normal random variable that depends on partition losses inside the build-
s
ing, and therefore, depends on the frequency of operation.
As a reference, the following table gives estimates of signal loss for some RF barriers .
Table 5-18 Average Signal Loss of Common Building Materials
Partition Type
Metal wall26815
Aluminum siding20815
Foil insulation4815
Cubicle walls1.4900
Concrete block wall131300
Concrete floor101300
Sheetrock1 to 21300
Light machinery31300
General machiner y71300
Heavy machinery111300
Equipment racks71300
Assembly line61300
Ceiling duct51300
Metal stairs51300
Loss (dB)
@ <2 GHzFre quency (MHz)
(2)
1
1. Rappaport, Theodor e S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.
5-18InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
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5.2.2Coverage Distance
Equations (1) and (2), on pages 5-17 and 5-18, respectively, can be used to estimate
the distance from the antenna to where the RF signal decreases to the minimum
acceptable level at the wireless device.
Equation (2) can be simplified to:
PL(d) = 20log(4πf/c) + PLSlog(d)(3)
where PLS (path loss slope) is chosen to account for the building’s environment.
Because different frequencies penetrate partitions with different losses, the value of
PLS will vary depending on the frequency.
T able 5-19 shows estimated path loss slope (PLS) for various environments that have
different “clutter” (i.e., objects that attenuate the RF signals, such as walls, partitions,
stairwells, equipment racks, etc.)
Table 5-19 Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments
Environment TypeExam ple
Open Environment with very few
RF obstructions
Moderately Open Environment
with low-to-medium amount of RF
obstructions
Mildly Dense Environment with
medium-to-high amount of RF
obstructions
Moderately Dense Environment
with medium-to-high amount of RF
obstructions
Dense Environment with large
amount of RF obstructio ns
Parking Garage, Convention Center33.730.1
Warehouse, Airport, Manufacturing3532
Retail, Office Space with approximately 80% cubicles and 20% hard
walled offices
Office Space with approximately
50% cubicles an d 50 % ha r d w alled
offices
Hospital, Office Space with approximately 20% cubicles and 80% hard
walled offices
For simplicity, Equation (3) can be used to estimate the coverage distance of an
antenna that is connected to an RAU, for a given path loss, frequency, and type of
in-building environment.
PLS for
800/900 MHz
36.133.1
37.634.8
39.438.1
PLS for
1800/1900 MHz
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Table 5-20 gives the value of the first term of Equation (3) (i.e., (20log(4πf/c)) for
various frequency bands.
Table 5-20 Frequency Bands and the Value of the first Term in Equation (3)
Band (MHz)
Mid-Band
Frequency
(MHz)20log(4πf/c)UplinkDownlink
5-20InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
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For reference, Tables 5-21 through 5- 27 show the di s tance cover e d by an antenna for
various in-building environments. The following assumptions were made:
• Path loss Eq uation (3)
• 6 dBm output per carrier at the RAU output
• 3 dBi antenna gain
• RSSI = –85 dBm (typical for narrowband protocols, but not for spread-spectrum protocols)
Table 5-21 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 800 MHz Cellular Applications
Distance from Antenna
Environment Type
Open Environment73241
Moderately Open E nvironment63205
Mildly Dense Environment55181
Moderately Dense Environment47154
Dense Environment39129
Table 5-22 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
MetersFeet
for 800 MHz iDEN Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
Open Environment75244
Moderately Open E nvironment64208
Mildly Dense Environment56184
Moderately Dense Environment48156
Dense Environment40131
Table 5-23 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
MetersFeet
for 900 MHz GSM Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
Open Environment70230
Moderately Open E nvironment60197
Mildly Dense Environment53174
Moderately Dense Environment45148
Dense Environment38125
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MetersFeet
Table 5-24 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 900 MHz EGSM Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
MetersFeet
Open Environment70231
Moderately Open Environment60197
Mildly Dense Environment53174
Moderately Dense Environment45149
Dense Environment38125
Table 5-25 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 1800 MHz DCS Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
MetersFeet
Open Environment75246
Moderately Open Environment58191
Mildly Dense Environment50166
Moderately Dense Environment42137
Dense Environment30100
Table 5-26 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
MetersFeet
Open Environment75247
Moderately Open Environment58191
Mildly Dense Environment51167
Moderately Dense Environment42138
Dense Environment30100
5-22InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
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Table 5-27 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 1900 MHz PCS Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
MetersFeet
Open Environment72236
Moderately Open E nvironment56183
Mildly Dense Environment49160
Moderately Dense Environment40132
Dense Environment2996
Table 5-28 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna
for 2.1 GHz UMTS Applications
Distance from Antenna
Facility
Open Environment69226
Moderately Open E nvironment54176
Mildly Dense Environment47154
Moderately Dense Environment39128
Dense Environment2893
MetersFeet
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5.2.3Examples of Design Estimates
Example Design Estimate for an 800 MHz TDMA Application
1. Design goals:
• Cellular (859 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink
frequency in 800 MHz Cellular band)
• TDMA provider
• 12 TDMA carriers in the system
• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the build ing) — the minimu m received power
at the wireless device
• Base station with simplex RF connections
2. Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 5.1, “Maximum Output Power per
Carrier at RAU,” on page 5-3 provide maximum power p er car rier in form ation.
The 800 M Hz TDMA tabl e (on page 5-5) indicates that Unison can support 12
carriers with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 7.5 dBm. The input
power should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.
3. Building information:
• 8 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per floor; total 74,322
sq. meters (800,000 sq. ft.)
• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles
• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted
• Standard office environment, 50% hard wall offices and 50% cubicles
4. Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi
omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propagation loss should be no more than 95.5 dB (7.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over
95% of the area being covered. It is important to no t e that a design goal such as
–85 dBm is usually derived taking into account multipath fading and log-normal
shadowing characteristics. Thus, this design goal will only be met “on average”
over 95% of the area being covered. At any given point, a fade may bring the signal level underneath the design goal.
Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path.
For information to calculate link budgets for both the downlink and uplink paths,
see Section 5.4 on page 5-29.
5. Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, T able 5-19, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for
Different In-Building Environments” on page 5-19, shows that a building with 50%
hard wall offices and 50% cubicles, at 859 MHz, has an approximat e path loss slop e
(PLS) of 37.6. Given the RF link budget of 95.5 dB, the distance of coverage from
each RAU will be 52 meters (170.6 ft). This corresponds to a coverage area of
8,494 sq. meters (91,425 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 5.2.1 for details on path los s
estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though t he actual
area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstruction s in the
facility.
5-24InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
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Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate
the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are
tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed.
This assumes no propagation between floors. If there is propagation, you may not
need antennas on every floor.
a. 2 antennas per floor × 8 floors = 16 RAUs
b. 16 RAUs ÷ 8 (maximum 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 2 Expansion Hubs
c. 2 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (maximum 4 Exp a ns ion H u bs per Mai n Hu b) = 1 Main
Hub
Check that the Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the distances differ,
use the tables in Section 5.3, “System Gain,” on page 5-28 to determine system
gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance.
The above estimates assume that all cable length requirements are met. If Hubs cannot be placed so that the RAUs are within the distance requirement, additional Hubs
may need to be placed closer to the required RAUs locations.
An RF Site Survey and Building Evaluation is required to accurately establish the
Unison equipment quantities required for the building. The site survey measures the
RF losses within the building to determine the actual PLS, which will be used in the
final path loss formula to determine the actual requirements of the Unison system.
PN 9000-10Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-99605-25
620021-0 Rev. A
Example Design Estimate for an 1900 MHz CDMA Application
1. Design goals:
• PCS (1920 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink frequency in 1900 MHz PCS band)
• CDMA provider
• 8 CDMA carriers in the system
• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the build ing) — the minimu m received power
at the wireless device
• Base station with simplex RF connections
2. Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 5.1, “Maximum Output Power per
Carrier at RAU,” on page 5-3 provide maximum power p er car rier in form ation.
The 1900 MHz CDMA table (on page 5-12) indicates that Unison can support 8
carriers with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 6.5 dBm. The input
power should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.
3. Building information:
• 16 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per floor; total
148,640 sq. meters (1,600,000 sq. ft.)
• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles
• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted
• Standard office environment, 80% hard wall offices and 20% cubicles
4. Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi
omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propagation loss should be no more than 94.5 dB (6.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over
95% of the area being covered. It is important to no t e that a design goal such as
–85 dBm is usually derived taking into account multipath fading and log-normal
shadowing characteristics. Thus, this design goal will only be met “on average”
over 95% of the area being covered. At any given point, a fade may bring the signal level underneath the design goal.
Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path.
For information to calculate link budgets for both the downlink and uplink paths,
see Section 5.4 on page 5-29.
5. Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, T able 5-19, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for
Different In-Building Environments” on page 5-19, shows that a building with 80%
hard wall offices and 20% cubicles, at 1920 MHz, has an approximate p ath los s
slope (PLS) of 38.1. Given the RF link budget of 94.5 dB, the distance of coverage
from each RAU will be 30.2 me ters (99 ft). This correspond s to a covera ge area
of 2,868 sq. meters (30,854 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 5.2.1 for details on path
loss estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the
actual area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions
in the facility.
5-26InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
6. Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate
the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are
tested in the building, you can estimate that 4 antennas per level will be needed.
This assumes no propagation between floors. If there is propagation, you may not
need antennas on every floor.
a. 4 antennas per floor × 16 floors = 64 RAUs
b. 64 RAUs ÷ 8 (maximum 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 8 Expansion Hubs
c. 8 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (maximum 4 Expansion Hubs per Main H u b) = 2 Main
Hub
Check that the MMF and Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the distances differ, use the tables in Section 5.3, “System Gain,” on page 5-28 to determine system gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure
adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance.
The above estimates assume that all cable length requirements are met. If Hubs cannot be placed so that the RAUs are within the distance requirement, additional Hubs
may need to be placed closer to the required RAUs locations.
An RF Site Survey and Building Evaluation is required to accurately establish the
Unison equipment quantities required for the building. The site survey measures the
RF losses within the building to determine the actual PLS, which will be used in the
final path loss formula to determine the actual requirements of the Unison system.
PN 9000-10Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-99605-27
620021-0 Rev. A
5.3System Gain
The system gain can be decreased from 15 dB to 0 dB gain in 1 dB increments and
the uplink and downlink gains of each RAU can be independently decreased by
10 dB in one step using AdminManager or OpsConsole.
5.3.1System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable Length
The recommended minimum length of ScTP cable is 10 meters (3 3 f t ) and the recommended maximum length is 100 meters (328 ft). The system should not be operated
with ScTP cable that is less than 10 meters (33 ft) in length, system performance will
be greatly compromised. If the ScTP cable is longer than 100 meters (328 ft), the gain
of the system will decrease, as shown in Table 5-29.
Table 5-29 System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScT P Cable Length
Typical change in system gain (dB)
ScTP Cable
Length
800 MHz TDMA/AMPS and CDMA; 900 MHz GSM and
EGSM; and iDEN
110 m / 361 ft–1.0–0.7
120 m / 394 ft–3.2–2.4
130 m / 426 ft–5.3–4.1
140 m / 459 ft–7.5–5.8
150 m / 492 ft–9.7–7.6
1800 MHz GSM (DCS); 1900 MHz TDMA, CDMA, and GSM
110 m / 361 ft–1.0–0.7
120 m / 394 ft–4.0–2.4
130 m / 426 ft–6.4–4.1
140 m / 459 ft–8.8–5.8
150 m / 492 ft–11.3–7.6
2.1 GHz UMTS
110 m / 361 ft–1.0–0.7
120 m / 394 ft–3.2–2.4
130 m / 426 ft–5.3–4.1
140 m / 459 ft–7.5–5.8
150 m / 492 ft–9.7–7.6
DownlinkUplink
5-28InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
5.4Link Budget Analysis
A link budget is a methodical way to account for the gains and losses in an RF system
so that the quality of coverage can be predicted. The end result can often be stated as
a “design goal” in which the coverage is determined by the maximum distance from
each RAU before the signal strength falls beneath that goal.
One key feature of the link budget is the maximum power per carrier discussed in
Section 5.1. While the maximum power per carrier is important as far as emissions
and signal quality requirements are concerned, it is critical that the maximum signal
into the Main Hub never exceed 1W (+30 dBm). Composite power levels above this
limit will cause damage to the Main Hub.
WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power of 1W (+30 dBm)
could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub.
PN 9000-10Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-99605-29
620021-0 Rev. A
5.4.1Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards
The link budget represents a typical calculation that might be used to determine how
much path loss can be afforded in a Unison des ign. This link budget analyzes both the
downlink and uplink paths. For most configurations, the downlink requires lower
path loss and is therefore the limiting factor in the system design. It is for this reason
that a predetermined “design goal” for the downlink is sufficient to predict coverage
distance.
The link budget is organized in a simple manner: the transmitted power is calculated,
the airlink losses due to fading and body loss are summed, and the receiver sensitivity
(minimum level a signal can be received f or acceptable call qua lity) is calculated. The
maximum allowable path loss (in dB) is the difference between the transmitted
power, less the airlink losses, and the receiver sensitivity. From the path loss, the
maximum coverage distance can be estimated using the path loss formula presented
in Section 5.2.1.
Table 5-30 provides link budget considerations for narrowband systems.
Table 5-30 Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems
ConsiderationDescription
BTS Transmit PowerThe power per carrier transmitted from the base station output
Attenuation between
BTS and Unison
Antenna GainThe radiated output power includes ant enna gain. For example, if you use a 3 dBi antenna at the
BTS Noise FigureThis is the effective noise floor of the base station in pu t (usually base statio n sen sitiv ity is this effe c-
Unison Noise FigureThis is Unison’s uplink noise f ig ur e, which varies de pe n din g on the number of H u bs an d RAUs, and
This includes all losses: cable, attenuator, splitter/combiner, and so forth.
On the downlink, attenuation must be chosen so that the maximum power per carrier going into the
Main Hub does not exceed th e levels given in Section 5.1.
On the uplink, attenuation is chosen to keep the maximum uplink signal and noise level low enough
to prevent base station alarms but small enough not to cause degradation in the system sensitivity.
If the Unison noise figure minus the attenuation is at least 10 dB higher than the BTS noise figure,
the system noise figure will be approximately tha t o f Uni son a lon e. See Section 5.5 for wa ys to i nd ependently set the uplink and downlink attenuations between the base station and Unison.
RAU that is transmitting 0 dBm per carrier, the effective radiated power (relative to an isotropic
radiator) is 3 dBm per carrier.
tive noise floor plus a certain C/I ratio).
the frequency band. Unison’s uplink noise figure is specified for a 1-1-4 configuration. Thus, the
noise figure for a Unison system (or multiple systems whose uplink ports are power combined) will
be NF(1-1-4) + 10*log(# of Hubs). This represents an upper-bound because the noise figure is lower
if any of the Hub’s RAU ports ar e not used.
5-30InterReach Unison Accel Installation, Operation, and Reference ManualPN 9000-10
620021-0 Rev. A
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