ADC UNS-IDEN-1 User Manual

PRELIMINARY

SECTION 7

Installing and Using the AdminManager Software

The AdminManager software is used to install, configure, and maintain the Unison system from a PC or laptop that you connect directly to a Main Hub’s front panel serial port.

You can use the AdminManager to remotely view system status by connecting a PC or laptop to the Unison system via a dialup modem.

Figure 7-1 PC Connected to Main Hub

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7.1 Installing the AdminManager Softwar e

7.1.1 PC/Laptop Requirements

• Op erat i ng Sy st em:

• Windows 2000 Professional (recommended)

• Windows 98 SE with IE 5.0

• 1 Communication Port (COM1–COM4)

• 133 MHz or higher Pentium-compatible CPU

• 64 MB memory (Windows 2000) or 32 MB (Windows 98 SE)

• At least 150 MB free disk space

• VGA or higher resolution

• Standard 9600 Modem

•CD-ROM drive

• DB-9 female-to-DB-9 female NULL modem cable

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Installing AdminManager

Install the AdminManager software on a PC/laptop that meets the requirements as described in Section 7.1.1.

1. Turn on the PC/laptop and insert the AdminManager CD into the PC/laptop’s CD

drive. setup.exe should automatically start. If it does not, double-click “setup.exe” on

the CD-ROM. The following pop-up window is displayed while InstallShield checks the PC’s

system.

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The Welcome to InstallShield Wizard window is displayed.

2. Click the NEXT button to begin the AdminManager installation.

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The License Agreement window is displayed.

If you select the “I do not accept” radio button, the InstallShield W izard s tops and the windows close.

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3. Read the agreement and select the “I accept” radio button, and then click the NEXT

button. The Custom er Information window is displayed.

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4. Enter a User Name and Organization in the text boxes, and then click the NEXT

button. The Destination Folder window is displayed

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5. Click the NEXT button to accept the default destination.

The Ready to Install the Program window is displayed.

NOTE: To change information that is displayed in the Ready to Install the Program window, click the BACK button and make changes in previous windows.

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6. Click the INSTALL button if the information that is displayed in the Ready to Install

the Program window is correct. The Installing AdminManager window is displayed.

PDF files are used for Help. If the InstallShield Wizard detects that the PC does not have software for viewing PDF files, the following pop-up is displayed.

• Click

CONTINUE to install Acrobat Reader from the CD onto your PC. QUIT to skip the installation of Acrobat Reader.

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When the installation is finished, the InstallShield Wizard Completed window is displayed.

7. Click the FINISH button to end the InstallShield Wizard session and close the win-

dow. An AdminManager shortcut is added to your PC’s Start menu and an icon is

added to your desktop.

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Starting AdminManager

1. Using the NULL modem cable, connect the PC/laptop to the Main Hub’s front

panel RS-232 connector.

2. Turn on the power to the Main Hub, if it is not already on.

3. Double-click the AdminManager icon to start the software.

Alternately, you can click the Start button that is on the PC’s taskbar, click Programs, click AdminManager, and then click the AdminManager application.

The following window is displayed when AdminManager starts.

Figure 7-2 AdminManager Start Window

You can display the AdminManager User Guide at any time while the software is running by pressing the F1 key.

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AdminManager Operation Modes

You can choose one of four operation modes from the AdminManager Start window.

• Section7.2 Installation Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13

Select this option when you are installing a system or a Main Hub fo r the first time. Also, when you are replacing a Main Hub select this option to set the frequency band.

• Section7.3 Configuration & Maintenance Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25

• Section7.3.2 Options when Connected Locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-29

Select this option when you want to perform s pecific tasks, su ch as perform the system test and set system parameters, or check the status of an operating system. All options are available when you are connected locally.

• Section7.3.3 Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely . . . . . . . 7-34

The Configuration Panel is displayed in a read-only state. When you are connected remotely there are a limited number of o ptions available. The option s let you check the status of the system and determine if a site visit is required. (This is the only operation mode you can choose when you are connected remotely.)

• Section7.4 Upgrading Firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-38

Select this option when you are upgrading a component’s firmware.

Buttons

•Settings

Clicking the you enter the communications port number that the modem will connect to for remote monitoring and that the PC will use for connecting directly to a Main Hub

•Run

Depending on the operation option that you selected, clicking the plays the Step 1 panel of the Ins tallation Wizard, the Configuratio n & Maintenance window, or the Firmware Update window.

•Quit

Clicking the

SETTINGS button displays the Application Setting dialog box in which

RUN button dis-

QUIT button stops the AdminManager and closes the panel.

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7.2 Installation Wizard

Use the Installation Wizard when you are installing a new system or a new Main Hub to a system. Installation consists of four steps; each one is displayed in a separate panel of the Wizard.

• Section 7.2.1 Step 1: Verify Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14

• Section 7.2.2 Step 2: Set Operation Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

• Section 7.2.3 Step 3: Configure System Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20

• Section 7.2.4 Step 4: Final System Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-22

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7.2.1 Step 1: Verify Hardware

During this step, the AdminManager software is in a listening mode. The Main Hub detects downstream units (Expansi on Hubs and RAU s ) and automat ical ly repo rt s t he system configuration, which AdminManager displays as a configuration tree in the System Status pane of t he Step 1 panel.

Figure 7-3 Step 1: Verify Hardware Panel

Verify Hardware Configuration

1. Enter a system label (up to 8 characters) in the System Label text box.

This label is assigned to the Main Hub and appears in the System Status tree.

2. Click the NEXT button when the configuration is displayed correctly in the System

Status pane. The Main Hub automatically reports any change in system status to the Admin-

Manager, which automatically updates the System Status tree.

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7.2.1.1 Description of Step 1 Panel

Panes

• System Status

A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Status tree.

• Messages

Status and error messages are displayed in the Mes sages pane. I f the status is okay, the

NEXT button is selectable.

Command Buttons

•Help

Clicking t he

•Refresh

Clicking t he the System Status tree is updated. Also, any disconnect status is cleared. While the Main Hub does report system status to the AdminManager automatically, you can use this button to force an update if communications fail or if there has been a status change that is not showing in the System Status tree.

HELP button displays the Unison Hardware Troubleshooting Guide.

REFRESH button issues a query status command to the Main Hub and

•Next

Clicking t he

NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Step 2 panel.

• Cancel

Clicking t he

CANCEL butt on quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-

Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).

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7.2.2 Step 2: Set Operation Band

The Main and Expansion Hubs are manufactured and shipped without a band of operation programmed into them. The RAUs, on the other hand, are manufactured to a specific band or set of bands. In order for the system to perform, you must p rogram t he Main and Expansion Hubs to the band that the downstream RAUs are intended for.

Figure 7-4 Step 2: Set Operation Band

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Set Operation Band

1. Select a band from the Select Band drop-down list box.

2. Click the APPLY button.

3. Click the NEXT button if:

a. The configuration is displayed correctly in the System Status pane. b. There are no error messages in the Messages pane.

If a band setting error message is displayed, you can:

1. Disconnect the unit from the system.

2. Click the BACK button to return to Step 1.

3. Click the REFRESH button to clear the disconnected unit.

4. Click the NEXT button to continue to Step 2.

NOTE: “Band not initialized” faults can only be cleared by performing Step 2. The

Configuration & Maintenance panel does not provide a way to clear these faults.

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7.2.2.1 Description of Step 2 Panel

Panes

• System Status

A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Status tree.

•Messages

Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay, the

NEXT button is selectable.

Drop-Down List Box

• Select Band

Choose from:

RF Passband

Unison Band

Cellular 869–894 824–849 DCS1 1805–1842.5 1710–1747.5 DCS2 1842.5–1880 1747.5–1785 DCS3 1840–1875 1745–1780 EGSM 925–960 880–915 GSM 935–960 890–915 iDEN 851–869 806–824 PCS A&D 1930–1950 1850–1870 PCS B&E 1945–1965 1865–1885 PCS D&B 1950–1970 1870–1890 PCS E&F 1965–1975 1885–1895 PCS F&C 1970–1990 1890–1910 UMTS 1 2110–2145 1920–1955 UMTS 2 2125–2160 1935–1970 UMTS 3 2135–2170 1945–1980

Downlink (MHz) Uplink (MHz)

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Command Buttons

•Apply

Clicking t he downstream components, and initiates a system test.

In order for the system to complete the band configu rati on, the fact or y-s et ba nd of all the attached RAUs must match the band command issued by the AdminManager software. If the band command matches the RAU’s, then the system band is set. If the band command do es not match, the command is r ejected and a “Set band error” message for that RAU is displayed.

•Back

Clicking t he

•Next

Clicking the is selectable only when the

• Cancel

Clicking t he Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).

APPLY button issues the set band command to the Main Hub and all

BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 1 panel.

NEXT button displays the Installati on W izard S tep 3 panel. This butt on

APPLY function is successful.

CANCEL butt on quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-

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7.2.3 Step 3: Configure System Parameters

From this panel, you can set uplink and downlink system gain from 0 dB to 15 dB in 1 dB steps. By default, the UL and D L Syst em Gain is se t at 15 d B. Current hardware settings are shown in the text boxes when the panel is first displayed. Figure 7-5 shows the display after the UL System Gain was changed to 11 dB.

Figure 7-5 Step 3: Configure System Parameters

Configure System Parameters

If you want to keep the values as they are initially displayed, click the NEXT button. If you want to change the values:

1. Enter a value in the UL System Gain text box, if desired.

2. Enter a value in the DL System Gain text box, if desired.

3. Enter the callback number if a callback number text box is displayed.

If a callback number is set in the Main Hub, this panel displays an additional callback number text box, letting you change the number, if desired.

4. Click the APPLY button when you are ready.

5. Click the NEXT button if:

a. The configuration is displayed correctly in the System Status pane. b. There are no error messages in the Messages pane.

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7.2.3.1 Description of Step 3 Panel

Panes

• System Status

A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Status tree.

• Messages

Status and error messages are displayed in the Mes sages pane. I f the status is okay, the

NEXT button is selectable.

Text Boxes

• UL System Gain and DL System Gain

Both the uplink and the downlink system gain can be adjusted from 15 dB to 0 dB in 1 dB increments using these text boxes.

Command Buttons

•Apply

Clicking t he

•Back

Clicking t he

•Next

Clicking t he

• Cancel

Clicking t he Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).

APPLY button sets the selected value.

BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 2 panel.

NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Step 4 panel.

CANCEL butt on quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-

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7.2.4 Step 4: Final System Test

This step performs an end-to-end RF path functional test that includes cable length estimation and system gain refinement. Any disconnect status is cleared and all fault logs are cleared.

Figure 7-6 Step 4: Final System Test

Perform Final System Test

1. Click the APPLY button if the configuration is displayed correctly in the System

Status pane. For a fully loaded s ystem ( one Main Hub, f our Ex pansi on Hubs , and 32 RA Us), it

can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.

2. Click the NEXT button when a successful test message is displayed in the Mes-

sages pane.

You can use the is displayed in the Messages pane.

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BACK button to return to previous steps and make changes if an error

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7.2.4.1 Description of Step 4 Panel

Panes

• System Status

A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Status tree.

• Messages

Status and error messages are displayed in the Mes sages pane. I f the status is okay, the

NEXT button is selectable.

Command Buttons

•Apply

Clicking t he

•Back

Clicking t he

APPLY button starts the final system test.

BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 3 panel.

•Next

Clicking the is selectable only when the

NEXT button displays the Inst allation Wizard Finish panel. This button

APPLY function is successful.

• Cancel

Clicking t he

CANCEL butt on quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-

Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).

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7.2.5 Finish Panel

The Finish panel is displayed when the final system test is successfully completed.

Figure 7-7 Finish Panel

1. Click the FINISH button.

A Save As di alog box is di splayed.

2. Specify a file name and where to save the command file.

All of the commands that were issued during the installation are saved in the command file.

7.2.5.1 Description of Finish Panel

Command Button

• Finish

Clicking the tion file and then quits the session.

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FINISH button displays a Save As dialog box for saving the configura-

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7.3 Configuration & Maintenance Panel

The Configuration & Maintenance Panel is used after the initial installation of a system. From this panel you can check status of the system, get current errors and warnings, get information about a particular unit in the system, set system parameters, and perform a system test, for example.

Figure 7-8 Configuration & Maintenance Window

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7.3.1 Window Description

Panes

• System Status

A hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Status tree.

•Messages

Status and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane.

Drop-Down List Box

Table 7-1 Configuration and Maintenance Window Opt ions

Connection

OptionLocal Remote

 Advanced RAU Settings  Clear All Disconnect Status  Command Unit In-Service  Command Unit Out-of-Service Get Current Errors Get Current Warnings Get System Parameters Get Unit Info Refresh System Status  Set Callback Number  Set Contact Sense Properties  Set System Parameters  System Test

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Command Buttons

• Execute

Clicking t he list box.

• Save Config

Clicking t he box. Any additional information that you type into the text box is saved at the top of the configuration file.

EXECUTE button starts the command that is selected in the Command

SAVE CONFIG button displays the Save Configuration Notes dialog

After you click

OK in this dialog box, the Save As dialog box is displayed, in

which you specify the name of the file and where to save the configuration file. Following is an example configuration file that includes notes:

Begin Notes ******************************************* LGC HQ 05/23/01 MH configuration L010MH11 System configuration End Notes *********************************************

Frequency Band is DCS Low. System Gain: UL = 12 dB, DL=4dB. Callback Number is 1234567. System label is LGC.

Main Hub Information: Serial Number: L010BMH1 Part Number: 7405101 Revision Number: 03 Firmware Revision: 010526

Expansion Hub LGC-1 Information: Serial Number: L010BEH9 Part Number: 7405101 Revision Number: 03 Firmware Revision: 010513

RAU LGC-1-5 Information: Serial Number: L010BRU1 Part Number: 7405101 Revision Number: 03

Firmware Revision: 010021

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•Save Msg

Selecting the

SAVE MSG button displays the S ave A s dial og b ox in whi ch y ou s pec-

ify the name of the file and where to save the contents of the Message text box.

•Exit

Selecting the

EXIT button quits the session and displays the AdminManager Start

window (Figure 7-2).

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7.3.2 Options when Connected Locally

When you are locally connected to the Main Hub, you can choose the following options in addition to those listed in Section 7.3.3, “Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely,” on page 7-34 (also, see Table 7-1 on page 7-26).

Advanced RAU Settings

• Set uplink and downlink 10 dB attenuation for an individual RAU Refer to “Using the 10 dB Attenuation Setting” on page 7-30 for a description

of this setting.

• Select a UL ALC setting for an individual RAU Refer to “Using the Uplink ALC Setting” on page 7-31 fo r a descri ption of this

setting.

1. Ent e r the Expansion Hub number and the

RAU number in the text boxes on the RAU Selection dialog bo x an d click OK.

The Advanced RAU Settings dialog box is displayed.”

In the Advanced RAU Settings example shown below, Demo-1-1 indicates that RAU number 1 that is connected to Expansion Hub number 1 in the “Demo” Main Hub system is selected.

2. Select the Uplink and Downlink check box

to enable the 10 dB attenuation setting.

3. Select a radio button from the UL ALC Set-

ting list.

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Using the 10 dB Attenuation Setting

By selecting the Uplink and Downlink checkbox in the Advanced RAU Settings dialog box, the uplink and downl i nk signals in the individual RAU, which y ou s peci f ied in the RAU Selection dialog box, are both reduced by 10 dB. One reason you may want to use this setting is to reduce the RAU’s output power when an RAU is located near an exterior wall of a building and its RF signal is going beyond the wall to the outside of the building, where it can negatively affect the outdoor macro system.

The following table shows some examples of how the 10 dB attenuation setting affects coverage distance. These examples assume a 0 dB gain system, a 3 dBi gain antenna, and the difference between a –85 dB and a –75 dB design.

Frequency Environment Reduction in Coverage Distance

800 MHz Open, like a parking garage 24 meters (80 feet) 800 MHz Heavily walled, like a Hospital 12.5 meters (41 feet) 1900 MHz Open, like a parking garage 24 meters (80 feet) 1900 MHz Heavily walled , li ke a H ospital 9 mete rs (3 0 feet )

You can use the following formula to calculate the reduction in distance covered.

•d

= original distance

orig

= new distance with 10 dB attenuation enabled

•d

new

• PLS = path loss slope [dB]

= (10

–10/PLS

orig

new

Examples:

new

= 0.31 d = 0.46 d

for PLS = 20 dB (free space)

orig

for PLS = 30 dB

orig

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Using the Uplink ALC Setting

Uplink automatic level control (UL ALC) circuitry within the RAU provides automatic level control on high-power signals in the uplink path. This functionality is required to prevent compression caused by a single or multiple wireless devices that are in very close proximity to an RAU. Compression causes signal degradation and, ultimately, bit errors, and should be prevented. Two settings are available to optimize UL ALC performance:

• Single Operator and Protocol: Use when only one operator and protocol is

on-the-air within the Unison system’s configured and adjacent frequency bands.

• Multiple Operators and/or Protocols: Use when more than one operator and/or

protocol is present in the Unison system’s frequency and adjacent frequency bands.

The following table shows the frequency bands that are adjacent to the bands that the system is configured for.

Table 7-2 Frequency Bands Adjacent to Syst em Configured Bands

System Configuration Adjacent Bands

iDEN Cellular Cellular iDEN PCS AD PCS B PCS DB PCS A, PCS E PCS BE PCS D, PCS F PCS EF PCS B, PCS C PCS FC PCS E GSM – EGSM – DCS 1 DCS 2 DCS 2 DCS 1, DCS 3 DCS 3 – UMTS 1 UMTS 2, UMTS 3 UMTS 2 UMTS 1, UMTS 3 UMTS 3 UMTS 1, UMTS 2

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• Clear All Disconnect Status: clears a port disconnect fault when an Expansion

Hub or an RAU is disconnected and will not be re-connected.

• Command Un it In-Service: returns a unit to service that was previously removed

from service; restores a component to the system’s alarm monitoring; displays the unit lock, unit not system tested, or normal operation icon.

• Command Unit Out-of-Service: removes a unit, and all of its downstream units,

from service, there is no RF transmission; lets you temporarily remove a component from the system’s alarm monitoring; displays unit “lock” icon.

• Set Callback Number: displays a dialog box in which you enter the phone num-

ber that the system uses to communicate with OpsConsole users. You can use up to 64 characters: 0 through 9, and the comma (,) for a pause. Leave the field blank if you do not want the unit t o cal l out . R efer to your modem documentation for ot her characters that you can use. To disable callback, leave the text box empty.

• Set Contact Sense Properties: enables/disables the external sensing of either nor-

mally open or normally closed contact closures; displays “contact sense alarm” or “contact sense okay” icon.

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• Set System Parameters: displays a dialog box from which you select uplink and

downlink gain settings, and/or specify a system label. If the system label text box is left empty, the System Status tree displays the default label “1”.

• System Test: An end-to-end RF path functional test that includes cable length esti-

mation and system gain refinement is performed during the system test. System operation is suspended while the test is being performed. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.

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7.3.3 Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely

You can only choose read-only options and view system status when you are remotely connected to the Main Hub. You cannot set parameters or change system configuration remotely. (See Table 7-1 on page 7-26.)

• Get Current Errors: displays the highest priority error with a recommendation

for resolving it

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• Get Current Warnings: displays the highest priority warning with a recommen-

dation for resolving it

• Get System Parameters: displays the frequency band, callback number, uplink

and downlink system gain, and system label

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• Get Unit Info: displays the Options dialog box in which you select a unit.

Select a unit and click the

OK button to display that unit’s serial number, part num-

ber, revision number and firmware version. Additionally, the advanced settings for the RAU are displayed when RAU information is requested.

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• Refresh System Status: requests system status and updates the System Status tree

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Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY

7.4 Upgrading Firmware

The firmware update program automatically detects which unit the firmware is intended for and displays the firmware ID and version number in the Firmware Update window, as shown in the following figure.

Figure 7-9 Firmware Update Window

Updating Firmware

1. Copy the firmware program to the PC.

2. Start AdminManager and select the Firmware Update radio button on the Start

window, and then click run. An Open Fil e dialog box i s displayed.

3. Choose the .m19 file you want to open from the Open File dialog box and click

OPEN.

The firmware ID and version number are displayed in the Firmware Update window.

4. Click the PROGRAM button to start the download.

This button changes to update.

5. Click the DONE button.

This button is enabled when the download is completed.

7-38 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual

CANCEL during the download, click it to stop the firmware

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PRELIMINARY System Status Tree

7.5 System Status Tree

A hierarchical tree of the detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane.

7.5.1 System St atus Tree Icons

The following table shows the icons that may appear in the System Status tree.

Table 7-3 System Status Tree Icons

Icon Description

Main Hub normal ope r at ion

Main Hub fault

Main Hub lock (unit and all downstream units are out-of-service)

Main Hub has not been system tested

Main Hub warning

Expansion Hub normal operation

Expansion Hub fault

Expansion Hub lock (unit and all downstream RAUs ar e out-of-service)

Expansion Hub has not been system tested

Expansion Hub warning

RAU normal operation

RAU fault

RAU lock

RAU has not been system tested

RAU warning

No communication

Contact sense alarm

Contact sense okay

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7-40 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual

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PRELIMINARY

SECTION 8

Designing a Unison Solution

Designing a Unison solution is ultimately a matter of determining coverage and capacity needs. This requires the following steps:

1. Determine the wireless service provider’s requirements.

This information is usually supplied by the service provider:

• Frequency (i.e., 850 MHz)

• Band (i.e., “A” band in the Cellular spectrum)

• Protocol (i.e., TDMA, CDMA, GSM, iDEN)

• Peak capacity requirement (this, and whether or not the building will be split into sectors, determines the number of carriers that the system will have to transmit)

• Design goal (RSSI, received signal strength at the wireless handset, i.e., –85 dBm)

The design goal is always a stronger signal than the cell phone needs. It includes inherent factors which will affect performance (see Section 8.4.1 on page 8-33).

• RF source (base station or BDA), type of equipment if possible

2. Determine the power per carrier and input power from the base station or

BDA into the Main Hub: Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 8-3.

The maximum power per carrier is a function of the number of RF carriers, the carrier headroom requirement, signal quality issues, regulatory emissions requirements, and Unison’s RF performance. The power per carrier decreases as the number of carriers increases.

3. Determine the in-building environment: Section 8.2, “Estimating RF Cover-

age,” on page 8-19.

• Determine which areas of the buildin g require coverage ( entire build ing, public areas, parking levels, etc.)

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

• Obtain floor plans to determine floor space of building and the wall layout of the proposed areas to be covered. Floor plans will also be useful when you are selecting antenna locations.

• If possible, determine the building’s construction materials (sheetrock, metal, concrete, etc.)

• Determine type of environment – Open layout (e.g., a convention center) – Dense, close walls (e.g., a hospital) – Mixed use (e.g., an office building with hard wall offices and cubicles)

4. Develop an RF link budget: Section 8.4, “Link Budget Analysis,” on page

8-32.

Knowing the power per carrier , you can calcula te an RF link budg et which is used to predict how much propagation loss can be allowed in the system, while still providing satisfactory performance throughout the area being covered. The link budget is a methodical way to derive a “design goal”. If the design goal is provided in advance, the link budget is simply: allowable RF loss = max. power per

carrier – design goal.

5. Determine the appropriate estimated path loss slope that corresponds to the

type of building and its layout, and estimate the coverage distance for each RAU: Section 8.2, “Estimating RF Coverage,” on page 8-19.

The path loss slope (PLS), which gives a value to the RF propagation characteristics within the building, is used to convert the RF link budget into an estimate of the coverage distance per antenna. This will help establish the Unison equipment quantities you will need. The actual path loss slope that corresponds to the specific RF environment inside the building can also be determined empirically by performing an RF site-survey of the building. This involves transmitting a calibrated tone for a fixed antenna and making measurements with a mobile antenna throughout the area surrounding the transmitter.

6. Determine the items required to connect to the base station: Section 8.6,

“Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station,” on page 8-46.

Once you know the quantities of Unison equipment you will use, you can determine the accessories (combiners/dividers, surge suppressors, repeaters, attenuators, circulators, etc.) that are required to connect the system to the base station.

The individual elements that must be considered in designing a Unison solution are discussed in the following sections.

8-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual

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PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

8.1 Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

The following tables show the recommended maximum power per carrier out of the RAU SMA connector for different frequencies, formats, and numbers of carriers. These limits are dictated by RF signal quality and regulatory emissions issues. The maximum input power to the Main Hub is determined by subtracting the system gain from the maximum output power of the RAU. System gain is software selectable from 0 dB to 15 dB in 1 dB steps. Additionally, both the uplink and downlink RAU gain can be reduced by 10 dB.

Therefore, when you connect a Main Hub to a base station or repeater, the RF power per carrier usually needs to be attenuated in order to avoid exceeding Unison’s maximum output power recommendations.

Refer to Section 8.7, “Designing for a Neutral Host System,” on page 8-50 when combining frequencies or protocols on a single Main Hub.

WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub.

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Table 8-1 800 MHz (AMPS) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

510.0

610.5

79.5

88.5

98.0 10 7.0 11 7.0 12 6.5 13 6.0 14 5.5 15 5.5 16 5.0 20 4.0 30 2.0

WARNING: For 800 MHz AMPS, do not exceed the maximum composite input pow er of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

Table 8-2 800 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

510.0

610.0

79.5

88.5

98.0 10 7.5 11 7.0 12 6.5 13 6.5 14 6.0 15 5.5 16 5.5 20 4.5 30 2.5

Carrier

(dBm)

WARNING: For 800 MHz TDMA, do not exceed the maximum compos-

ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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Table 8-3 800 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

Carrier

(dBm)

116.0

213.5

312.0

411.0

510.0

69.5

78.5

88.0

WARNING: For 800 MHz CDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

Table 8-4 800 MHz (iDEN) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

59.0

68.0

77.0

86.5

96.0 10 5.5 11 5.0 12 4.5 13 4.0 14 4.0 15 3.5 16 3.0 20 2.0 30 0.5

Carrier

(dBm)

WARNING: For 800 MHz iDEN, do not exceed the maximum compos-

ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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Table 8-5 900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

59.0

68.5

78.0

87.5

97.0 10 6.5 11 6.5 12 6.0 13 5.5 14 5.5 15 5.0 16 5.0

WARNING: For 900 MHz GSM or EGSM, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the M ain Hub at any time.

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PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

Table 8-6 900 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

59.0

68.5

78.0

87.5

97.0 10 6.5 11 6.5 12 6.0 13 5.5 14 5.5 15 5.0 16 5.0

Carrier

(dBm)

WARNING: For 900 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum compos-

ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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Table 8-7 1800 MHz (DCS) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

510.0

69.5

78.5

87.5

97.0 10 6.5 11 6.0 12 5.5 13 5.0 14 5.0 15 4.5 16 4.0

WARNING: For 1800 MHz DCS, do not exceed the maximum composite input pow er of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

Table 8-8 1800 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

59.0

68.0

77.5

86.5

96.0 10 5.5 11 5.0 12 4.5 13 4.5 14 4.0 15 3.5 16 3.5

Carrier

(dBm)

WARNING: For 1800 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum com-

posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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Table 8-9 1800 MHz (CDMA Korea) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

Carrier

(dBm)

114.5

212.0

310.5

49.5

58.5

68.0

77.0

86.5

WARNING: For 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea), do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

Table 8-10 1900 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

510.0

69.0

78.0

87.0

96.5 10 6.0 11 5.5 12 5.0 13 5.0 14 4.5 15 4.0 16 4.0 20 3.0 30 1.0

Carrier

(dBm)

WARNING: For 1900 MHz TDMA, do not exceed the maximum com-

posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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Table 8-11 1900 MHz (GSM) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

510.0

69.5

78.5

87.5

97.0 10 6.5 11 6.0 12 5.5 13 5.0 14 5.0 15 4.5 16 4.0

WARNING: For 1900 MHz GSM, do not exceed the maximum composite input pow er of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

Table 8-12 1900 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

Carrier

(dBm)

114.5

212.0

310.5

49.5

58.5

68.0

77.0

86.5

WARNING: For 1900 MHz CDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

Table 8-13 1900 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

Carrier

(dBm)

110.0

210.0

310.0

410.0

59.0

68.0

77.5

86.5

96.0 10 5.5 11 5.0 12 4.5 13 4.5 14 4.0 15 3.5 16 3.5

WARNING: For 1900 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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PRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

Table 8-14 2.1 GHz (WCDMA) Power per Carrier

Power per

No. of

Carriers

Carrier

(dBm)

114.5

211.0

38.5

47.0

56.0

65.0

74.5

83.5

WARNING: For 2.1 GHz WCDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

Allowing for Future Capacity Growth

Sometimes a Unison deployment initially is used to enhance coverage. Later that same system may also need to provide increased capacity. Thus, the initial deployment might only transmit two carriers but need to transmit four carriers later. There are two options for dealing with this scenario:

1. Desig n the initial coverage with a maximum power per carrier for four carriers.

2. Design the initial coverage for two carriers but leave Expansion Hub ports

unused. These ports can be used later if coverage holes are discovered once the power per carrier is lowered to accommodate the two additional carriers.

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PRELIMINARY Estimating RF Coverage

8.2 Estimating RF Coverage

The maximum power per carrier (based on the number and type of RF carriers that are being transmitted) and the minimum acceptable received power at the wireless device (i.e., RSSI, the design goal) establish the RF link budget, and consequently the maximum acceptable path loss between the antenna and the wireless device.

Figure 8-1 Determining Path Loss between the Antenna and the Wireless Device

Antenna and Gain (G)

RAU

P = power per carrier from the RAU

RSSI = power at the wireless device

(P + L

+ G) – RSSI = PL (1)

coax

The path loss (PL) is the loss in decibels (dB) between the antenna and the wireless device. The distance, d, from the antenna cor responding to this path loss can b e calculated using the path loss equations in Section 8.2.1 and in Section 8.2.2.

The following table lists coaxial cable loss.

Table 8-15 Coaxial Cable Losses

Length of Cable

0.9 m (3 ft) 0.4 0.6

1.8 m (6 ft) 0.9 1.4

3.0 m (10 ft) 1.5 2.4

Loss at 800 MHz (dB)

Loss at 1900 MHz (dB)

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8.2.1 Path Loss Equation

Indoor path loss obeys the distance power law1 in equation (2):

PL = 20log(4πd

f/c) + 10nlog(d/d0) + Χ

where:

• PL is the path loss at a distance, d, from the antenna (the distance between the antenna that is connected to the RAU and the point where the RF signal decreases to the minimum acceptable level at the wireless device).

•d

is usually taken as 1 meter of free-space.

• f is the operating frequency in hertz.

• c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 × 10

m/sec).

• n is the path loss exponent and depends on the building “clutter”.

•

is a normal random variable that depends on partition losses inside the build-

ing, and therefore, depends on the frequency of operation.

As a reference, the following table gives estimates of signal loss for some RF barriers .

Table 8-16 Average Signal Loss of Common Building Materials

Partition Type

Metal wall 26 815 Aluminum siding 20 8 15 Foil insulation 4 815 Cubicle walls 1.4 900 Concrete block wall 13 1300 Concrete floor 10 1300 Sheetrock 1 to 2 1300 Light machinery 3 1300 General machiner y 7 1300 Heavy machinery 11 1300 Equipment racks 7 1300 Assembly line 6 1300 Ceiling duct 5 1300 Metal stairs 5 1300

Loss (dB) @ <2 GHz Frequency (MHz)

(2)

1. Rappaport, Theodor e S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.

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PRELIMINARY Coverage Distance

8.2.2 Coverage Distance

Equations (1) and (2), on pages 8-19 and 8-20, respectively, can be used to estimate the distance from the antenna to where the RF signal decreases to the minimum acceptable level at the wireless device.

Equation (2) can be simplified to:

PL(d) = 20log(4πf/c) + PLSlog(d) (3)

where PLS (path loss slope) is chosen to account for the building’s environment. Because different frequencies penetrate partitions with different losses, the value of PLS will vary depending on the frequency.

T able 8-17 shows estimated path loss slope (PLS) for various environments that have different “clutter” (i.e., objects that attenuate the RF signals, such as walls, partitions, stairwells, equipment racks, etc.)

Table 8-17 Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments

Facility

Manufacturing 35 32 Hospital 39.4 38.1 Airport 35 32 Retail 36.1 33.1 Warehouse 35 32 Parking Garage 33.7 30.1 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 36.1 33.1 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 37.6 34.8 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 39.4 38.1

PLS for 800/900 MHz

PLS for 1800/1900 MHz

For simplicity, Equation (3) can be used to estimate the coverage distance of an antenna that is connected to an RAU, for a given path loss, frequency, and type of in-building environment.

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

Table 8-18 gives the value of the first term of Equation (3) (i.e., (20log(4πf/c)) for various frequency bands.

Table 8-18 Frequency Bands and the Value of the first Term in Equation (3)

Band (MHz)

Mid-Band Frequency (MHz) 20log(4πf/c)Uplink Downlink

800 MHz Cellular 824–849 869–894 859 31.1 800 MHz iDEN 806–824 851–869 837.5 30.9 900 MHz GSM 890–915 935–960 925 31.8 900 MHz EGSM 880–915 925–960 920 31.7 1800 MHz DCS 1710–1785 1805–1880 1795 37.5 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) 1750–1780 1840–1870 1810 37.6 1900 MHz PCS 1850–1910 1930–1990 1920 38.1

2.1 GHz UMTS 1920–1980 2110–2170 2045 38.7

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PRELIMINARY Coverage Distance

For reference, Tables 8-19 through 8-25 show the di s tance cover e d by an anten na for various in-building environments. The following assumptions were made:

• Path loss Equation (3)

• 6 dBm output per carrier at the RAU output

• 3 dBi antenna gain

• RSSI = –85 dBm (typical for narrowband protocols, but not for spread-spectrum protocols)

Table 8-19 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 800 MHz Cellular Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Manufacturing 63 205 Hospital 39 129 Airport 63 205 Retail 55 181 Warehouse 63 205 Parking Garage 73 241 Office: 80 % cubicle/20% har d w al l 55 181 Office: 50 % cubicle/50% har d w al l 47 154 Office: 20 % cubicle/80% har d w al l 39 129

Table 8-20 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

Meters Feet

for 800 MHz iDEN Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Manufacturing 64 208 Hospital 40 131 Airport 64 208 Retail 56 184 Warehouse 64 208 Parking Garage 75 244 Office: 80 % cubicle/20% har d w al l 56 184 Office: 50 % cubicle/50% har d w al l 48 156 Office: 20 % cubicle/80% har d w al l 40 131

Meters Feet

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Table 8-21 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 900 MHz GSM Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Meters Feet

Manufacturing 60 197 Hospital 38 125 Airport 60 197 Retail 53 174 Warehouse 60 197 Parking Garage 7 0 230 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 53 174 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 45 148 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 38 125

Table 8-22 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 900 MHz EGSM Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Manufacturing 60 197 Hospital 38 125 Airport 60 197 Retail 53 174 Warehouse 60 197 Parking Garage 7 0 231 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 53 174 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 45 149 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 38 125

Meters Feet

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PRELIMINARY Coverage Distance

Table 8-23 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1800 MHz DCS Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Meters Feet

Manufacturing 58 191 Hospital 30 100 Airport 58 191 Retail 51 167 Warehouse 58 191 Parking Garage 75 246 Office: 80 % cubicle/20% har d w al l 50 166 Office: 50 % cubicle/50% har d w al l 42 137 Office: 20 % cubicle/80% har d w al l 30 100

Table 8-24 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Manufacturing 58 191 Hospital 30 100 Airport 58 191 Retail 51 167 Warehouse 58 191 Parking Garage 75 247 Office: 80 % cubicle/20% har d w al l 51 167 Office: 50 % cubicle/50% har d w al l 42 138 Office: 20 % cubicle/80% har d w al l 30 100

Meters Feet

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

Table 8-25 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1900 MHz PCS Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Meters Feet

Manufacturing 56 183 Hospital 29 96 Airport 56 183 Retail 49 160 Warehouse 56 183 Parking Garage 7 2 236 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 49 160 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 40 132 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 29 96

Table 8-26 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 2.1 GHz UMTS Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Manufacturing 54 176 Hospital 28 93 Airport 54 176 Retail 47 154 Warehouse 54 176 Parking Garage 6 9 226 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 47 154 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 39 128 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 28 93

Meters Feet

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PRELIMINARY Examples of Design Est imates

8.2.3 Examples of Design Estimates

Example Design Estimate for an 800 MHz TDMA Application

1. Design goals:

• Cellular (859 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink frequency in 800 MHz Cellular band)

• TDMA provider

• 6 TDMA carriers in the system

• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the building) — the min imum received p ower at the wireless device

• Base station with simplex RF connections

2. Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Car-

rier at RAU,” on page 8-3 provide maximum power per carrier information. The 800 MHz TDMA table (on page 8-5) indicates that Unison can support 6 carriers with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 10.5 dBm. The input power should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.

3. Building information:

• 8 floor b uilding with 9,290 sq. met ers (100,0 00 sq. ft.) per floor; total 74,322 sq. meters (800,000 sq. ft.)

• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles

• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted

• Standard office environment, 50% hard wall offices and 50% cubicles

4. Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi

omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propagation loss should be no more than 98.5 dB (10.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over 95% of the area being covered. It is important to note that a design goal such as

–85 dBm is usually derived taking into account multipath fading and log-normal shadowing characteristics. Thus, this design goal will only be met “on average” over 95% of the area being covered. At any given point, a fade may bring the signal level underneath the design goal.

Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path. For information to calculate link budgets for both the downli nk and upli nk paths, see Section 8.4 on page 8-32.

5. Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, Table8-17, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for

Different In-Building Enviro nments” on page 8-21, sh ows that a building with 50% hard wall offices and 50% cubi cles, at 859 MHz, has an appro ximate path loss slope (PLS) of 37.6. Given the RF link budget of 98.5 dB, the distance of coverage from each RAU will be 62 meters (203 ft). This corre sponds to a coverage area of 12,079 sq. meters (129,952 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 8.2.1 for details on path loss estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the actual area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions in the facility.

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Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed.

a. 1 antenna per floor × 8 floors = 8 RAUs b. 8 RAUs ÷ 8 (max 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 1 Expansion Hub c. 1 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (max 4 Expansion Hubs per Main Hub) = 1 Main Hub

Check that the MMF and Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the distances differ, use the tables in Section 8.3, “System Gain,” on page 8-31 to determine system gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance.

The above estimates assume that all cable length requirements are met. If Expansion Hubs cannot be placed so that the RAUs are within the distance requirement, additional Expansion Hubs may need to be placed closer to the required RAUs locations.

An RF Site Survey and Building Evaluation is required to accurately establish the Unison equipment quantities required for the building. The site survey measures the RF losses within the building to determine the actual PLS, which will be used in the final path loss formula to determine the actual requirements of the Unison system.

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PRELIMINARY Examples of Design Est imates

Example Design Estimate for an 1900 MHz CDMA Application

1. Design goals:

• PCS (1920 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink frequency in 1900 MHz PCS band)

• CDMA provider

• 8 CDMA carriers in the system

• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the building) — the min imum received p ower at the wireless device

• Base station with simplex RF connections

2. Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Car-

rier at RAU,” on page 8-3 provide maximum power per carrier information. The 1900 MHz CDMA table (on page 8-15) indicates that Unison can support 8 carriers with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 6.5 dBm. The input power should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.

3. Building information:

• 16 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per floor; total 148,640 sq. meters (1,600,000 sq. ft.)

• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles

• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted

• Standard office environment, 80% hard wall offices and 20% cubicles

4. Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi

omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propagation loss should be no more than 94.5 dB (6.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over 95% of the area being covered. It is important to note that a design goal such as

Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path. For information to calculate link budgets for both the downli nk and upli nk paths, see Section 8.4 on page 8-32.

5. Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, Table8-17, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for

Different In-Building Enviro nments” on page 8-21, sh ows that a building with 80% hard wall offices and 20% cubicles, at 1920 MHz, ha s an appro ximate path loss slope (PLS) of 38.1. Given the RF link budget of 94.5dB, the distance of coverage from each RAU will be 50 meters (166 ft). This corresponds to a coverage area of 8,031 sq. meters (86,404 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 8.2.1 for details on path loss estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the actual area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions i n the facility.

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6. Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate

the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed.

a. 2 antennas per floor × 16 floors = 32 RAUs b. 32 RAUs ÷ 8 (max 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 4 Expansion Hubs c. 4 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (max 4 Expansion Hubs per Main Hub) = 1 Main Hub

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PRELIMINARY System Gain

8.3 System Gain

The system gain can be decreased from 15 dB to 0 dB gain in 1 dB increments and the uplink and downlink gain of any RAU can be decreased by 10 dB in one step using AdminManager or OpsConsole.

8.3.1 System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable Length

The recommended minimum length of ScTP cab le is 2 0 meters (66 ft) and the recommended maximum length is 100 meters (328 ft). If the ScTP cable is less than 10 meters (33 ft), system performance may not meet specifications. If the ScTP cable is longer than 100 meters (328 ft), the gain of the system will decrease, as shown in Table 8-27.

Table 8-27 System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable Length

Typical change in system gain (dB) ScTP Cable Length

800 MHz TDMA/AMPS and CDMA; 900 MHz GSM and EGSM; and iDEN

110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7 120 m / 394 ft –3.2 –2.4 130 m / 426 ft –5.3 –4.1 140 m / 459 ft –7.5 –5.8 150 m / 492 ft –9.7 –7.6

1800 MHz GSM (DCS); 1900 MHz TDMA, CDMA, and GSM

110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7 120 m / 394 ft –4.0 –2.4 130 m / 426 ft –6.4 –4.1 140 m / 459 ft –8.8 –5.8 150 m / 492 ft –11.3 –7.6

2.1 GHz UMTS

110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7 120 m / 394 ft –3.2 –2.4 130 m / 426 ft –5.3 –4.1 140 m / 459 ft –7.5 –5.8 150 m / 492 ft –9.7 –7.6

Downlink Uplink

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8.4 Link Budget Analysis

A link budget is a methodical way to account for th e gains and losses in an RF system so that the quality of coverage can be predicted. The end result can often be stated as a “design goal” in which the coverage is determined by the maximum distance from each RAU before the signal strength falls beneath that goal.

One key feature of the link budget is the maximum power per carrier discussed in Section 8.1. While the maximum power per carrier is important as far as emissions and signal quality requirements are concerned, it is critical that the maximum signal into the Main Hub never exceed 1W (+30 dBm). Composite power levels above this limit will cause damage to the Main Hub.

WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power of 1W (+30 dBm) could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub.

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PRELIMINARY Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards

8.4.1 Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards

The link budget represents a typical calculation that might be used to determine how much path loss can be afforded in a Unison desi gn. This link budget analy zes both the downlink and uplink paths. For most configurations, the downlink requires lower path loss and is therefore the limiting factor in the system design. It is for this reason that a predetermined “design goal” for the downlink is sufficient to predict coverage distance.

The link budget is organized in a simple manner: the transmitted power is calculated, the airlink losses due to fading and body loss are summed, and the receiver sensitivity (minimum level a signal can be received for acceptable call quality) is calcula ted. The maximum allowable path loss (in dB) is the difference between the transmitted power, less the airlink losses, and the receiver sensitivity. From the path loss, the maximum coverage distance can be estimated using the path loss formula presented in Section 8.2.1.

Table 8-28 provides link budget considerations for narrowband systems.

Table 8-28 Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Sys tem s

Consideration Description

BTS Transmit Power The power per carrier transmitted from the base station output Attenuation between

BTS and Unison

Antenna Gain The radiated outp ut power includes antenna gain. F or example, if you use a 3 dBi antenna at the

BTS Noise Figure This is the effective noise floor of the base station input (usually base station sensitivity is this effec-

Unison Noise Figure This is Unison’s uplink noise figure, which varies depending on the number of Expansion Hubs and

This includes all losses: cable, attenuator, splitter/combiner, and so forth. On the downlink, attenuation must be chosen so that the maximum power per carrier going into the

Main Hub does not exceed the levels given in Section 8.1. On the uplink, attenuation is cho se n to kee p th e max im um up lin k si gn a l and no ise leve l lo w eno ug h

to prevent base station alarms but small enough not to cause degradation in the system sensitivity. If the Unison noise figure minus the attenuation is at least 10 dB higher than the BTS noise figure,

the system noise figure will be approximately that of Unison alone. See Section 8.6 for ways to independently set the uplink and downlink attenuations between the base station and Unison.

RAU that is transmitting 0 dBm per carrier, the effective radiated power (relative to an isotropic radiator) is 3 dBm per carrier.

tive noise floor plus a certain C/I ratio).

RAUs, and the frequency band. Unison’s uplink noise figure is spe c ified for a 1-1-4 configuration. Thus, the noise figure for a Unison system (or multiple systems whose uplink ports are power combined) will be NF(1-1-4) + 10*log(# of Expansion Hubs). This represents an upper-bound because the noise figure is lower if any of the Expansion Hub’s RAU ports are not used.

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Table 8-28 Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems (continued)

Consideration Description

Thermal Noise This is the noise level in the signal bandwidth (BW).

Thermal noise power = –174 dBm/Hz + 10Log(BW).

Protocol

Signal Bandwidth

Thermal Noise

TDMA 30 kHz –129 dBm GSM 200 kHz –121 dBm iDEN 25 kHz –130 dBm

Required C/I ratio For each wire le ss st andard a certain C/I (carrier to interference) ratio is needed to obtain acceptable

demodulation performance. For narrowband systems, (TDMA, GSM, EDGE, iDEN, AMPS) this level varies fr om about 9 dB to 20 dB.

Mobile Transmit

The maximum power the mobile can transmit (power transmitted at highest power level setting).

Power Multipath Fade

Margin

This margin allows for a certain level of fading due to multipath interference. Inside buildings there is often one or more fairly strong signals and many weaker signals arriving from reflections and diffraction. Signals arriving from multiple paths add constructively or destructively. This margin accounts for the possibility of destructive multip ath in ter feren ce. In RF site surveys this margin will not appear because it will be averaged out over power level samples tak en over many locations.

Log-normal Fade Margin

This margin adds an allowance for RF shadowing due to objects obstructing the direct path between the mobile equipment and the RAU. In RF site surveys, this shadowing will not appear because it

will be averaged out over power level samples taken over many locations. Body Loss This accounts for RF att e nuation caused by th e user’s head and body. Minimum Received

Signal Level

This is also ref e rr e d t o a s the “design goal”. The link budget sa ys th at you can achieve adequate cov-

erage if the signal level is, on average, above this level over 95% of the area covered, for example.

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PRELIMINARY Narrowband Link Budget Analy s is for a Microcell Applicatio n

8.4.2 Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Applicat ion

Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Downlink

Line Downlink

Tra nsmitter

a. BTS transmit power per carrier (dBm) 33 b. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –23 c. Power into Unison (dBm) 10 d. Unison gain (dB) 0 e. Antenna gain (dBi ) 3 f. Radiated power per carrier (dBm) 13

Airlink

g. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6 h. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90%

(dB)

i. Body loss (dB) 3 j. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19

Receiver

k. Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz) –129 l. Mobile noise figure (dB) 7 m. Required C/I ratio (dB) 12 n. Minimum received signal (dBm) –110

p. Maximum path loss (dB) 104

• c = a + b

• f = c + d + e

• j = g + h + i

• n = k + l + m

• k: in this example, k represents the thermal noise for a TDMA signal, which has a bandwidth of 30 kHz

•p = f – j – n

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Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Uplink

Line Uplink

Receiver

a. BTS noise figure (dB) 4 b. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –10 c. Unison gain (dB) 0 d. Unison noise figure (dB) 1-4-32 22 e. System noise figure (dB) 22.6 f. Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz) –129 g. Required C/I ratio (dB) 12 h. Antenna gain (dBi) 3 i. Receive sensitivity (dBm) –97.4

Airlink

j. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6 k. Log-norm al fad e ma r g in with 8 d B std. d e via tio n , edg e reliability 90%

(dB)

l. Body loss (dB) 3 m. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19

Transmitter

n. Mobile transmit power (dBm) 28

p. Maximum path loss (dB) 106.4

• e: enter the noise figure and gain of e ach syst em component (a, b, c, and d ) into the standard cascaded noise figure formula

– 1

= F1 + + + ....

sys

where

F = 10 G = 10

(See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.)

(Noise Figure/10) (Gain/10)

F3 – 1

1G2

• i = f + e + g – h

• m = j + k + l

• p = n – m – i

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PRELIMINARY Elements of a Link Bu dge t for CDMA Standards

8.4.3 Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards

A CDMA link budget is slightly more complicated because the spread spectrum nature of CDMA must be considered. Unlike narrowband standards such as TDMA and GSM, CDMA signals are spread over a relatively wide frequency band. Upon reception, the CDMA signal is de-spread. In the de-spreading process the power in the received signal becomes concentrated into a narrow ban d, whereas the no ise level remains unchanged. Hence, the signal-to-noise ratio of the de-spread signal is higher than that of the CDMA signal before de-spreading . This increase is called processing gain. For IS-95 and J-STD-008, the processing gain is 21 dB or 19 dB depending on the user data rate (9.6 Kbps for rate set 1 and 14.4 Kbps for rate set 2, respectively). Because of the processing gain, a CDMA sig nal (comprising on e Walsh code channel within the composite CDMA signal) can be received at a lower level than that required for narrowband signals. A reasonable level is –95 dBm, which results in about –85 dBm composite as shown below.

An important issue to keep in mind is that the downlink CDMA signal is composed of many orthogonal channels: pilot, paging, sync, and traffic. The composite power level is the sum of the powers from the individual channels. An example is given in the following table.

Table 8-29 Distribution of Power within a CDMA Signal

Channel Walsh Code Number Relative Power Level

Pilot 0 20% –7.0 dB Sync 32 5% –13.3 dB Primary Paging 1 19% –7.3 dB Traffic 8–31, 33–63 9% (per traffic channel) –10.3 dB

This table assumes that there are 15 active traffic channels operating with 50% voice activity (so that the total power adds up to 100%). Notice that the pilot and sync channels together contribute about 25% of the power. When measuring the power in a CDMA signal you must be aware that if only the pilot and sync channels are active, the power level will be about 6 to 7 dB lower than the maximum power level you can expect when all voice channels are active. The implication is that if only the pilot and sync channels are active, and the maximum power per carrier table says that you should not exceed 10 dBm for a CDMA signal, for example, then you should set the attenuation between the base station and the Main Hub so that the Main Hub receives 3 dBm (assuming 0 dB sy stem gain).

An additional consideration for CDMA systems is that the uplink and downlink paths should be gain and noise balanced. This is requi red for pr oper operati on of sof t -han doff to the outdoor network as well as preventing excess interference that is caused by mobiles on the indoor system transmitting at power levels that are not coordinated with the outdoor mobiles. This balance is achieved if the power level transmitted by the mobiles under close-loop power control is similar to the power level transmitted under open-loop power control. The open-loop power control equation is

+ PRX = –73 dBm (for Cellular, IS-95)

+ PRX = –76 dBm (for PCS, J-STD-008)

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

where PTX is the mobile’s transmitted power and PRX is the power received by the mobile.

The power level transmitted under closed-loop power control is adjusted by the base station to achieve a certain E

ence between these power levels, ∆ ated from the RAU, P

∆

= P

downink

+ P

downink

uplink

(explained in Table 8-30 on page 8-38 ). The differ-

b/N0

, can be estimated by comparing the power radi-

, to the minimum received signal, P

, at the RAU:

uplink

+ 73 dBm (for Cellular)

= P

∆

It’s a good idea to keep –12 dB < ∆

downink

+ P

+ 76 dBm (for PCS)

uplink

< 12 dB.

Table 8-30 provides link budget considerations for CDMA systems.

Table 8-30 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA

Consideration Description

Multipath Fade Margin

Power per carrier, downlink

Information Rate Th is is simply

Process Gain The process of de-spreading the de sired signal boosts that si gnal relative to the noi s e and interference.

The multipath fade margin can be reduced (by at least 3 dB) by using different lengths of optical fiber (this is called “delay diversity”). Th e delay over fiber is approximately 5µS /km. If the difference in fiber lengths to Expansi on Hubs with overlapping coverage areas produces at least 1 chip (0.8µS) delay of one path relative to the othe r, then the multipaths’ signals can be resolved and p roc essed in dep ende n tly by th e base station’s rake receiver. A CDMA signal traveling through 163 meters of MMF cable will be delayed by approximatel y on e ch ip .

This depends on how many channels are active. For example, the signal will be about 7 dB lower if only the pilot, sync, and paging channels are active compared to a fully-loaded CDMA signal. Furthermore, in the CDMA forward link, voice channels are turned off when the user is not speaking. On average this is assumed to be about 50% of the time. So, in the spreadsheet, both the power per Walsh code channel (representing how much signal a mobile will receive on the Walsh code that it is de-spreading) and the total power are use d.

The channel power is needed to determine the maximum path loss, and the total power is needed to determine how hard the Unison system is being driven.

The total power for a fully-loaded CDMA signal is given by (approximately):

total power =

voice channel power + 13 dB + 10log

(50%)

= voice channel power + 10 dB

10log

(9.6 Kbps) = 40 dB for rate set 1

(14.4 Kbps) = 42 dB for rate set 2

10log

This gain needs to be included in the link budget. In the following formulas, P

= 10log10(1.25 MHz / 9.6 Kbps) = 21 dB rate set 1

= 10log10(1.25 MHz / 14.4 Kbps) = 19 dB rate set 2

Note that the process gain can also be expressed as 10log

(CDMA bandwidth) minus the information

= process gain:

rate.

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PRELIMINARY Elements of a Link Bu dge t for CDMA Standards

Table 8-30 Additional Link Budget Considerat ions for CDMA (continued)

Consideration Description

Eb/No This is the energy-per-bit divided by the received noise and interference. It’s the CDMA equivalent of sig-

nal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This figure depends on the mobile’ s recei ver and the multipat h environment. Fo r example, the multipath delays inside a building are usually too small for a rake receiver in the mobile (or base station) to resolve and coherently c ombine multipath c ompone nts. However, if artificial delay can be introduced by, for instance, using different lengths of cable, then the required Eb/No will be lower and the multipath fade m argin in the link budget can be reduced in some case s .

If the receiver noise figure is NF (dB), then the receive sensitivity (dBm) is given by:

= NF + Eb/No + thermal noise in a 1.25 MHz band – P

sensitivity

= NF + E

– 113 (dBm/1.25 MHz) – P

b/No

Noise Rise On the uplink, the noise floor is determined not only by the Unison system, but also by the number of

mobiles that are transmittin g. This is because when the base station attempts to de-spread a particular mobile’s signal, all other mobile signals appear to be noise. Because the noise floor rises as more mobiles try to communicate with a base stati on, the more mobile s th ere are , t he more p ower th e y have to tran smit . Hence, the noise floor rises rapidly:

noise rise = 10log

(1 / (1 – loading))

where loading is the number of users as a percentage of the the oret i cal maximum number of users. Typically, a base station is set to limit the loading to 75%. This noise ratio must be included in the link

budget as a worst-case condition for uplink sensitivity. If there are less users than 75% of the maximum, then the uplink coverage will be better than predicted.

Hand-off Gain CDMA supports soft hand-off, a process by which the mobile communicates simultaneously with more

than one base station or more than one sector of a base station. Soft ha nd-off provides improv ed receive sensitivity because there are two or more receivers or transmitters involved. A line for hand-off gain is included in the CDMA link budgets worksheet although the gain is set to 0 dB because the in-building system will probably be designed to limit soft-handoff.

Other CDMA Issues

• Never combine multiple sectors (more than one CDMA signal at the same frequency) into a Unison system. The combined CDMA signals will interfere with each other.

• Try to minimize overlap between in-building coverage areas that utilize different sectors, as well as in-building coverage and outd oor coverag e areas. This is important because any area in which more than one dominant pilot signal (at the same frequency) is measured by the mobile will result in soft-handoff. Soft-handoff decreases the overall network capacity by allocating multiple channel resources to a single mobile phone.

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8.4.4 Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application

Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Downlink

Line Downlink

Transmitter

a. BTS transmit power per traffic channel (dBm) 30.0 b. Voice activity factor 50% c. Composite power (dBm) 40.0 d. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –24 e. Power per channel into Unison (dBm) 9.0 f. Composite power into Unison (dBm) 16.0 g. Unison gain (dB) 0.0 h. Antenna gain (dBi) 3.0 i. Radiated power per channel (dBm) 12.0 j. Co mposite radiated power (dBm) 19.0

Airlink

k. Handoff gain (dB) 0.0 l. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6.0 m. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability

90% (dB) n. Additional loss (dB) 0.0 o. Body loss (dB) 3.0 p. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19.0

Receiver

q. Mobile noise figure (d B) 7.0 r. Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) –174.0 s. Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz) –167.0 t. Information ratio (dB/Hz) 41.6 u. Required Eb/(N

v. Receive Sensitivity (dBm) –118.4 w. Minimum received signal (dBm) –99.4

x. Maximum path loss (d B) –99.4

)7.0

o+lo

10.0

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PRELIMINARY Spread Spectrum Link Budge t Analysis for a Microcell Applica tion

• b and c: see notes in Table 8-30 regarding power per carrier, downlink

• e = a + d

•f = c + d

• i = e + g + h

• j = f + g + h

• p = –k + l + m + n + o

• s = q + r

• v = s + t + u

• w = p + v

•x = j – w

• y = j (downlink) + m (uplink) + P where

P = Ptx + Prx = –73 dB for Cellular

–76 dB for PCS

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Uplink

Line Uplink

Receiver

a. BTS noise figure (dB) 3.0 b. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –30.0 c. Unison gain (dB) 0.0 d. Unison noise figure (dB) 22.0 e. System noise figure (dB) 33.3 f. Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) –174.0 g. Noise rise 75% loading (dB) 6.0 h. Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz) –134.6 i. Information rate (dB/Hz) 41.6 j. Required Eb/(N

k. Handoff gain (dB) 0.0 l. Antenna gain (dBi) 3.0 m. Minimum received signal (dBm) –91.1

)5.0

o+lo

Airlink

n. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6.0 o. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability

10.0

90% (dB) p. Additional loss (dB) 0.0 q. Body loss (dB) 3.0 r. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19.0

Transmitter

s. Mobile transmit power (dBm) 28.0

t. Maximum path loss (dB) 100.1

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PRELIMINARY Spread Spectrum Link Budge t Analysis for a Microcell Applica tion

• e: enter the noise figure and gain of each system compo nent (a, b , c, and d) into the standard cascaded noise figure formula

= F1 + + + ....

sys

where

F = 10 G = 10

(See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.)

F2 – 1

(Noise Figure/10) (Gain/10)

F3 – 1

1G2

• h = e + f + g

• m = h + i + j –k – l

• r = n + o + p + q

• t = s – r – m

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8.4.5 Considerations for Re-Radiation (over-the-air) Systems

The Unison can be used to extend th e coverage of the outd oor network by co nnecting to a roof-top donor antenna that is pointed to ward an out door base station. Add itional considerations for such an application of the Unison are:

• Sizing the gain and output power requirements for a bi-directional amplifier (repeater).

• Ensuring that noise radiated on the uplink from the in-building system does not cause the outdoor base station to become desensitized to wireless handsets in the outdoor network.

• Filtering out signals that lie in adjacent frequency bands. For instance, if you are providing coverage for Cellular B-band operation it may be necessary to filter out the A, A’ and A” bands which may contain strong signals from other outdoor base stations.

Further information on these issues can be found in LGC Wireless’ application notes for re-radiation applications.

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PRELIMINARY Optical Power Budget

8.5 Optical Power Budget

Unison uses SC/APC connectors. The connector losses associated with mating to these connectors is accounted for in the design and should not be included as elements of the optical power budget. The reason is that when the optical power budget is defined, measurements are taken with these connectors in place.

The Unison optical power budget for both multimode and single-mode fiber cable is

3.0 dB (optical).

The maximum loss through the fiber can not exceed 3 dB (optical). The maximum lengths of the fiber cable should not exceed 1.5 km

(19,685 ft) for single-mode. Both the optical budget and the maximum cable length

must be taken into consideration when designing the system.

(4,921 ft) for multimode and 6 km

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8.6 Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station

The first consideration when connecting Unison Main Hubs to a base station is to ensure there is an equal amount of loss through cables, combiners, etc. from the base station to the Main Hubs. For this example, assume that the base station will have simplex connections, one uplink and one downlink. Each of these connections will need to be divided to equilibrate power for each Main Hub. For example, two Main Hubs will require a 2×1 combiner/divider; four Main Hubs will require a 4×1 combiner/divider; and so on.

Figure 8-2 Connecting Main Hubs to a Simplex Base Station

2 × 1 combiner/divider

Downlink/Forward

Base Station

Uplink/Reverse

When connecting a Unison Main Hub to a base station, also consider the following:

Main Hub 1

Main Hub 2

1. The downlink power from the base station must be attenuated enough so that the

power radiated by the RAU does not exceed the maximum power per carrier listed in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 8-3.

2. The uplink attenuatio n should be small enough that the sensitivity of the overall

system is limited by Unison, not by the attenuator. However, some base stations will trigger alarms if the noise or signal levels are too high. In this case the attenuation will have to be large enough to prevent this from happening.

If, in an area covered by Unison, a mobile phone indicates good signal strength but consistently has difficulty completing calls, it is possible that the attenuation between Unison and the base station needs to be adjusted. In other words, it is possible that if the uplink is over-at tenuated, t he downlink po wer will prov ide good cov erage, but th e uplink coverage distance will be small.

When there is an excessive amount of loss between the Main Hub uplink and the ba se station, the uplink system gain can be increased to as much as 15 dB to prevent a reduction in the overall system sensitivity.

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PRELIMINARY Attenuation

8.6.1 Attenuation

Figure 8-3 shows a typical setup wherein a duplex base station is connected to a Main Hub. For a simplex base station, eliminate the circulator and connect the simplex ports of the base station to the simplex ports of the Main Hub. Add attenuators to regulate the power appropriately.

Figure 8-3 Main Hub to Duplex Base Station or Repeater Connections

Duplex

Base Station

Repeater

• A typical circulator has an IP3 of +70dBm. If you drive the circulator too hard it will produce

intermods that are bigger than the intermods produced by Unison. The IP3 at the Forward port input of the Main Hub is approximately +38 dBm. The IP3 of the circulator at that same point (i.e., following attenuator A1) is +70dBm – A1. Thus, to keep the system IP3 from being adversely affected by the circulator, attenuator A1 should be no more than approximately +30 dB.

• A filter diplexer can be used in place of the circulator. The IP3 of the diplexer can be

assumed to be greater than +100 dBm. If a diplexer is used, A3 can be omitted.

• A1+A3 should be chosen so that the output power per carrier at the RAU’s output is correct

for the number of carriers being transmitted. Suppose the base station transmits 36 dBm per carrier and it is desired that the RAU output be 6 dBm per carrier and the forward port gain is 0 dB. Then A1+A3=30 dB.

• A2+A3 should, ideally, be at least 10 dB less than the noise figure plus the gain of the Uni-

son system. For example, if the reverse port has a 0 dB gain and if there are 32 RAUs, the noise figure is approximately 22 dB. So A2+A3 should be about 10 dB. If A2+A3 is too large, the uplink coverage can be severely reduced.

• Given these three equations:

we could choose A1=20 dB, A2=0 d B, A3=10 dB

A1 < 30 dB A1+A3 = 30 dB (in this example) A2+A3 < 10 dB (in this example)

Forward

Main Hub

Reverse

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8.6.2 Uplink Attenuation

The attenuation between the Main Hub’s reverse port and the base station does two things:

1. It attenuates the noise coming out of Unison.

2. It attenuates the desired signals coming out of Unison.

Setting the attenuation on the uplink is a trade-off between keeping the noise and maximum signal levels transmitted from Unison to the base station receiver low while not reducing the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of the path from the RAU inputs to the base station inputs. This SNR can not be better than the SNR of Unison by itself, although it can be significantly worse.

For example, suppose we have a GSM Unison system consisting of one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 3 2 RAUs (1 -4-32) wi th upl ink NF=2 2 dB. (See Table 8-30 on page 8-38.) If we use 30 dB of attenuation between the Main Hub’s reverse port and the base station (which has its own noise figure of about 4 dB), the overall noise figure will be 34.3 dB (refer to the formula on page 8-36) which is 12.3 dB worse than Unison by itself. That causes a 12.3 dB reduction in the uplink coverage distance. Now, if the attenuation instead is 10 dB, the cascaded noise figure is NF=22.6 d B, which implies that the uplink sensitivity is limited by Unison, a desirable condition.

Rule of Thumb

A good rule of thumb is to set the uplink attenuation, A2+A3 in Figure 8-3 on page 8-47, as follows:

A2+A3 ≈ Uni son upli nk NF + upl ink gai n ( 0 dB for reverse port) – BTS NF – 10dB

and round A2 down to the nearest convenient attenuation value.

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PRELIMINARY Uplink Attenuation

8.6.2.1 Uplink Attenuation Exception: CDMA

In CDMA systems, the power transmitted by the mobile is determined by the characteristics of both the uplink and downlink paths. The power transmitted by the mobile should be similar in open-loop control (as determined by the downlink path) as during closed-loop control (as determined by the uplink and downlink paths). In addition, the mobile’s transmit power when it communicates with a base station through Unison should be similar to the power transmitted when it communicates with a base station in the outdoor network (during soft hand-off). Because of these considerations, you should not allow the downlink and uplink gains to vary widely.

Open-loop power control:

= –76 dBm (for PCS) – P

where PTX is the power transmitted and PRX is the power received by the mobile. If PL is the path loss (in dB) between the RAU and the mobile, and P power radiated by the RAU, then

= –76 dBm (for PCS) – PDN + PL

Closed-loop power control:

is the downlink

= noise floor + uplink NF – process gain + Eb/No + PL

= –113 dBm/1.25 Mhz + NF – 19 dB + 7 dB + PL

where Eb/No = 7 dB is a rough estimate, and NF is the cascaded noise figure of the Unison uplink, the uplink atte nuation, and the base station no ise figure. Eq uating P

for the open-loop and closed-loop we see that

NF = 49 – P

where PDN is determined by the downlink attenuation. Since PDN for Unison is about 10 dBm, we see that the cascaded noise figure is about 39 dB, which is considerably

higher than that of Unison itself. This implies that we should use a fairly large attenuation on the uplink. This case suggests using as much attenuation on the downlink as on the uplink. The drawback of doing this is that the uplink coverage sensitivity is reduced. A link budget analysis will clarify these issues. Typically, the uplink attenuation between the Main Hub and the base station will be the same as, or maybe 10 dB less than, the downlink attenuation.

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Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY

8.7 Designing for a Neutral Host System

Designing for a neutral host system uses the same design rules previously discussed. Since a neutral host system typically uses multiple syst e m s in parallel, we find it best to design for the worst case system so that there will not be holes in the covered area and the economies of a single installation can be achieved. For example, as indicated Section 7.1, the 1900 MHz RF signa ls do not prop agate thro ughout a buil ding as wel l as the 800 MHz systems, therefore, we design to the 1900 MHz path loss formula.

8.7.1 Capacity of the Unison Neutral Host System

Each Main Hub can support more than one sub-band of the Cellular or PCS bands. The exception to this is the iDEN Main Hub, because the SMR band is not split into sub-bands.

The 800 MHz Main Hub can support bot h the A band and th e B band s imult ane ously. Also, the 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz Main Hubs can support two bands each (as the frequencies currently are allocated).

For example, a neutral host system that consists of one iDEN, one 800 MHz, and two 1900 MHz systems can support up to seven separate service providers:

•1 on iDEN

• 2 on 800 MHz, A band and B band

• 2 in each 1900 MHz

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PRELIMINARY Example Unison Neutral Host System

8.7.2 Example Unison Neutral Host System

The following example configuration assumes:

• 3 dBm per carrier output

• Each System supports two bands, and therefore, two Operators (Exception: iDEN supports one Operator)

Example Configuration:

• 800 MHz iDEN: 16 channels

• 800 MHz Ce llular TDMA Band: 16 channels CDMA Band: 3 channels

• 1900 MHz PCS TDMA Band: 16 channels CDMA Band: 3 channels GSM Band: 6 channels

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PRELIMINARY

SECTION 9

Replacing Unison Component s in an Operating System

9.1 Replacing an RAU

Be aware that the new RAU must be the same band as the one you are replacing. If you replace an RAU with one that is of the wrong band, it will not work.

The Main Hub automatically checks the band of a replaced RAU. There is no need to issue commands directly from the Main Hub. Therefo re, as lon g as the RA U is of the correct band, the system will operate properly.

Replacing an RAU

1. Use AdminManager or refer to the As-Built Document to review the current

RAU’s configuration.

2. Disconnect the Cat-5/6 cable and antenna from the unit to be replaced.

3. Install the new RAU.

4. Connect the antenna and then the Cat-5/6 cable to the new RAU

AdminManager Tasks

• Use the Advanced RAU Settings option on the Configuration & Maintenance panel to set the RAU’s 10 dB attenuation and UL ALC settings.

• When convenient, perform System Test to optimize performance.

During System Test, the entire system is temporarily off-line and no RF is being transmitted. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.

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Checking the RAU’s LEDs

1. The RAU’s LINK and ALARM LEDs should blink (green/red) on power up.

• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the RAU.

2. After several seconds both LEDs should change to green, wh ich in dicates that the

unit has been successfully replaced, there is communication with the Expansion Hub, and the RAU band is correct.

a. If the LINK LED remains green and the ALARM LED remains red, verify that

the RAU model is correct for the intended frequency band.

– Disconnect the cable and then reconnect it once; doing this more than once

will not change the result.

b. If both LEDs still don’t change to green, use the AdminManager to determ ine

the exact nature of the fault and see a recommendation of how to correct it.

c. If both LEDs turn red (after 45 seconds), the Expansion Hub has terminated

communications.

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PRELIMINARY Replacing an Expansion Hub

9.2 Replacing an Expansion Hub

Replacing an Expansion Hub

1. Turn off the power to the Expansion Hub.

2. Disconnect all Cat-5/6 cables, both fiber cables, and the AC power cord.

3. Replace the Expansion Hub with a new one.

4. Connect the AC power cord, all Cat-5/6 cables, and both fiber cables – remember-

ing to clean and correctly connect the uplink and downlink fiber.

5. Turn on the power to the Expansion Hub.

AdminManager Tasks

• The Main Hub automatically issues the band setting.

• When convenient, perform System Test to optimize performance.

Checking the Expansion Hub’s LEDs

• The LEDs should blink through all states on power up.

• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the Expansion Hub.

• If the LEDs do not illuminate at all, make sure the AC power cable is connected.

•The

UL STATUS and DL STATUS LEDs should be green.

•The

E-HUB STATUS and POWER LEDs should be green.

• For each RJ-45 port that has an RAU connected:

•The

E-HUB/RAU LEDs should be green.

•The

LINK LEDs should be green.

It can take several seconds for each Cat-5/6 connection for the LEDs to display properly.

NOTE: Refer to Section 10 for troubleshooting using the LEDs.

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Replacing Unison Components in an Operating System PRELIMINARY

9.3 Replacing a Main Hub

Yo u must record the system configuration settings from the old Main Hub’s memory before replacing the unit. You will program the new Main Hub with this information. If the Main Hub is programmed incorrectly, the system will not work. If the Main Hub is not functioning, get the configuration settings from the As-Built Document that was created as part of the original installation.

Get System Configuration Settings

1. Connect th e null m odem cable to th e PC and the Main Hub.

2. Start the AdminManager software.

3. Select th e Configuratio n & Maintenance Panel option from the introductory win-

dow.

4. Click the SAVE CONFIG button.

The Save Configuration Notes dialog box is displayed.

5. Type any notes you want to save with the configuration settings into the dialog

box and click The configuration settings are saved in a text file, for example:

OK.

Begin Notes ******************************************* LGC HQ 05/23/01 MH configuration L010MH11 System configuration End Notes *********************************************

Frequency Band is DCS Low. SystemGain:UL=12dB,DL=4dB. Callback Number is 1234567. System label is LGC.

Main Hub Information: Serial Number: L010BMH1 Part Number: 7405101 Revision Number: 03 Firmware Revision: 010526

Expansion Hub LGC-1 Information: Serial Number: L010BEH9 Part Number: 7405101 Revision Number: 03 Firmware Revision: 010513

RAU LGC-1-5 Information: Serial Number: L010BRU1 Part Number: 7405101 Revision Number: 03

Firmware Revision: 010021

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PRELIMINARY Replacing a Main Hub

Replacing a Main Hub

1. Turn off the power to the Main Hub.

2. Disconnect all fiber cables and the AC power cord.

3. Replace the Main Hub with a new one.

4. Connect the AC power cord and all fiber cables – remembering to clean and cor-

rectly connect the uplink and downlink fiber cables.

5. Connect the null modem cable to the PC and then to the Main Hub’s front panel

DB-9 serial connector.

6. Start the AdminManager software.

7. Select the Installation Wizard option from the introductory window.

8. Turn on the power to the Main Hub.

AdminManager Tasks

• Use the Installation Wizard to:

• Set the Operation Band

• Use the Configuration & Maintenance panel to:

• Set Callback Number

• Set Contact Sense Properties

• Set System Parameters

• Perform System Test

During System Test, the entire system is temporarily off-line and no RF is being transmitted. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion

Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.

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Checking the Main Hub’s LEDs

• The LEDs should blink through all states on power up.

• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the Main Hub.

• If the LEDs do not illuminate at all, make sure the AC power cable is connected.

• For each fiber optic port that has a Main Hub connected:

•The

LINK LED should be green.

•The

E-HUB/RAU LED should be:

– Green if the – Red if the

•The

MAIN HUB STATUS LED should be:

MAIN HUB STATUS is green.

MAIN HUB STATUS is red.

• Red if the Main Hub is new from the factory and a band has not been programmed, or if the wrong band is programmed.

• Green if the Main Hub was previously programmed with a correct band (matches the RAUs in the system).

NOTE: If there is communication between the Main Hub and the Expansion Hubs, use the AdminManager software’ s Conf iguration & Maintenance p anel to isolate system problems.

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PRELIMINARY

SECTION 10

Maintenance, T roubleshooting, and Technical Assist ance

There are no user-serviceable parts in any of the Unison compon ents. Faulty or failed components are fully replaceable through LGC Wireless.

Address 2540 Junction Avenue

San Jose, California

95134-1902 USA Phone 1-408-952-2400 Fax 1-408-952-2410 Help Hot Line 1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only)

Web Address http:// www.lgcwireless.com e-mail service@lgcwireless.com

10.1 Maintenance

No periodic maintenance of the Unison equipment is required.

+1-408-952-2400 (International)

+44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe)

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Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY

10.2 Troubleshooting

NOTE: Unison has no user-serviceable parts. Faulty or failed units are fully

replaceable through LGC Wireless.

Sources of potential problems include:

• Malfunction of one or more Unison components

• Faulty cabling/connector

• Antenna, base station, or repeater problem

• External RF interface

NOTE: Faulty cabling is the cause of a vast majority of problems. All Cat-5/6 cable should be tested to TIA/EIA 568-A specifications.

It is recommended that you use the AdminManager for troubleshooting the system, and use the LEDs as backup or for confirmation. However, if there are communication problems within the system, the LEDs may provide additional information that is not available using AdminManager.

To begin troubleshooting, use the AdminManager software to determine the current faults and warnings for all of the units in the system. To troubleshoot, start with the Main Hub’s faults and warnings, then proceed to each of the Expansion Hubs, finishing with each of the RAUs.

If you do not have a PC with AdminManager available, the LEDs provide a minimal set of diagnostic information.

If you cannot determine the cause of a problem after following the recommended procedures, call LGC Wireless customer help hot line:

1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only) +1-408-952-2400 (International) +44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe)

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ADC UNS-IDEN-1 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual