ADC UNS-IDEN-1, UNS 819RAU Users Manual

InterReach Unison

Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual

PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

This manual is produced for use by LGC Wireless personnel, licens ees, and customers. The information contained herein is the property of LGC Wireless. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electron i c or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of LGC Wireless.

LGC Wireless reserves the right to make c hanges, without notice, to the specifications and materials contained herein, and shall not be responsible for any damages caused by reliance on the material as presented, including, but not limited to, typographical and listing errors.

Your comments are welcome – they help us improve our products and documentation. Please address your comments to LGC Wireless, Inc. corporate headquarters in San Jose, California:

Address 2540 Junction Avenue

San Jose, California 95134-1902 USA

Attn: Marketing Dept. Phone 1-408-952-2400 Fax 1-408-952-2410 Help Hot Line 1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only)

+1-408-952-2400 (International) Web Address http://www.lgcwireless.com e-mail info@lgcwireless.com

service@lgcwireless.com

Trademarks

All trademarks identified by ™ or ® are trademarks or registered trademarks of LGC Wireless, Inc. All other trademarks belong to their respective owners.

InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

Limited Warranty

Seller warrants articles of its manufacture against defective materials or workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment to Purchaser, except as provided in any warranty applicable to Purchaser on or in the package containing the Goods (which warranty takes precedence over the following warranty). The liability of Seller under the foregoing warranty is limited, at Seller’s option, solely to repair or replacement with equivalent Goods, or an appropriate adjustment not to exceed the sales price to Purchaser, provided that (a) Seller is notified in writing by Purchaser, within the one year warranty period, promptly upon discovery of defects, with a detailed description o f such defects, (b) Purchaser has obtained a Return Materials Authorization (RMA) from Seller, which RMA Seller agrees to provide Purchaser promptly upon request, (c) the defective Goods are returned to Seller, transportation and other applicable charges prepaid by the Purchaser, and (d)Seller’s examination of such Goods discloses to its reasonable satisfaction that defects were not caused by negligence, misuse, improper installation, improper maintenance, accident or unauthorized repair or alteration or any other cause outside the scope of Purchaser’s warranty made hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Seller shall have the option to repair any defective Goods at Purchaser’s facility. The original warranty period for any Goods that have been repaired or replaced by seller will not thereby be extended. In addition, all sales will be subject to standard terms and conditions on t he sales con tract.

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison Installation, O peration, and Reference Manual

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InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

Table of Contents

SECTION 1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.1 Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2 Conventions in this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.3 Acronyms in this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

1.4 Standards Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

1.5 Related Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

SECTION 2

InterReach™ Unison System Description . . . . 2-1

2.1 System Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

2.2 System OA&M Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

2.2.1 OA&M Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

2.2.2 Using Alarm Contact Closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

2.3 System Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

2.4 System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

2.5 System Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12

2.5.1 Physical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12

2.5.2 InterReach Unison Wavelength and Laser Power . . . . . . . . . 2-13

2.5.3 Environmental Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

2.5.4 Operating Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

2.5.5 RF End-to-End Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

SECTION 3 Unison Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1 Main Hub Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

3.1.1 Optical Fiber Uplink/Downlink Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3.1.2 Communications RS-232 Serial Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3.1.3 LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3.2 Main Hub Rear Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

3.2.1 Main Hub Rear Panel Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

3.3 Faults and Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

3.4 Main Hub Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

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SECTION 4 Unison Expansion Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1 Expansion Hub Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

4.1.1 RJ-45 Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4.1.2 Optical Fiber Uplink/Downlink Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4.1.3 LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4.2 Expansion Hub Rear Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

4.3 Faults and Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

4.4 Expansion Hub Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

SECTION 5

SECTION 6

Unison Remote Access Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.1 Remote Access Unit Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

5.1.1 SMA Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

5.1.2 RJ-45 Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

5.2 LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

5.3 Faults and Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5

5.4 Remote Access Unit Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5

Designing a Unison Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1 Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3

6.2 Estimating RF Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16

6.2.1 Path Loss Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-17

6.2.2 Coverage Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18

6.2.3 Examples of Design Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23

6.3 System Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27

6.3.1 System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable Length . . . . . . . 6-27

6.4 Link Budget Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28

6.4.1 Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards . . . . . 6-29

6.4.2 Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell

Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-31

6.4.3 Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards . . . . . . . . . 6-33

6.4.4 Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell

Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36

6.4.5 Considerations for Re-Radiation (over-the-air) Systems . . . . 6-40

6.5 Optical Power Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-41

6.6 Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-42

6.6.1 Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-43

6.6.2 Uplink Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-44

6.7 Designing for a Neutral Host System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46

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SECTION 7 Installing Unison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.1 Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.1.1 Component Location Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.1.2 Cable and Connector Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.1.3 Multiple Operator System Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

7.1.4 Distance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

7.2 Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3

7.2.1 Installation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3

7.2.2 General Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3

7.2.3 Fiber Port Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4

7.3 Preparing for System Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

7.3.1 Pre-Installation Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

7.3.2 Installation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

7.3.3 Tools and Materials Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8

7.3.4 Optional Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9

7.4 Unison Component Installation Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10

7.4.1 Installing a Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12

7.4.2 Installing Expansion Hubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-19

7.4.3 Installing RAUs and Passive Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-27

7.4.4 Configuring the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-30

7.5 Splicing Fiber Optic Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-31

7.5.1 Fusion Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-31

7.6 Interfacing a Main Hub to a Base Station or a Roof-top

Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-33

7.6.1 Connecting Multiple Main Hubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-37

7.7 Connecting Contact Alarms to a Unison System . . . . . . . . . 7-41

7.7.1 Alarm Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-42

7.7.2 Alarm Sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-45

7.7.3 Alarm Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-46

7.8 Alarm Monitoring Connectivity Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-48

7.8.1 Direct Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-48

7.8.2 Modem Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-49

7.8.3 232 Port Expander Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-50

7.8.4 POTS Line Sharing Switch Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-51

7.8.5 Ethernet and ENET/232 Serial Hub Connection . . . . . . . . . . 7-52

SECTION 8 Replacing Unison Components in an

Operational System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

8.1 Replacing an RAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

8.2 Replacing an Expansion Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3

8.3 Replacing a Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4

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SECTION 9 Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and

Technical Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

9.1 Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

9.2 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

9.3 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

9.3.1 Troubleshooting using AdminManager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4

9.3.2 Troubleshooting using LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15

9.4 Troublshooting Cat-5/6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-20

9.5 Technical Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-22

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX C Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

APPENDIX D Release Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

APPENDIX E

Cables and Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-1

A.1 Cat-5/6 Cable (ScTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-1

A.2 Fiber Optical Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-3

A.3 Coaxial Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-3

A.4 Standard Modem Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-3

A.5 DB-9 to DB-9 Null Modem Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-4

A.6 DB-25 to DB-9 Null Modem Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-5

InterReach Unison Property Sheet . . . . . . . . . . B-1

D.1 Unison Release 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-1

D.2 Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-2

D.3 New Capabilites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-3

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

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List of Figures

Figure 2-1 Unison System Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Figure 2-2 OA&M Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

Figure 2-3 Local System Monitoring and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

Figure 2-4 Remote System Monitoring and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

Figure 2-5 Unison’s Double Star Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

Figure 3-1 Main Hub in a Unison System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

Figure 3-2 Main Hub Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

Figure 3-3 Main Hub Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

Figure 3-4 Main Hub Rear Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

Figure 4-1 Expansion Hub in a Unison System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Figure 4-2 Expansion Hub Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Figure 4-3 Expansion Hub Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Figure 4-4 Expansion Hub Rear Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

Figure 5-1 Remote Access Unit in a Unison System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Figure 5-2 Remote Access Unit Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

Figure 6-1 Determining Path Loss between the Antenna and the Wireless Device 6-16

Figure 6-2 Connecting Main Hubs to a Simplex Base Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-42

Figure 6-3 Main Hub to Duplex Base Station or Repeater Connections . . . . . . . . 6-43

Figure 7-1 Simplex Base Station to a Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-33

Figure 7-2 Duplex Base Station to a Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-34

Figure 7-3 Connecting a Main Hub to Multiple Base Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-35

Figure 7-4 Connecting Two Main Hubs to a Simplex Repeater or Base Station . 7-38 Figure 7-5 Connecting Two Main Hubs to a Duplex Repeater or Base Station . . 7-40

Figure 7-6 Connecting MetroReach to Unison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-42

Figure 7-7 Using a BTS to Monitor Unison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-43

Figure 7-8 Using a BTS and OpsConsole to Monitor Unison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-44

Figure 7-9 Connecting LGCell to Unison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-45

Figure 7-10 5-port Alarm Daisy-Chain Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-46

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Figure 7-11 Alarm Sense Adapter Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-47

Figure 7-12 OA&M Direct Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-48

Figure 7-13 OA&M Modem Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-49

Figure 7-14 OA&M Connection using a 232 Port Expander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-50

Figure 7-15 OA&M Connection using a POTS Line Sharing Switch . . . . . . . . . . . 7-51

Figure 7-16 Cascading Line Sharing Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-51

Figure 7-17 OA&M Connection using Ethernet and ENET/232 Serial Hub . . . . . . 7-52

Figure A-1 Wiring Map for Cat-5/6 Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-2

Figure A-2 Standard Modem Cable Pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-3

Figure A-3 DB-9 Female to DB-9 Female Null Modem Cable Diagram . . . . . . . .A-4

Figure A-4 DB-25 Male to DB-9 Female Null Modem Modem Cable Diagram . .A-5

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List of Tables

Table 2-1 AdminManager and OpsConsole Functional Differences . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

Table 2-2 AdminManager and OpsConsole Connectivity Differences . . . . . . . . . 2-6

Table 2-3 Cellular RF End-to-End Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

Table 2-4 iDEN RF End-to-End Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

Table 2-5 GSM/EGSM RF End-to-End Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15

Table 2-6 DCS RF End-to-End Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15

Table 2-7 PCS RF End-to-End Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16

Table 2-8 UMTS RF End-to-End Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16

Table 3-1 Main Hub Status LED States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

Table 3-2 Main Hub Port LED States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

Table 3-3 Main Hub Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

Table 4-1 Expansion Hub Unit Status and DL/UL Status LED States . . . . . . . . . 4-4

Table 4-2 Expansion Hub Port LED States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

Table 4-3 Expansion Hub Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

Table 5-1 Frequency Bands covered by Unison RAUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

Table 5-2 Remote Access Unit LED States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

Table 5-3 Remote Access Unit Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5

Table 6-1 800 MHz (AMPS) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4

Table 6-2 800 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5

Table 6-3 800 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6

Table 6-4 800 MHz (iDEN) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6

Table 6-5 900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7

Table 6-6 900 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8

Table 6-7 1800 MHz (DCS) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9

Table 6-8 1800 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10

Table 6-9 1800 MHz (CDMA Korea) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10

Table 6-10 1900 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11

Table 6-11 1900 MHz (GSM) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12

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Table 6-12 1900 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-12

Table 6-13 1900 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-13

Table 6-14 2.1 GHz (UMTS) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-13

Table 6-15 Paging/SMR Power per Carrier: Analog FM, CQPSK, C4FM . . . . . . 6-14

Table 6-16 Paging/SMR Power per Carrier: Mobitex, POCSAG/Reflex . . . . . . .6 -14

Table 6-17 Coaxial Cable Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-16

Table 6-18 Average Signal Loss of Common Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-17

Table 6-19 Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments . 6-18 Table 6-20 Frequency Bands and the Value of the first Term in Equation (3) . . . 6-19 T abl e 6-21 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 800 MHz Cellular Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20

T abl e 6-22 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 800 MHz iDEN Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20

T abl e 6-23 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 900 MHz GSM Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20

T abl e 6-24 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 900 MHz EGSM Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-21

T abl e 6-25 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1800 MHz DCS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-21

T abl e 6-26 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-21

T abl e 6-27 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1900 MHz PCS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-22

T abl e 6-28 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 2.1 GHz UMTS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-22

Table 6-29 System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-27

Table 6-30 Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems . . . . . . . . . . .6-29

Table 6-31 Distribution of Power within a CDMA Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-33

Table 6-32 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-34

Table 6-33 Unison Capacity: Equal Coverage Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-48

Table 7-1 Unison Distance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2

Table 7-2 Installation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-6

Table 7-3 Tools and Materials Required for Component Installation . . . . . . . . . .7-8

Table 7-4 Optional Accessories for Component Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-9

Table 7-5 Troubleshooting Main Hub LEDs During Installation . . . . . . . . . . . .7-17

Table 7-6 Troubleshooting Expansion Hub LEDs During Installation . . . . . . . 7-25

Table 7-7 Troubleshooting RAU LEDs During Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-29

Table 9-1 Faults Reported by the Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4

Table 9-2 Faults Reported by the Expansion Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-7

Table 9-3 Remote Access Unit Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-10

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Table 9-4 Main Hub Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11

Table 9-5 Expansion Hub Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11

Table 9-6 Remote Access Unit Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11

Table 9-7 Main Hub Status Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12

Table 9-8 Expansion Hub Status Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13

Table 9-9 Remote Access Unit Status Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14

Table 9-10 Troubleshooting Main Hub Port LEDs During Normal Operation . . 9-16 Table 9-11 Troubleshooting Main Hub Status LEDs During Normal Operation . 9-17 Table 9-12 Troubleshooting Expansion Hub Port LEDs During Normal

Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-18

Table 9-13 Troubleshooting Expansion Hub Status LEDs During Normal

Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19

Table 9-14 Summary of Cat-5/6 Cable Wiring Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-20

Table A-1 Cat-5/6 Twisted Pair Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-1

Table A-2 DB-9 Female to DB-9 Female Null Modem Cable Pinout . . . . . . . . . . A-4

Table A-3 DB-25 Male to DB-9 Female Null Modem Cable Pinout . . . . . . . . . . .A-5

Table D-1 Unison Release 4 Line-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-1

Table D-2 Hardware/Firmware/Software Release Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-2

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x InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN8700-10

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SECTION 1 General Information

This section contains the following subsections:

• Section 1.1 Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

• Section 1.2 Conventions in this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

• Section 1.3 Acronyms in this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

• Section 1.4 Standards Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

• Section 1.5 Related Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

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1.1 Purpose and Scope

This document describes the InterReach

Unison system components.

• Section 2 InterReach™ Unison System Description An overview of the Unison hardware and OA&M capabilities is provided in this

section. This section also contains system s pecifications an d R F end- to-end per formance tables.

• Section 3 Unis on Main Hub The Main Hub is illustrated and described in this section. Connector and LED

descriptions, communication cable (serial and null modem) pin outs, and un it specifications are included.

• Section 4 Unison Expansio n Hub The Expansion Hub is illustrated and described in this section. Connector and LED

descriptions, and unit specifications are included.

• Section 5 Unison Remote Access Unit The Remote Access Unit is illustrated and described in this section. Connector and

LED descriptions, and unit specifications are included.

• Section 6 Designing a Unis on So lution This section provides tools to aid you in designing your Unison system, including

tables of the maximum output power per carrier at the RAU and formulas and tables for calculating path loss, coverage distance, and link budget.

• Section 7 Installing Un ison Installation procedures, requirements, safety precautions, and checklists are pro-

vided in this section. The installation procedures include guidelines for troubleshooting using the LEDs as you install the units.

• Section 8 Replacing Un iso n Compo nents in an Operatio nal S ystem This section provides installation procedures and considerations when you are

replacing a Unison component in an operating system.

• Section 9 Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance Contact information and troubleshooting tables are provided in this section.

• Appendix A Cables and Connectors Connector and cable descriptions and requirements are provided in this section.

Additionally, cable pin outs and diagrams are given.

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• Appendix B InterReach Unison Property Sheet This section contains a form that you can use during installation to record serial

numbers, gain settings, system band, RAU attenuation, and unit installation location. This information is required for the final As-Built documentation.

• Appendix C Compliance Safety and Radio/EMC approvals are listed in this section.

• Appendix D Release Notes A hardware/firmware/software compatibility table is provided in this section.

• Appendix E Glossary The Glossary provides definitions of commonly-used RF and wireless networking

terms.

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1.2 Conventions in this Manual

The following table lists the type style conventions used in this manual.

Convention Description

bold Used for emphasis

BOLD CAPS

MALL CAPS AdminManage r window buttons

Measurements are listed first in metric units, followed by U.S. Customary System of units in parentheses. For example:

0° to 45°C (32° to 113°F)

The following symbols are used to highlight certain information as described.

NOTE: This format is used to emphasize text with special significance or importance, and to provide supplemental information.

CAUTION: This format is used when a given action or omitted action can cause or contribute to a hazardous condition. Damage to the equipment can occur.

Labels on equipment

WARNING: T his fo rma t i s u sed wh en a given action or omit ted act ion can result in catastrophic damage to the equipment or cause injury to the user.

Procedure

This form at is used to highlight a procedure.

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1.3 Acronyms in this Manual

Acronym Definition

AGC automatic gain control ALC automatic level control AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service BTS base transceiv er station Cat-5/6 Category 5 or Category 6 (twisted pair cable) CDMA code division multiple access CDPD cellular digital packet data DAS distributed antenna system dB decibel dBm decibels relative to 1 milliwatt DC direct current DCS Digital Communications System DL downlink EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution EGSM Extended Global Standard for Mobile Communications EH Expansion Hub GHz gigahertz GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Groupe Speciale Mobile (now translated in English as Global Standard

for Mobile Communications) Hz hertz IF intermediate frequency iDEN Integrated Digit a l Enhanced Network (Motorola variant of TDMA

wireless) LAN local area network LO local oscillator mA milliamps MBS microcellular base station MH Main Hub MHz megahertz MMF multi-mode fiber MTBF mean time between failures NF noise figure nm nanometer

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Acronym Definition

OA&M operation, administration, and main te na n ce PCS Personal Communication Services PLL phase-locked loop PLS path loss slope RAU Remote Access Unit RF radio frequency RSSI received signal strength indicator SC/APC fiber optic connector complying wi th NTT SC standard, angle-polished SMA sub-miniature A connector (coaxial cable connector type) SMF single-mode fiber ST straight tip (fiber optic cable connector type) ScTP screened twisted pair TDMA time division multiple access UL uplink; Underwriters Laboratories uW microwatts UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UPS uninterruptable power supply Wwatt WCDMA wideband code division multiple access

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1.4 Standards Conformance

• Utilizes the TIA/EIA 568-A Ethernet cabling standards for ease of installation.

• See Appendix C for compliance information.

1.5 Related Publications

• AdminManager User Manual, LGC Wireless part number 8810-10

• OpsConsole User Manual; LGC Wireless part number 8800-10

• MetroReach Focus Configuration, Installation, and Reference Manual; LGC Wireless part number 8500-10

• LGCell Version 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual; LGC Wireless part number 8100-50

• LGC Wireless Accessories Catalog; LGC Wireless part number 8600-10

• Neutral Host System Planning Guide; LGC Wireless part number 9000-10

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1-8 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

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SECTION 2 InterReach™ Unison System

Description

InterReach™ Unison is an intelligent fiber optic/Cat-5/6 wireless networking system that is designed to handle both wireless voice and data communications and provide high-quality, ubiquitous, seamless access to the wireless network in any public or private facility, including:

• Campus environments

•Airports

• Office buildings

• Shopping malls

• Hospitals

• Subways

• Public facilities (convention centers, sports venues, etc.)

Unlike other wireless distribution alternatives, Unison is an intelligent active system, using microprocessors to enable key capabilities such as software-selectable band settings, automatic gain control, ability to incrementally adjust downlink/uplink gain, end-to-end alarming of all components and the associated cable infrastructure, and a host of additional capabilities.

The Unison system supports major wireless standards and air interface protocols in use around the world, including:

• Frequencies: 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2100 MHz

• Protocols: AMPS, TDMA, CDMA, GSM, iDEN, CDPD, EDGE, GPRS, WCDMA, CDMA2000, Paging

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Key System Features

• Superior RF performance, particularly in the areas of IP3 and noise figure.

• High downlink composite power and low uplink noise figure enables support of a large number of channels and larger coverage footprint per antenna.

• Software configurable Main and Expansion Hubs. Thus, the frequency band can be configured in the field.

• Either single-mode or multi-mode fiber can be used, supporting flexible cabling alternatives (in addition to standard Cat-5 or Cat-6 [Cat-5/6] screened twisted pair [ScTP]). Cabling type can be selected to meet the res ident cabling infrastructur e of the facility and unique building topologies.

• Extended system “reach.” Using single-mode fiber, fiber runs can be as long as 6 k ilometers (creating a total system “wingspan” of 12 kilometers). Alternately, with multi-mode fiber, fiber runs can be as long as 1.5 kilometers. The Cat-5/6 ScTP cable run can be up to 100 meters recom mended max imum ( 150 meters with RF performance degradation).

• Flexible RF configuration capabilities, including:

• System gain: – Ability to manually set gain in 1 dB steps, from 0 to 15 dB, on both down-

link and uplink.

• RAU: – RAU uplink and downlink gain can be independently attenuated 10 dB. – Uplink level control protects the system from input overload and can be

optimized for either a single operator or multiple operators/protocols.

– VSWR check on RAU reports if there is a disconnected antenna (all RAUs

except UMTS).

• Firmware Updates are downloaded (either locally or remotely) to operating sys-

tems when any modifications are made to the product, including the addition of new software capabilities/services.

• Extensive OA&M capabilities, including fault isolation to the field replaceable

unit, automatic reporting of all fault and warning conditions, and user-friendly graphical-user interface OA&M software packages.

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2.1 System Hardware

The InterReach Unison system consists of three modular components:

• 19" rack-mountable Main Hub (connects to up to 4 Expansion Hubs)

• Converts RF signals to optical on the downlink; optical to RF on the uplink

• Microprocessor controlled (for alarms, monitoring, and control)

• Software configurable band

• Simplex interface to RF source

• System master – periodically polls all downstream units (Expansion Hubs/RAUs) for system status, and automatically reports any fault or warning conditions

• 19" rack-mountable Expansion Hub (connects to up to 8 Remote Access Units)

• Converts optical signals to electrical on the downlink; electrical to optical on the uplink

• Microprocessor controlled (for alarms, monitoring, and control)

• Software configurable band (based on command from Main Hub)

• Supplies DC power to RAU

• Remote Access Unit (RAU)

• Converts electrical signals to RF on the downlink; RF to electrical on the uplink

• Microprocessor controlled (for alarms, monitoring, and control)

• Protocol/band specific units

The minimum configuration of a Unison system is one Main Hub, one Expansion Hub, and one RAU (1-1-1). The maximum configuration of a system is one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs (1-4-32). Multiple systems can be combined to provide larger configurations.

Figure 2-1 Uni son System Hardware

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2.2 System OA&M Capabilities

The InterReach Unison is microprocessor controlled and contains firmware which enables much of the OA&M functionality.

Complete alarming, down to the field replaceable unit (i.e., Main Hub, Expansion Hub, Remote Access Unit) and the cabling infrastructure, is available. All events occurring in a system, defined as a Main Hub and all of its associated Expansion Hubs and Remote Access Units, are automatically reported to the Main Hub. The Main Hub monitors system status and communicates that status using the following methods:

• Normally closed (NC) alarm contact closures can be tied to standard NC alarm monitoring systems or directly to a base station for alarm monitoring.

• The Main Hub’s front panel serial port connects directly to a PC (for local access) or to a modem (for remote access).

Figure 2-2 OA&M Communications

Use AdminManager to configure or monitor a local Unison system. Remotely, AdminManager can only check system status, it cannot receive modem calls.

Use OpsConsole to monitor and receive communications from remote or local Unison systems.

PC/Laptop running AdminManager or OpsConsole

RS-232 Ethernet

RS-232

SC/APC

Fiber

SC/APC

Expansion Hub

RJ-45

Cat-5/6

RJ-45

Remote Access Unit

RS-232

Main Hub

TCP/IP

Modem

ENET/232

Converter

RS-232

Main Hub

PSTN

Modem

Main Hub

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LGC Wireless offers two OA&M packages AdminManager and OpsConsole.

• The AdminManager software is provided with Unison. It runs on a PC/laptop and communicates with one Main Hub, and its downstream units, at a time.

• Connected directly to the Main Hub’s front panel RS-232 connector, you can access the Installation Wizard which lets you configure a newly installed system, or you can access the Configuration & Maintenance panel which lets you query system status, configure a newly added or swapped unit, or change system parameters.

• Connected remotely using a modem, AdminManager initiates comm unications with the Main Hub. You can access a read-only Configuration & Maintenance panel which lets you query system status to help you determine if an on-site visit is required.

Refer to the AdminManager User Manual (PN 8810-10) for information about installing and using the AdminManager software.

• Alternately, OpsConsole OA&M software is available separately. OpsConsole lets you manage, monitor, and maintain multiple sites and systems from a centralized remote location. This software is described in the OpsConsole User Guide (PN 8800-10).

The following table lists the functional differences between AdminManager and OpsConsole.

Table 2-1 AdminManager and OpsConsole Functional Differences

Feature AdminManager OpsConsole

Installation Wizard Yes No Local System Configuration Yes Yes Remote System Configuration No Yes Local Firmware Updating Yes Yes Save unit infor mation in a database No Yes Network view of installed systems Yes Yes Send dispatch message No Yes Monitor multiple units No Yes Scheduled poll ing No Yes Window s- b ase d GU I applic a tio n Yes Yes Runs on Windows 98 SE Yes No Runs on Windows 2000 Yes Yes Installation and configuration tool Yes No Operation, Admini stration, and Management tool No Yes

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Connectivity differences between AdminManager and OpsConsole are listed in the following table.

Table 2-2 AdminManager and OpsConsole Connectivity Differences

Connectivity AdminManager OpsConsole

Direct RS-232 Yes (COM1 through

COM16)

RS-232 Expansion Board Yes, if the expansion po rt

is in the range of COM1

through COM16 Modem (including RF modem) Yes (read only) Yes Ethernet/232 serial hub Yes, if the remote COM

port is in the range of

COM1 through C O M16

Line Sharing Switch after POTS Yes (read only) Yes

Yes

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PC/Laptop

running

AdminManager

2.2.1 OA&M Software

2.2.1.1 Configuring, Maintaining, and Monitoring Unison Locally

Each Main Hub, Expansion Hub, and RAU in the system constantly monitors itself and its downstream units for internal fault and warning conditions. The results of this monitoring are stored in memory and compared against new results.

The Expansion Hubs monitor their RAUs and store their status in memory . The Main Hub monitors its Expansion Hubs and s tores their status and the status of the RAUs in its memory. When a unit detects a change in status, a fault or warning is reported. Faults are indicated locally by red status LEDs, and both faults and warnings are reported to the Main Hub and displayed on a PC/laptop, via the Main Hub’s serial port, that is running the AdminManager software. Passive antennas that are connected to the RAUs are not monitored automatically. Perform the System Test in order to retrieve status information about antennas.

Using AdminManager locally, you can install a new system or new components, change system parameters, and query system status. The following figure illustrates how the system reports its status to AdminManager.

Figure 2-3 Local System Monitoring and Reporting

The Main Hub checks its own status and queries each Expansion Hub for its status, which includes RAU status.

Main

Hub

The Expansion Hub queries its own status and polls each RAU for its status.

Use the AdminManager to query units for their status or to get current fault or warning conditions.

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The Main Hub queries status of each Expansion Hub and each RAU and compares it to previously stored status.

• If a fault is detected, LEDs on the front panel turn red.

• If a fault or warning condition is detected in any unit, the Main Hub initiates a call to AdminManager.

Expansion

Hub

The Expansion Hub queries status of each RAU and compares it to previously stored status.

• If a fault is detected, LEDs on the front panel turn red.

• If a fault or warning condition is detected in the Expansion Hub or an RAU, the information is stored in the Expansion Hub’s memory until the Main Hub queries its status.

RAU

Each RAU passes its status to the Expansion Hub.

• If a fault is detected, the ALARM LED is red. If no fault is detected, the LED is green.

• If a fault or warning condition is detected, the information is passed to the Expansion Hub.

2.2.1.2 Monitoring and Maintaining Unison Remotely

• Using AdminManager Remotely

You can use AdminManager to query Unison status via a read-only Configuration & Maintenance panel. You cannot change system parameters or configure system components remotely with AdminManager. (Refer to Figure 2-2 on page 2-4.)

• Using OpsConsole Remotely

When monitoring the system remotely, any change of state within the system causes the Main Hub to initiate an automatic call-out and report the system status to the OpsConsole. The Main Hub calls out three times, each with a 45 second interval. If the call is not acknowledged in these three tries, the Main Hub waits 15 minutes and continues the above sequence until the call is acknowledged.

Refer to the OpsConsole User Manua l (PN 8800-10) for more information about using OpsConsole for remote system monitoring.

Figure 2-4 illustrates how the system reports its status to AdminManager and the OpsConsole.

Figure 2-4 Remote System Monitoring and Reporting

The Main Hub checks its own status and queries each Expansion Hub for its status, which includes RAU status.

PSTN

Modem

running

OpsConsole

Use OpsConsole to communicate with one or more remotely or locally installed systems.

If a fault or warning condition is reported, the OpsConsole graphical user interface indicates the problem. OpsConsole can also send an e-mail and/or page notification to designated recipients.

Modem

The Main Hub queries status of each Expansion Hub and each RAU and compares it to previously stored status.

• If a fault is detected, LEDs on the front panel turn red.

• If a fault or warning condition is detected in any unit, the Main Hub initiates a call to OpsCon- sole.

Main

Hub

The Expansion Hub queries its own status and polls each RAU for its status.

Expansion

Hub

The Expansion Hub queries status of each RAU and compares it to previously stored status.

• If a fault is detected, LEDs on the front panel turn red.

• If a fault or warning condition is detected in the Expansion Hub or an RAU, the information is stored in the Expansion Hub’s memory until the Main Hub queries its status.

RAU

Each RAU passes its status to the Expansion Hub.

• If a fault is detected, the ALARM LED lights red. If no fault is detected, the LED is green.

• If a fault or warning condition is detected, the information is passed to the Expansion Hub.

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2.2.2 Using Alarm Contact Closures

The DB-9 female connector on the rear panel of the Main Hub can be connected to a local base station or to a daisy-chained series of Unison, LGCell, and/or MetroReach Focus systems.

• When you connect MetroReach Focus or a BTS to Unison, the Unison Main Hub is the output of the alarms (alarm sour ce) an d Metro Reach Focus or the B TS is the input (alarm sense). This is described in Section 7.7.1 on page 7-42. The following figure shows using MetroReach Focus as the input of Unison contact closures.

Unison Main Hub

9-pin Adapter

MetroReach

Focus

RFM

RF OUT

DOWNLINK

UPLINK

FIBER

RF IN

Alarm Source

Alarm Sense

Alarm Sense Adapter Cable

5-port Alarm Daisy-Chain Cable

Alarm

UPLINK DOWNLINK

ALARM

Sense

RS-232C

• When you connect LGCell to Unison, the Unison Main Hub is the input of the alarms (alarm sense) and LGCell is the output (alarm source). This is described in Section 7.7.2 on page 7-45.

Up to 5 LGCell Main HubsUnison Main Hub

5-port Alarm Daisy-Chain Cable

Alarm Source

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620003-0 Rev. B

2.3 System Connectivity

The double star architecture of the Unison system, illustrated in the following figure, provides excellent system scalability and reliability. The system requires only one pair of fibers for 8 antenna points. This makes any system expansion, such as adding an extra antenna for additional coverage, potentially as easy as pulling an extra twisted pair.

Figure 2-5 Unison’s Double Star Architecture

PORT 1 PORT 2 PORT 3 PORT 4

RS-232

Main Hub

Fiber

Expansion Hub

Cat-5/6Cat-5/6 Cat-5/6

RAU RAU RAU

up to 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub

Expansion Hub

2-10 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

2.4 System Operation

• Downlink (Base Station to Wireless Devices)

The Main Hub receives downlink RF signals from a base station via coaxial cable.

The Main Hub converts the RF signals to IF, then

Main Hub

The Main Hub sends uplink RF signals to a base station via coaxial cable.

to optical signals and sends them to Expansion Hubs (up to four) via optical fiber cable.

• Uplink (Wireless Devices to Base Station)

The Main Hub receives the optical signals from the Expansion Hubs (up to four) via optical fiber cable and converts them to RF signals.

Expansion Hub

The Expansion Hub converts the optical signals to electrical signals and sends them to RAUs (up to eight) via Cat-5/6 ScTP cable.

RAU

The RAU converts the IF signals to RF and sends them to passive antennas via coaxial cable.

RAU

The RAU receives uplink RF

The Expansion Hub receives the IF signals from the RAUs (up to eight) via Cat-5/6 ScTP cable and converts them to optical signals.

signals from the passive antenna via coaxial cable and converts them to IF signals.

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620003-0 Rev. B

2.5 System Specifications

2.5.1 Physical Specifications

Parameter Main Hub Expansion Hub Remote Antenna Unit

RF Connectors 2 N-type, female 8 shielded RJ-45, female

(Cat-5/6)

External Alarm Connector

1 9-pin D-sub, female — —

(contact closure) Serial Interfac e Connector 1 RS -232 9-pin D-sub, male — — Fiber Connectors* LED Alarm and

Status Indicators

4 Pair, SC/APC 1 Pair, SC/APC — Unit Status (1 pair):

•Power

• Main Hub Status Downstream Unit Status

(1 pair per fiber port):

•Link

• E-Hub/RAU

Unit Status (1 pair):

•Power

• E-Hub Status Fiber Link Status (1 pair):

•DL Status

•UL Status RAU/Link Status

(1 pair per RJ-45 port):

•Link

•RAU

AC Power (Volts) Rating: 100–240V, 0.5A,

50–60 Hz Operating Range: 85–250V,

2.4–0.8A, 47–63 Hz

Rating: 115/230V, 5/2.5A, 50–60 Hz

Operating Range: 90–132V/170–250V auto-ranging,

2.2–1.5A/1.2–0.8A, 47–63 Hz

DC Power (Volts) — — 36V (from the Expansion

Power Consumption (W) 30 260 (includes 8 RAUs) 11 Enclosure Dimensions†

× width × depth)

(height

44.5 mm × 438 mm × 305 mm (1.75 in. × 17.25 in. × 12 in.)

Weight < 3 kg

(< 6.5 lb)

89 mm × 438 mm × 305 mm (3.5 in. × 17.25 in. × 12 in.)

< 5 kg (< 11 lb)

MTBF 106,272 hours 78,998 hours 282,207 hours

1 shielded RJ-45, female (Cat-5/6)

1 SMA, male (coaxial)

Unit Status (1 pair):

•Link

•Alarm

—

Hub)

44 mm × 305 mm × 158 mm (1.7 in. × 12 in. × 6.2 in.)

< 1 kg (< 2 lb)

*It is critical to system performance that only SC/APC fiber connectors are used throughout the fiber network, including fiber distribution pan-

els.

†Excluding angle-bra ckets for 19'' rack mounting of hubs.

2-12 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

2.5.2 InterReach Unison Wavelength and Laser Power

The following table shows wavelength and laser power according to UL testing per IEC 60 825-1.

Measured Output Power

Wavelength

1310 nm ±20 nm 458 uW 1.8 mW

Main Hub Expansion Hub

2.5.3 Environmental Specifications

Parameter Main Hub and Expansion Hub RAU

Operating Temperature 0° to +45°C (+32° to +113°F) –25° to +45°C (–13° to +113°F) Non-operating Temperature –20° to +85°C (–4° to +185°F) –25° to +85°C (–13° to +185°F ) Operating Humidit y; non-condensing 5% to 95% 5% to 95%

2.5.4 Operating Frequencies

RF Passband

Freq. Band

PCS PCS1 A & D Band 1930–1 950 1850–1870 PCS PCS2 D & B Band 1945–1965 1865–1885 PCS PCS3 B & E Band 1950–1970 1870–18 90 PCS PCS4 E & F Band 1965–1975 1885–1895 PCS PCS5 F & C Band 1970–1990 1890–1910 DCS DCS1 DCS1 Band 1805–1842.5 1710–1747.5 DCS DCS2 DCS2 Band 1842.5–1880 1747.5–1785 DCS DCS3 DCS3 Band 1840–1875 1745–1780 DCS DCS4 DCS4 Band 1815–1850 1720–1755 Cellular CELL – 869–894 824–849 iDEN iDEN – 851–869 806–824 EGSM EGSM – 925–960 880–915 GSM GSM – 935–960 890–915 UMTS UMTS1 – 2110–2145 1920–1955 UMTS UMTS2 – 2125–2160 1935–1970 UMTS UMTS3 – 2135–2170 1945–1980

Unison Band Description

Downlink (MHz) Uplink (MHz)

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2.5.5 RF End-to-End Performance

The following tables list the RF end-to-end performance of each pro tocol when using 2 km of single-mode fiber or 1 km of multi-mode fiber.

Cellular 800 MHz

Table 2-3 Cellular RF End-to-End Performance

2 km of SMF 1 km of MMF

Typical Typical

Parameter

Average gain with 75 m Cat-5/6 at 25°C (77°F)*

Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

15 dB 15 dB 15 dB 15 dB Ripple with 75 m C a t-5/6 3 dB 3.5 dB 3 dB 3.5 dB Output IP3 40 dBm 37 dBm Input IP3 –7 dBm –10 dBm Output 1 dB Compression Point 27 dBm 27 dBm Noise Figure with 1 MH – 1 EH – 8 RAUs configuration 15 dB 15 dB Noise Figure with 1 MH – 4 EHs – 32 RAUs configuration 21 dB 21 dB

*The system gain is adjustable in 1 dB steps from 0 to 15 dB, and the gain of each RAU can be attenuated 10 dB in one step.

iDEN 800 MHz

Table 2-4 iDEN RF End-to-End Performance

2 km of SMF 1 km of MMF

Typical Typical

Parameter

Average gain with 75 m Cat-5/6 at 25°C (77°F)* Ripple with 75 m Cat-5/6 2 dB 3 dB 2 dB 3 dB Output IP3 38 dBm 38 dBm Input IP3 –7 dBm –10 dBm Output 1 dB Compression Point 26 dBm 26 dBm Noise Figure with 1 MH – 1 EH – 8 RAUs configuration 17 dB 17 dB Noise Figure with 1 MH – 4 EHs – 32 RAUs config uration 23 dB 23 dB

Downlink Uplink D ownlink Uplink

15 dB 15 dB 15 dB 15 dB

*The system gain is adjustable in 1 dB steps from 0 to 15 dB, and the gain of each RAU can be attenuated 10 dB in one step.

2-14 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

GSM/EGSM 900 MHz

Table 2-5 GSM/EGSM RF End-to-End Performance

2 km of SMF 1 km of MMF

Typical Typical

Parameter

Average gain with 75 m Cat-5/6 at 25°C (77°F)*

Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

15 dB 15 dB 15 dB 15 dB Ripple with 75 m C a t-5/6 3 dB 4 dB 3 d B 4 dB Output IP3 38 dBm 38 dBm Input IP3 –7 dBm –10 dBm Output 1 dB Compression Point 26 dBm 26 dBm Noise Figure with 1 MH – 1 EH – 8 RAU configuration 16 dB 16 dB Noise Figure with 1 MH – 4 EH – 32 RAU configuration 22 dB 22 dB

*The system gain is adjustable in 1 dB steps from 0 to 15 dB, and the gain of each RAU can be attenuated 10 dB in one step.

DCS 1800 MHz

Table 2-6 DCS RF End-to-En d Performance

2 km of SMF 1 km of MMF

Typical Typical

Parameter

Average gain with 75 m Cat-5/6 at 25°C (77°F)* Downlink ripple with 75 m Cat-5/6 2 dB 2 dB Uplink ripple for center 35 MHz of DCS1 and DCS2,

Full band for DCS3 & DCS4 with 75 m Cat-5/6 Uplink gain roll off for Full band of DCS1 and DCS2 with

75 m Cat-5/6 Output IP3 38 dBm 37 dBm Input IP3 –12 dBm –14 dBm Output 1 dB Compression Point 26 dBm 26 dBm Noise Figure with 1 MH – 1 EH – 8 RAU configuration 17 dB 17 dB Noise Figure with 1 MH – 4 EH – 32 RAU configuration 23 dB 23 dB

*The system gain is adjustable in 1 dB steps from 0 to 15 dB, and the gain of each RAU can be attenuated 10 dB in one step.

Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

15 dB 15 dB 15 dB 15 dB

2 dB 2 dB

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PCS 1900 MHz

Table 2-7 PCS RF End-to-End Performance

2 km of SMF 1 km of MMF

Typical Typical

Parameter

Average gain with 75 m Cat-5/6 at 25°C (77°F)*

Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

15 dB 15 dB 15 dB 15 dB Ripple with 75 m Cat-5/6 2.5 dB 3 dB 2.5 dB 3 dB Output IP3 38 dBm 36.5 dBm Input IP3 –12 dBm –14 dBm Output 1 dB Compr e ssion Point 26 dBm 26 dBm Noise Figure with 1 MH – 1 EH – 8 RAUs configuration Noise Figure with 1 MH – 4 EHs – 32 RAUs configuration

*The system gain is adjustable in 1 dB steps from 0 to 15 dB, and the gain of each RAU can be attenuated 10 dB in one step.

16 dB 22 dB

UMTS 2.1 GHz

Table 2-8 UMTS RF End-to-End Performance

2 km of SMF 1 km of MMF

Typical Typical

Parameter

Average gain with 75 m Cat-5/6 at 25°C (77°F) * Ripple with 75 m Cat-5/6 2.5 dB 4 dB 2.5 dB 4 dB Output IP3 37 dBm 36 dBm Input IP3 Output 1 dB Compression Point Noise Figure with 1 MH – 1 EH – 8 RAUs configuration Noise Figure with 1 MH – 4 EHs – 32 RAUs configuration

Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

15 dB 15 dB

–12 dBm

26 dBm

16 dB 22 dB

15 dB 15 dB

–12 dBm

26 dBm

16 dB 22 dB

*The system gain is adjustable in 1 dB steps from 0 to 15 dB, and the gain of each RAU can be attenuated 10 dB in one step.

2-16 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

SECTION 3 Unison Main Hub

The Main Hub distributes downlink RF signals from a base station, repeater, or MetroReach Focus system to up to four Expansion Hubs, which in turn distribute the signals to up to 32 Remote Access Units. The Main Hub also combines uplink signals from the associated Expansion Hubs.

Figure 3-1 Main Hub in a Unison System

Downlin k Pa t h: The Main Hub receives downlink RF signals from a base station, repeater, or MetroReach Focus system via

coaxial cable. It converts the signals to IF then to optical and sends them to up to four Expansion Hubs via fiber optic cable. The Main Hub also sends OA&M communication to the Expansion Hubs via the fiber optic cable. The Expansion Hubs, in

turn, communicate the OA&M information to the RAUs via Cat-5/6 cable.

Downlink to Main Hub

Unison Main Hub

Uplink from Main Hub

Uplink Path: The Main Hub receives uplink optical signals from up to four Expansion Hubs via fiber optic cables. It converts the signals to IF then to RF and sends them to a base station, repeater, or MetroReach Focus system via coaxial cable.

The Main Hub also receives status information from the Expansion Hubs and all RAUs via the fiber optic cable.

Downlink from Main Hub

Unison Expansion Hub RAU

Uplink to Main Hub

Figure 3-2 gives a detailed view of the major RF and optical functional blocks of the Main Hub.

Figure 3-2 M ain Hub Block Diagram

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 3-1

620003-0 Rev. B

3.1 Main Hub Front Panel

Figure 3-3 M ain Hub Front Panel

1 234

1. Four fiber optic ports (labeled PORT 1, PORT 2, PORT 3, PORT 4)

• One standard female SC/APC connector per port for MMF/SMF input (labeled

UPLINK)

• One standard female SC/APC connector per port for MMF/SMF output (labeled

2. Four sets of fiber port LEDs (one set per port)

• One LED per port for port link status (labeled

• One LED per port for downstream unit status (labeled

3. One se t of unit status LEDs

• One LED for unit power status (labeled

• One LED for unit status (labeled

4. One 9-pin D-sub male connector for system communication and diagnosti cs using

a PC/laptop or modem (labeled

DOWNLINK)

POWER)

MAIN HUB STATUS)

RS-232)

LINK)

E-HUB/RAU)

3-2 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

3.1.1 Optical Fiber Uplink/Downlink Ports

The optical fiber uplink/downlink ports transmit and receive optical signals between the Main Hub and up to four Expansion Hubs using industry-standard SMF or MMF cable. There are four fiber ports on the front panel of the Main Hub; one port per Expansion Hub. Each fiber port has two female SC/APC connectors:

• Optical Fiber Uplink Connector

This connector (labeled

UPLINK) is used to receive the uplink optical signals from

an Expansion Hub.

• Optical Fiber Downlink Connector

This connector (labeled

DOWNLINK) is used to transmit the downlink optical sig-

nals to an Expansion Hub.

CAUTION: To avoid damaging the Main Hub’s fiber connector ports, use only SC/APC fiber cable connectors when using either single-mode

or multi-mode fiber. Additionally, it is critical to system performance that only SC/APC fiber connectors are used thr oughout the fiber networ k, including fiber distribution panels.

3.1.2 Communications RS-232 Serial Connector

Remote Monitoring

Use a standard serial cable to connect a modem to the 9-pin D-sub male serial connector for remote monitoring or configuring. The cable typically has a DB-9 female and a DB-25 male connector. See Appendix A.4 on page A-3 for the cable pinout.

Local Monitoring

Use a null modem cable to connect a laptop or PC to the 9-pin D-sub male serial connector for local monitoring or configuring. The cable typically has a DB-9 female connector on both ends. See Appendix A.5 on page A-4 for the cable pinout.

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 3-3

620003-0 Rev. B

3.1.3 LED Indicators

The unit’s f ront panel LEDs ind icate f aults and commanded or faul t lo ckouts. The LEDs do not indicate warnings or whether the system test has been performed. Only use the LEDs to provide basic information or as a backup when you are not using AdminManager.

Upon power up, a Main Hub that has a band programmed into it goes through a five-second test to check the LED lamps. During this time, the LEDs blink through the states shown in Table 3-2, letting you visually verify that the LED lamps and the firmware are functioning properly.

Main Hubs are shipped without a band programmed into them. Upon power up of an unprogrammed Main Hub, its LEDs blink con tinuously. If upon initial power up the

LEDs do not blink continuously, then there is a band programmed in the Main Hub and you should check that it is the correct band before connecting any Expansion Hubs to it (refer to the AdminManager User Manual, PN 8810-10). Oth-

erwise, the Main Hub will automatically send the program band command to all connected Expansion Hubs and RAUs. A mismatched band will cause an error message to be displayed in AdminManager and the RAU will have a fault condition.

NOTE: R efer to Section 9 for troubleshooting using the LEDs.

3-4 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

POWER MAIN HUB STATUS

Unit Status LEDs

The Main Hub status LEDs can be in one of the states shown in Table 3-1. These LEDs can be:

steady green steady red blinking green/red (alternating green/red)

There is no off state when the unit’s power is on.

Table 3-1 Main Hub Status LED States

LED State Indicates

Green Green

Green Red

Green Alternating

Green/Red

• Main Hub is connected to power

• Main Hub is not reporting a fault; but the system test may need to be performed or a warning could exist (use AdminManager to determine)

• Main Hub is connected to power

• Main Hub is reporting a fault or lockout condition

• Main Hub is connected to power

• Main Hub input signal level too high; or, Main Hub does not have a band programmed into it if the continuous blinking lasts longer than 5 seconds and the Po rt LEDs are also blinking

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LINK E-HUB/RAU

Port LEDs

The Main Hub has one pair of fiber port LEDs for each of the four fiber optic ports. The LED pairs can be in one of the states shown in Table 3-2. These LEDs can be:

off steady green steady red blinking green/red (alternating green/red)

The port LEDs indicate the status of the Exp ansion Hu b and RA Us; however, they do not indicate which particular unit has a fault (i.e., the Expansion Hub vs. one of its RAUs).

Table 3-2 Main Hub Port LED States

LED State Indicates

Off Off

Green Green

Red Off

Green Red

Continuous Blinking

• Expansion Hub not connected

• Expansion Hub connected, communications normal

• No faults f rom Expansion Hub or any connected RAU

• Loss of communications with Expansion Hub

• Expansion Hub connected

• Fault or lockout reported by Expansion Hub or any connected RAU

• Main Hub does not have a band programmed into it if the continuous blinking lasts longer than 5 seconds and the Main Hub Status LED is also blinking,

3-6 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

3.2 Main Hub Rear Panel

Figure 3-4 Main Hub Rear Panel

1 2 3 4 5

1. Power on/off switch

2. AC power cord connector

3. Fan exhaust vent

4. One 9-pin D-sub female connector for contact closure monitoring (labeled DIAGNOSTIC 1)

5. Two N-type, female connectors:

• Downlink (labeled

• Uplink (labeled

DOWNLINK)

UPLINK)

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3.2.1 Main Hub Rear Panel Connectors

3.2.1.1 9-pin D-sub Connector

The 9-pin D-sub connector (labeled DIAGNOSTIC 1) provides contact closure for major and minor error system alarm monitoring.

The following table lists the function of each pin on the 9-pin D-sub connector.

Pin Function

1 Alarm Input Ground 2 Reserved 3 Reserved 4 Warning Contact (positive connection) 5 Wa r ning Contact (negative con nection) 6 DC Ground (common) 7 Fault Contact (positive connection) 8 Alarm Input 9 Fault Contact (negative connection)

This interface can either generate contact alarms or sense a single external alarm contact.

3.2.1.2 N-type Female Connectors

There are two N-type female connectors on the rear panel of the Main Hub:

•The

DOWNLINK connector receives downlink RF signals from a repeater, local

base station, or MetroReach Focus system.

•The

UPLINK connector transmits uplink RF signals to a repeater, local base sta-

tion, or MetroReach Focus system.

3-8 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

3.3 Faults and Warnings

The Main Hub monitors and reports changes in system performance to:

• Ensure that the fiber receivers, amplifiers, and IF/RF path in the Main Hub are

functioning properly.

• Ensure that Expansion Hubs and Remote Access Units are connected and function-

ing proper ly.

The Main Hub periodically queries attached Expansion Hubs and their Remote Access Units for their status. Both faults and warnings are reported to a connected PC/laptop that is running the AdminManager software or to the optional remote OpsConsole. Only faults are indicated by LEDs.

For more information, see:

• page 9-4 for Main Hub faults.

• page 9-11 for Main Hub warnings.

• page 9-12 for Main Hub status messages.

• page 9-16 for troubleshooting Main Hub LEDs.

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3.4 Main Hub Specifications

Table 3-3 Main Hub Specifications

Specification Description

Enclosure Dimensions (H

Weight < 3 kg (< 6.5 lb) Operating Temperature 0° to +45°C (+32° to +113°F) Non-operating Temperature –20° to +85°C (–4° to +185°F) Operating Humidity, non-condensing 5% to 95% External Alarm Connector

(contact closure)

Serial Interface Connector 1 RS-232 9-pin D-sub, male Fiber Connec tors RF Connectors 2 N-type, female LED Fault and Status Indicators Unit Status (1 pair):

AC Power Rating: 100–240V, 0.5A, 50–60 Hz

Power Consumption (W) 30 MTBF 106,272 hours

× W × D): 44.5 mm × 438 mm × 305 mm

(1.75 in. × 17.25 in. × 12 in.)

1 9-pin D-sub, female Maximum: 40 mA @ 40V DC Typical: 4 mA @ 12V DC

4 Pair, SC/APC

•Power

• Main Hub Status Downstream Unit/Link Status (1 pair per fiber port):

•Link

•E-Hub/RAU

Operating Range: 85–250V , 2.4–0.8A, 47–63 Hz

a. It is critical to system performance that only SC /APC fiber connectors are used throughout the fiber network, including

fiber distribution panels.

3-10 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

SECTION 4 Unison Expa nsion Hub

The Expansion Hub interfaces between the Main Hub and the Remote Access Unit(s) by converting optical signals to electrical signals and vice versa. It also supplies control signals and DC power to operate the Remote Access Unit(s) as well as passe s status information from the RAUs to the Main Hub.

Figure 4-1 E xpansion Hub in a Unison System

Downlink Path: The Expansion Hub receives downlink optical signals from the Main Hub via fiber optic cable. It converts

the signals to electrical and sends them to up to eight Remote Access Units (RAUs) via Cat-5/6 cables. Also, the Expansion Hub receives configuration information from the Main Hub via the fiber optic cable and relays it to the

RAUs via the Cat-5/6 cable.

Unison Main Hub

Downlink to Expansion Hub

Unison Expansion Hub

Uplink from Expansion Hub

Downlink from Expansion Hub

RAU

Uplink to Expansion Hub

Uplink Path: The Expansion Hub receives uplink IF signals from up to eight RAUs via Cat-5/6 cables. It converts the signals to optical and sends them to a Main Hub via fiber optic cable.

Also, the Expansion Hub receives RAU status information via the Cat-5/6 cable and sends it and its own status information to the Main Hub via the fiber optic cable.

Figure 4-2 E xpansion Hub Block Diagram

From Main Hub

To RAU

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 4-1

620003-0 Rev. B

4.1 Expansion Hub Front Panel

Figure 4-3 E xpansion Hub Front Panel

1 2 3 4 5

1. Eight standard Cat-5/6 ScTP cable RJ-45 connectors (labeled PORT 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)

2. Eight sets of RJ-45 port LEDs (one set per port)

• One LED per port for link status (labeled

• One LED per port for downstream unit status (labeled

3. One se t of unit status LEDs

• One LED for unit power status (labeled

• One LED for unit status (labeled

4. One set of fiber connection status LEDs

E-HUB STATUS)

• One LED for fiber dow nlink status (labeled

• One LED for fiber uplink status (labeled

5. One fiber optic port which has two connectors

• One standard female SC/APC connector for MMF/SMF output (labeled

UPLINK)

• One standard female SC/APC connector for MMF/SMF input (labeled

DOWNLINK)

LINK)

RAU)

POWER)

DL STATUS)

UL STATUS)

4-2 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

4.1.1 RJ-45 Connectors

The eight RJ-45 connectors on the Expansion Hub are for the Cat-5/6 ScTP cables that are used to transmit and receive signals to and from RAUs. Use shielded RJ-45 connectors on the Cat-5/6 cable.

NOTE: For system performance, it is important that you use only Cat-5/6 ScTP (screened twisted pair) cable with shielded RJ-45 connectors.

The Cat-5/6 cable also delivers DC electrical power to the RAUs. The Expansion Hub’s DC voltage output is 36V DC nominal. A current limiting circuit is used to protect the Expansion Hub if any port draws excessive power.

4.1.2 Optical Fiber Uplink/Downlink Connectors

The optical fiber uplink/downlink port transmits and receives optical signals between the Expansion Hub and the Main Hub using industry-standard SMF or MMF cable. The fiber port has two female SC/APC connectors:

• Optical Fiber Uplink Connector

This connector (labeled to the Main Hub.

• Optical Fiber Downlink Connector

This connector (labeled nals from the Main Hub.

UPLINK) is used to transmit (output) uplink optical signals

DOWNLINK) is used to receive (input) downlink optical sig-

CAUTION: To avoid damaging the Expansion Hub’s fiber connector

ports, use only SC/APC fiber cable connectors. Additionally, use only SC/APC fiber connectors throughout the fiber network, including fiber

distribution panels. This is critical for ensuring system performance.

4.1.3 LED Indicators

The unit’s front panel LEDs indicate fault conditions and commanded or fault lockouts. The LEDs do not indicate warnings or whether the system test has been performed. Only use the LEDs to provide basic information o r as a backup when you are not using AdminManager.

Upon power up, the Expansion Hub goes through a five-second test to check the LED lamps. During this time, the LEDs blink through the states shown in T able 4-2, letting you visually verify that the LED lamps and the firmware are functioning properly.

NOTE: Refer to Section 9 for troubleshooting using the LEDs.

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620003-0 Rev. B

POWER

E-HUB STATUS

POWER

E-HUB STATUS

POWER

E-HUB STATUS

POWER

E-HUB STATUS

POWER

E-HUB STATUS

POWER

E-HUB STATUS

Unit Status and DL/UL Status LEDs

The Expansion Hub unit status and DL/UL status LEDs can be in one of the states shown in Table 4-1. These LEDs can be:

There is no off state when the unit’s power is on.

Table 4-1 Expansion Hub Unit Status and DL/UL Status LED States

DL STATUS UL STATUS

steady green steady red

LED State Indicates

Green / Green Green / Green

Green / Green Red / Green

Green / Red Red / Green

Green / Green Red / Red

Green / Red Red / Red

Green / Red Green / Red

• Expansion Hub is connected to power

• Expansion Hub is not reporting a fault or lockout condition; but the system test may need to be performed or a warning conditio n co u ld exist (use AdminManager to determine)

• Optical power in is above minimum (Main Hub is connected) although the cable optical loss may be greater than recommended maximum

• Optical power out (uplink laser) is normal and communications with the Main Hub are normal

• Optical power in is above minimum (Main Hub is connected) although the cable optical loss may be greater than recommended maximum

• Optical power out (uplink laser) is normal and communications with the Main Hub are normal

• Expansion Hub is reporting a fault or commanded lockout

• Fault condition detected, optical power in is below minimum. (Main Hub is no t conne cted, is no t powe red, or Main Hub ’s downlink laser has failed, or the downlink fiber is disconnected or damaged.)

• Expansion Hub is reporting a fault condition

• Optical power in is above minimum (Main Hub is connected) although the cable optical loss may be greater than recommended maximum

• Optical power out is below minimum (Expansion Hub uplink laser has failed; unable to communicate with Main Hub). state must be checked within the first 90 seconds after power on. If initially green, then red after 90 seconds, it means that there is no communication with the Main Hub. If re d on power up, replace the Expansion Hub.

• Optical power in is below minimum (Main Hub is not connected, is not powered, or Main Hub’s downlink laser has failed, or the downlink fiber is disconnected or damaged.)

• Optical power out is below minimum (Expansion Hub uplink laser has failed; unable to communicate with Main Hub ). LED state must be checked within the first 90 seconds after power on. If initially green, then red after 90 seconds, it means that there is no communication with the Main Hub. If r e d on power up, the uplink laser has failed, repl ace the Expansion Hub.

• Expansion Hub is in factory test mode, return it to the factory

UL STATUS LED

UL STATUS

4-4 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

LINK RAU

Port LEDs

The Expansion Hub has one pair of port LEDs for each of the eight RJ-45 ports. The port LEDs can be in one of the states shown in Table 4-2. These LEDs can be:

off steady green steady red

Table 4-2 Expansion Hub Port LED States

LED State Indicates

Off Off

Green Green

Red Off

Green Red

• RAU is not c onnected

• RAU is connected

• No faults from RAU

• Loss of communications to RA U

• RAU is connected

• RAU is reporting a fault or lockout condition

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4.2 Expansion Hub Rear Panel

1 2 3

Figure 4-4 E xpansion Hub Rear Panel

1. Power on/off switch

2. AC power cord connector

3. Three air exhaust vents

4-6 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

4.3 Faults and Warnings

Both fault and warning conditions of the Expansion Hub and attached RAUs are reported to the Main Hub. Only faults are indicated by LEDs.

For more information, see:

• page 9-7 for Expansion Hub faults.

• page 9-11 for Expansion Hub warnings.

• page 9-13 for Expansion Hub status messages.

• page 9-18 for troubleshooting Expansion Hub LEDs.

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4.4 Expansion Hub Specifications

Table 4-3 Expansion Hub Specifications

Specification Description

Enclosure Dimensions (H

Weight < 5 kg (< 11 lb) Operating Temperature 0° to +45°C (+32° to +113°F) Non-operating Temperature –20° to +85°C (–4° t o +185°F) Operating Humidity, non-condensing 5% to 95%

Cat-5/6 Connectors Fiber Connectors

LED Alarm and Status Indicators Unit Status (1 pair):

AC Power (Volts) (47–63 Hz) Rating: 115/230V, 5/2.5A, 50–60 Hz

Power Consumption (W) 260 (includes 8 RAUs) MTBF 78,998 hours

× W × D) 89 mm × 438 mm × 305 mm

(3.5 in. × 17.25 in. × 12 in.)

8 shielded RJ-45, female (Cat-5/6) 1 Pair, SC/APC

•Power

• E-Hub Status Fiber Link Status (1 pair):

•DL Status

•UL Status RAU/Link Status (1 pair per RJ-45 port):

•Link

•RAU

Operating Range: 90–132V/170–250V auto-ranging,

2.2–1.5A/ 1. 2– 0.8A, 47–63 Hz

a. It is impo rtant that you use only Cat-5/6 ScTP cable with shielded RJ- 45 connectors. b. It is critical to system performance that only SC/APC fiber connectors are used throughout the fiber network, including

fiber distribution panels.

4-8 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

SECTION 5 Unison Remote Access Unit

The Remote Access Unit (RAU) is an active transceiver that connects to an Expansion Hub using industry-standard Cat-5/6 screened twisted pair (ScTP) cable, which delivers RF signals, configuration information, and electrical power to the RAU.

An RAU passes RF signals between an Expansion Hub and an attached passive antenna where the signals are transmitted to wireless devices.

Figure 5-1 Rem ote Access Unit in a Unison System

Downlin k P at h : The RAU receives downlink IF signals from an Expansion Hub via Cat-5/6 cable. It converts the signals to

RF and sends them to a passive RF antenna via coaxial cable. Also, the RAU receives configuration information from the Main Hub via the Cat-5/6 cable.

Unison Main Hub

Uplink Path: The RAU receives uplink RF signals from a passive RF antenna via coaxial cable. It converts the signals to IF

and sends them to an Expansion Hub via Cat-5/6 cable. Also, the RAU sends its status information to the Expansion Hub via the Cat-5/6 cable.

Unison Expansion Hub

Downlink to RAU

RAU

Uplink from RAU

Downlink to antenna

Uplink from antenna

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 5-1

620003-0 Rev. B

Figure 5-2 Remote Access Unit Block Diagram

5-2 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

The Unison RAUs are manufactured to a specific band or set of bands (i.e., there is one PCS RAU which can be used for A/D, B/E, E/F, B/D, or F/C). Table 5-1 lists the six Unison RAUs, the Unison Band, and the frequency band(s) they cover.

Table 5-1 Frequency Bands covered by Unison RAUs

RF Passband Unison RAU

Cellular Cellular 869–894 824–849 DCS DCS1 1805–1842.5 1710–1747.5

GSM GSM 925–960 880–915

iDEN iDEN 851–869 806–824 PCS PCS A&D 1930–1950 1850–1870

UMTS UMTS 1 2110–2145 1920–1955

Unison Band

DCS2 1842.5–1880 1747.5–1785 DCS3 1840–1875 1745–1780 DCS4 1815–1850 1720–1755

EGSM 935–960 890–915

PCS B&E 1945–1965 1865–1885 PCS D&B 1950–1970 1870–1890 PCS E&F 1965–1975 1885–1895 PCS F&C 1970–1990 1890–1910

UMTS 2 2 125–2160 1935–1970 UMTS 3 2 135–2170 1945–1980

Downlink (MHz) Uplink (MHz)

5.1 Remote Access Unit Connectors

5.1.1 SMA Connector

The RAU has one female SMA connector. The connector is a duplexed RF input/output port that connects to a standard passive antenna using coaxial cable.

5.1.2 RJ-45 Connector

The RAU has one RJ-45 connector that connects it to an Expansion Hub using Cat-5/6 ScTP cable. Use shielded RJ-45 connectors on the Cat-5/6 cable.

NOTE: For system performance, it is important that you use only Cat-5/6 ScTP cable with shielded RJ-45 connectors.

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5.2 LED Indicators

Upon power up, the RAU goes through a two-second test to check the LED lamps. During this time, the LEDs blink green/green red/red, letting you visually verify that the LED lamps and the firmware are functioning properly.

NOTE: R efer to Section 9 for troubleshooting using the LEDs.

Status LEDs

The RAU status LEDs can be in one of the states shown in Table 5-2. These LEDs can be:

off steady green steady red

There is no off state when the unit’s power is on.

Table 5-2 Remote Access Unit LED States

LED State Indicates

Off Off

Green Green

Green Red

Red Red

• RAU is not receiving DC power

• RAU is powered and is not indicating a fault condition. Communication wi th Expansion Hub is normal; but the system test may need to be performed or a warning condition could exist (use AdminManager to determine)

• RAU is indicating a fault or lockout cond ition, b ut com municati on with the Expa nsion Hub is normal

• RAU is reporting a fault or lockout condition, and it is not able to communicate with the Expansion Hub

5-4 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

5.3 Faults and Warnings

Both fault and warning conditions are reported to the Expansion Hub where they are stored until the Main Hub queries system status. Only faults are indicated by LEDs.

For more information, see:

• page 9-10 for RAU faults.

• page 9-11 for RAU warnings.

• page 9-14 for RAU status messages.

5.4 Remote Access Unit Specifications

Table 5-3 Remote Access Unit Specifications

Specification Description

Dimensions (H

Weight < 1 kg (< 2 lb) Operating Temperature –25° to +45°C (–13° to +113°F) Non-operating Temperature –25° to +85°C (–13° to +185°F) Operating Humidity, non-condensing 5% to 95% RF Connectors

LED Alarm and Status Indicators Unit Status (1 pair): • Link • Alarm Maximum Heat Dissipation (W) 11 MTBF 282,207 hours

× W × D) 44 mm × 305 mm × 158 mm

(1.7 in. × 12 in. × 6.2 in.)

1 shielded RJ-45, female (Cat-5/6) 1 SMA, male (coaxial)

a. For system performance, it is impo rtant tha t yo u use only Cat-5/ 6 ScTP cable with shielded RJ-45 connector s.

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5-6 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

SECTION 6 Designing a Unison Solution

Designing a Unison solution is ultimately a matter of determining coverage and capacity needs. This requires the following steps:

1. Determine the wireless service provider’s requirements.

This information is usually determined by the service provider:

• Frequency (i.e., 850 MHz)

• Band (i.e., “A” band in the Cellular spectrum)

• Protocol (i.e., TDMA, CDMA, GSM, iDEN)

• Peak capacity requirement (this, and whether or not the building will be split into sectors, determines the number of carriers that the system will have to transmit)

• Design goal (RSSI, received signal strength at the wireless handset, i.e., –85 dBm)

The design goal is always a stronger signal than the cell phone needs. It includes inherent factors which will affect performance (see Section 6.4.1 on page 6-29).

• RF source (base station or BDA), type of equipment if possible

2. Determine the power per carrier and input power from the base station or

BDA into the Main Hub: Section 6.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 6-3.

The maximum power per carrier is a function of the number of RF carriers, the carrier headroom requirement, signal quality issues, regulatory emissions requirements, and Unison’s RF performance. Typically, the power per carrier decreases as the number of carriers increases.

3. Determine the in-building environment: Section 6.2, “Estimating RF Cover-

age,” on page 6-16.

• Determine which areas of the building require coverage (entire bu ilding, public areas, parking levels, etc.)

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 6-1

620003-0 Rev. B

• Obtain floor plans to determine floor space of building and the wall layout of the proposed areas to be covered. Floor plans will also be useful when you are selecting antenna locations.

• If possible, determine the building’s construction materials (sheetrock, metal, concrete, etc.)

• Determine type of environment – Open layout (e.g., a convention center) – Dense, close walls (e.g., a hospital) – Mixed use (e.g., an office building with hard wall offices and cubicles)

4. Develop an RF link budget: Section 6.4, “Link Budget Analysis,” on page

6-28.

Knowing the power per carrier , you can calcula te an RF link budg et which is used to predict how much propagation loss can be allowed in the system, while still providing satisfactory performance throughout the area being covered. The link budget is a methodical way to derive a “design goal”. If the design goal is provided in advance, the link budget is simply: allowable RF loss = maximum power

per carrier – design goal.

5. Determine the appropriate estimated path loss slope that corresponds to the

type of building and its layout, and estimate the coverage distance for each RAU: Section 6.2, “Estimating RF Coverage,” on page 6-16.

The path loss slope (PLS), which gives a value to the RF propagation characteristics within the building, is used to convert the RF link budget into an estimate of the coverage distance per antenna. This will help establish the Unison equipment quantities you will need. The actual path loss slope that corresponds to the specific RF environment inside the building can also be determined empirically by performing an RF site-survey of the building. This involves transmitting a calibrated tone for a fixed antenna and making measurements with a mobile antenna throughout the area surrounding the transmitter.

6. Determine the items required to connect to the base station: Section 6.6,

“Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station,” on page 6-42.

Once you know the quantities of Unison equipment you will use, you can determine the accessories (combiners/dividers, surge suppressors, repeaters, attenuators, circulators, etc.) that are required to connect the system to the base station.

The individual elements that must be considered in designing a Unison solution are discussed in the following sections.

6-2 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

6.1 Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU

The following tables show the recommended maximum power per carrier out of the RAU SMA connector for different frequencies, formats, and numbers of carriers. These limits are dictated by RF signal quality and regulatory emissions issues. The maximum input power to the Main Hub is determined by subtracting the system gain from the maximum output power of the RAU. System gain is software selectable from 0 dB to 15 dB in 1 dB steps. Additionally , both the uplink and downlink of each RAU gain can be reduced by 10 dB.

When you connect a Main Hub to a base station or repeater, the RF power per carrier usually needs to be attenuated in order to avoid exceeding Unison’s maximum output power recommendations.

Refer to Section 6.7, “Designing for a Neutral Host System,” on page 6-46 when combining frequencies or protocols on a single Main Hub.

WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub. Do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.

NOTE: These specifications are for downlink power at the RAU output (excluding antenna).

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800 MHz AMPS

Table 6-1 800 MHz (AMPS) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

1 10.0 10.0 2 10.0 10.0 3 10.0 10.0 4 10.0 10.0 5 10.0 10.0 6 10.0 10.0 7 10.0 10.0

89.5 9.5

99.0 9.0 10 8.0 8.0 11 8.0 8.0 12 7.5 7.5 13 7.0 7.0 14 6.5 6.5 15 6.5 6.5 16 6.0 6.0 20 5.0 5.0 30 3.0 3.0

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

6-4 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

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800 MHz TDMA

Table 6-2 800 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

110.0 10.0

210.0 10.0

310.0 10.0

410.0 10.0

510.0 10.0

610.0 10.0

710.0 10.0

89.5 9.5

99.0 9.0 10 8.5 8.5 11 8.0 8.0 12 7.5 7.5 13 7.5 7.5 14 7.0 7.0 15 6.5 6.5 16 6.5 6.5 20 5.5 5.5 30 3.5 3.5

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

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800 MHz CDMA

Table 6-3 800 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

1 16.0 16.0 2 14.0 14.0 3 12.0 12.0

411.0 11.0

5 10.0 10.0

69.0 9.0

78.5 8.5

88.0 8.0

800 MHz iDEN

Table 6-4 800 MHz (iDEN) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

1 10.0 10.0 2 10.0 10.0 3 10.0 10.0 4 10.0 10.0

59.0 9.0

68.0 8.0

77.0 7.0

86.5 6.5

96.0 6.0 10 5.5 5.5 11 5.0 5.0 12 4.5 4.5 13 4.0 4.0 14 4.0 4.0 15 3.5 3.5 16 3.0 3.0

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

6-6 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

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900 MHz GSM or EGSM

Table 6-5 900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

110.0 10.0

210.0 10.0

310.0 9.5

410.0 8.0

59.0 7.0

68.5 6.5

78.0 6.0

87.5 5.5

97.0 5.0 10 6.5 4.5 11 6.5 4.5 12 6.0 4.0 13 5.5 3.5 14 5.5 3.5 15 5.0 3.0 16 5.0 3.0

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

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900 MHz EDGE

Table 6-6 900 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

1 10.0 10.0 2 10.0 10.0 3 10.0 10.0

410.0 9.0

59.0 8.0

68.5 7.0

78.0 6.5

87.5 6.0

97.0 5.5 10 6.5 5.5 11 6.5 5.0 12 6.0 4.5 13 5.5 4.5 14 5.5 4.0 15 5.0 4.0 16 5.0 3.5

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

6-8 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

1800 MHz DCS

Table 6-7 1800 MHz (DCS) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

110.0 10.0

210.0 10.0

310.0 10.0

410.0 10.0

510.0 9.0

610.0 8.5

710.0 8.0

89.0 7.5

98.5 7.0 10 8.0 6.5 11 7.5 6.5 12 7.0 6.0 13 6.5 5.5 14 6.5 5.5 15 6.0 5.0 16 5.5 5.0

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

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1800 MHz EDGE

Table 6-8 1800 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

1 10.0 10.0 2 10.0 10.0 3 10.0 10.0 4 10.0 10.0 5 10.0 10.0

69.5 9.0

79.0 8.5

88.0 8.0

97.5 7.5 10 7.0 7.0 11 6.5 6.5 12 6.0 6.0 13 6.0 6.0 14 5.5 5.5 15 5.0 5.0 16 5.0 5.0

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

1800 MHz CDMA Korea

Table 6-9 1800 MHz (CDMA Korea) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

1 16.0 16.0 2 13.0 13.0

311.0 11.0

4 10.0 10.0

59.0 9.0

68.0 8.0

77.5 7.5

87.0 7.0

6-10 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

620003-0 Rev. B

1900 MHz TDMA

Table 6-10 1900 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

110.0 10.0

210.0 10.0

310.0 10.0

410.0 10.0

510.0 10.0

610.0 10.0

79.5 9.5

88.5 8.5

98.0 8.0 10 7.5 7.5 11 7.0 7.0 12 6.5 6.5 13 6.5 6.5 14 6.0 6.0 15 5.5 5.5 16 5.5 5.5 20 4.5 4.5 30 2.5 2.5

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

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1900 MHz GSM

Table 6-11 1900 MHz (GSM) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

1 10.0 10.0 2 10.0 10.0 3 10.0 10.0 4 10.0 10.0

510.0 9.0

610.0 8.5

710.0 8.0

89.0 7.5

98.5 7.0 10 8.0 6.5 11 7.5 6.5 12 7.0 6.0 13 6.5 5.5 14 6.5 5.5 15 6.0 5.0 16 5.5 5.0

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

1900 MHz CDMA

Table 6-12 1900 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

1 16.0 16.0 2 13.0 13.0

311.0 11.0

4 10.0 10.0

59.0 9.0

68.0 8.0

77.5 7.5

87.0 7.0

6-12 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

620003-0 Rev. B

1900 MHz EDGE

Table 6-13 1900 MHz (EDGE) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

110.0 10.0

210.0 10.0

310.0 10.0

410.0 10.0

510.0 10.0

69.5 9.0

79.0 8.5

88.0 8.0

97.5 7.5 10 7.0 7.0 11 6.5 6.5 12 6.0 6.0 13 6.0 6.0 14 5.5 5.5 15 5.0 5.0 16 5.0 5.0

2 km SMF 1 km MMF

2.1 GHz UMTS

Table 6-14 2.1 GHz (UMTS) Power per Carrier

Power per Carrier (dBm)

No. of

Carriers

115.0 15.0

211.0 11.0

38.0 8.0

46.5 6.5

55.0 5.0

64.0 4.0

73.0 3.0

Note: measurements taken with no baseband clipping.

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2 km SMF 1 km MMF

Paging/SMR

Table 6-15 Paging/SMR Power per Carrier: Analog FM, CQPSK, C4FM

Analog FM CQPSK C4FM

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier (dBm)

2 km SMF

1 km MMF

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier (dBm)

2 km

SMF

1 km MMF

No. of

Carriers

Power per

Carrier (dBm)

2 km

SMF

1 10.0 10.0 1 10.0 10.0 1 10.0 10.0 2 10.0 10.0 2 10.0 10.0 2 10.0 10.0 3 10.0 10.0 3 10.0 10.0 3 10.0 10.0 4 10.0 10.0 4 10.0 10.0 4 10.0 10.0 5 10.0 10.0 5 10.0 10.0 5 10.0 10.0 6 10.0 10.0 6 9.5 9.5 6 10.0 10.0 7 9.5 9.5 7 9.0 9.0 7 9.0 9.0 8 8.5 8.5 8 8.0 8.0 8 8.5 8.5 9 8.0 8.0 9 7.5 7.5 9 7.5 7.5

10 7.0 7.0 10 7.0 7.0 10 7.0 7.0

Table 6-16 Paging/SMR Power per Carrier: Mobitex, POCSAG/Reflex

Mobitex POCSAG/Reflex

Power per

Carrier (dBm)

Power per

Carrier (dBm)

1 km MMF

No. of

Carriers

2 km SMF

1 km MMF

No. of

Carriers

2 km

SMF

1 km MMF

1 10.0 10.0 1 10.0 10.0 2 10.0 10.0 2 10.0 10.0 3 10.0 10.0 3 10.0 10.0 4 10.0 10.0 4 10.0 10.0

6-14 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

Allowing for Future Capacity Growth

Sometimes a Unison deployment initially is used to enhance coverage. Later that same system may also need to provide increased capacity. Thus, the initial deployment might only transmit two carriers but need to transmit four carriers later. There are two options for dealing with this scenario:

1. Design the initial coverage with a maximum power per carrier for four carriers.

2. Design the initial coverage for two carriers but leave RAU ports on the Expansion

Hubs unused. These ports can be used later if coverage ho les are dis cover ed once the power per carrier is lowered to accommodate the two additional carriers.

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6.2 Estimating RF Coverage

The maximum power per carrier (based on the number and type of RF carriers that are being transmitted) and the minimum acceptable received power at the wireless device (i.e., RSSI, the design goal) establish the RF link budget, and consequently the maximum acceptable path loss between the antenna and the wireless device.

Figure 6-1 Determining Path Loss between the Antenna and the Wireless Device

Antenna and Gain (G)

Coax

RAU

P = power per carrier from the RAU

RSSI = power at the wireless device

(P + L

+ G) – RSSI = PL (1)

coax

The path loss (PL) is the loss in decibels (dB) between the antenna and the wireless device. The distance, d, from the antenna correspondin g to this path loss can be calculated using the path loss equations in Section 6.2.1 and in Section 6.2.2.

Coaxial cable is used to connect the RAU to an antenna. The following table lists coaxial cable loss for various cable lengths.

Table 6-17 Coaxial Cable Losses

Length of Cable (.195 in. diameter)

0.9 m (3 ft) 0.6 0.8

1.8 m (6 ft) 1.0 1.5

3.0 m (10 ft) 1.5 2.3

Loss at 800 MHz (dB)

Loss at 1900 MHz (dB)

6-16 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

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6.2.1 Path Loss Equation

Indoor path loss obeys the distance power law1 in equation (2):

PL = 20log(4πd

f/c) + 10nlog(d/d0) + Χ

where:

• PL is the path loss at a distance, d, from the antenna (the distance between the antenna that is connected to the RAU and the point where the RF signal decreases to the minimum acceptable level at the wireless device).

• d is the distance expressed in meters

•d

is usually taken as 1 meter of free-space.

• f is the operating frequency in hertz.

• c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 × 10

m/sec).

• n is the path loss exponent and depends on the building “clutter”.

•

Χs is a normal random variable that depends on partition losses inside the build-

ing, and therefore, depends on the frequency of operation.

As a reference, the following table gives estimates of signal loss for some RF barriers.

Table 6-18 Average Signal Loss of Common Building Materials

Partition Type

Metal wall 26 815 Aluminum siding 20 815 Foil insulation 4 815 Cubicle walls 1.4 900 Concrete block wall 13 1300 Concrete floor 10 1300 Sheetro ck 1 to 2 1300 Light machinery 3 1300 General machinery 7 1300 Heavy machinery 11 1300 Equipment racks 7 1300 Assembly line 6 1300 Ceiling duct 5 1300 Metal stairs 5 1300

Loss (dB) @ <2 GHz Frequency (MHz)

(2)

1. Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.

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6.2.2 Coverage Distance

Equations (1) and (2), on pages 6-16 and 6-17, respectively, can be used to estimate the distance from the antenna to where the RF signal decreases to the minimum acceptable level at the wireless device.

Equation (2) can be simplified to:

PL(d) = 20log(4πf/c) + PLSlog(d) (3)

where PLS (path loss slope) is chosen to account for the building’s environment. Because different frequencies penetrate partitions with different losses, the value of PLS will vary depending on the frequency.

T able 6-19 shows estimated path loss slop e (PLS) for vari ous enviro nment s that have different “clutter” (i.e., objects that attenuate the RF signals, such as walls, partitions, stairwells, equipment racks, etc.)

Table 6-19 Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments

Environment Type Example

Open Environment with very few RF obstructions

Moderately Open Environment with low-to-medium amount of RF obstructions

Mildly Dense Environment with medium-to-h igh amount of RF obstructions

Moderately Dense Environment with medium-to-h i gh am ou nt of RF obstructions

Dense Environment with large amount of RF obstructions

Parking Garage, Co nvention Center 33.7 30.1

Warehouse, Airport, Manufacturing 35 32

Retail, Office Space with approximately 80% cubi cles and 20% hard walled offices

Office Space with approximately 50% cubicles and 50% hard walled offices

Hospital, Office Space with approximately 20% cubi cles and 80% hard walled offices

For simplicity, Equation (3) can be used to estimate the coverage distance of an antenna that is connected to an RAU, for a given path loss, frequency, and type of in-building environment.

PLS for 800/900 MHz

36.1 33.1

37.6 34.8

39.4 38.1

PLS for 1800/1900 MHz

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Table 6-20 gives the value of the first term of Equation (3) (i.e., (20log(4πf/c)) for various frequency bands.

Table 6-20 Frequency Bands and the Value of the first Term in Equation (3)

Band (MHz)

Mid-Band Frequency (MHz) 20log(4πf/c)Uplink Downlink

800 MHz Cellular 824–849 869–894 859 31.1 800 MHz iDEN 806–824 85 1–869 837.5 30.9 900 MHz GSM 890–915 935–960 925 31.8 900 MHz EGSM 880–9 15 925–960 920 31.7 1800 MHz DCS 1710–1785 1805–1880 1795 37.5 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) 1750–1780 1840–1870 1810 37.6 1900 MHz PCS 1850–1910 1930–1990 1920 38.1

2.1 GHz UMTS 1920–1980 2110–2170 2045 38.7

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For reference, Tables 6-21 throug h 6-2 7 sh ow th e dist ance cov ered by a n antenna fo r various in-building environments. The following assumptions were made:

• Path loss Equation (3)

• 6 dBm output per carrier at the RAU output

• 3 dBi antenna gain

• RSSI = –85 dBm (typical for narrowband protocols, but not for spread-spectrum protocols)

Table 6-21 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 800 MHz Cellular Applications

Distance from Antenna

Environment Type

Open Environment 73 241 Moderately Open Environment 63 205 Mildly Dense Environment 55 181 Moderately Dense Environment 47 154 Dense Environment 39 129

Table 6-22 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

Meters Feet

for 800 MHz iDEN Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Open Environment 75 244 Moderately Open Environment 64 208 Mildly Dense Environment 56 184 Moderately Dense Environment 48 156 Dense Environment 40 131

Table 6-23 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

Meters Feet

for 900 MHz GSM Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Open Environment 70 230 Moderately Open Environment 60 197 Mildly Dense Environment 53 174 Moderately Dense Environment 45 148 Dense Environment 38 125

Meters Feet

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Table 6-24 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 900 MHz EGSM Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Meters Feet

Open Environment 70 231 Moderately Open Environment 60 197 Mildly Dense Environment 53 174 Moderately Dense Environment 45 149 Dense Environment 38 125

Table 6-25 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1800 MHz DCS Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Meters Feet

Open Environment 75 246 Moderately Open Environment 58 191 Mildly Dense Environment 50 166 Moderately Dense Environment 42 137 Dense Environment 30 100

Table 6-26 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Meters Feet

Open Environment 75 247 Moderately Open Environment 58 191 Mildly Dense Environment 51 167 Moderately Dense Environment 42 138 Dense Environment 30 100

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Table 6-27 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 1900 MHz PCS Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Meters Feet

Open Environment 72 236 Moderately Open Environment 56 183 Mildly Dense Environment 49 160 Moderately Dense Environment 40 132 Dense Environment 29 96

Table 6-28 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna

for 2.1 GHz UMTS Applications

Distance from Antenna

Facility

Open Environment 69 226 Moderately Open Environment 54 176 Mildly Dense Environment 47 154 Moderately Dense Environment 39 128 Dense Environment 28 93

Meters Feet

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6.2.3 Examples of Design Estimates

Example Design Estimate for an 800 MHz TDMA Application

1. Design goals:

• Cellular (859 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink frequency in 800 MHz Cellular band)

• TDMA provider

• 12 TDMA carriers in the system

• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the building ) — the minimum r eceived power at the wireless device

• Base station with simplex RF connections

2. Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 6.1, “Maximum Output Power per Car-

rier at RAU,” on page 6-3 provide maximum power per carrier information. The 800 MHz TDMA table (on page 6-5) indicates that Unison can support 12 carriers with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 7.5 dBm. The input power should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.

3. Building information:

• 8 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per f loor; total 74,322 sq. meters (800,000 sq. ft.)

• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles

• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted

• Standard office environment, 50% hard wall offices and 50% cubicles

4. Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi

omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propagation loss should be no more than 95.5 dB (7.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over 95% of the area being covered. It is important to note that a design goal such as

–85 dBm is usually derived taking into account multipath fading and log-normal shadowing characteristics. Thus, this design goal will only be met “on average” over 95% of the area being covered. At any given point, a fade may bring the signal level underneath the design goal.

Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path. For information to calculate link budgets for both the downlink and upl ink paths, see Section 6.4 on page 6-28.

5. Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, T able 6-19, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for

Different In-Building Environments” on page 6-18, shows t hat a bui lding with 50% hard wall offices and 50% cubi cles, at 859 MHz, has an appro ximate path loss sl ope (PLS) of 37.6. Given the RF link budget of 95.5 dB, the distance of coverage from each RAU will be 52 meters (170.6 ft). This corresponds to a coverage area of 8,494 sq. meters (91,4 25 sq. f t.) pe r RA U (s ee Se ct i on 6 .2 . 1 f or d et a i ls o n path l o ss estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the actual area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions in the facility.

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Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed. This assumes no propagation between fl oors. If there is propa gation, yo u may not need antennas on every floor.

a. 2 antennas per floor × 8 floors = 16 RAUs b. 16 RAUs ÷ 8 (maximum 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 2 Expansion Hubs c. 2 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (maximum 4 Expansion Hubs per Main Hub) = 1 Main

Hub

Check that the fiber and Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the distances differ, use the tables in Section 6.3, “System Gain,” on page 6-27 to determine system gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance.

The above estimates assume that all cable length requirements are met. If Expansion Hubs cannot be placed so that the RAUs are within the distance requirement, additional Expansion Hubs may need to be placed closer to the required RAUs locations.

An RF Site Survey and Building Evaluation is required to accurately establish the Unison equipment quantities required for the building. The site survey measures the RF losses within the building to determine the actual PLS, which will be used in the final path loss formula to determine the actual requirements of the Unison system.

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Example Design Estimate for an 1900 MHz CDMA Application

1. Design goals:

• PCS (1920 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink frequency in 1900 MHz PCS band)

• CDMA provider

• 8 CDMA carriers in the system

• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the building ) — the minimum r eceived power at the wireless device

• Base station with simplex RF connections

2. Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 6.1, “Maximum Output Power per Car-

rier at RAU,” on page 6-3 provide maximum power per carrier information. The 1900 MHz CDMA table (on page 6-12) indicates that Unison can support 8 carriers with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 6.5 dBm. The input power should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.

3. Building information:

• 16 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per floor; total 148,640 sq. meters (1,600,000 sq. ft.)

• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles

• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted

• Standard office environment, 80% hard wall offices and 20% cubicles

4. Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi

omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propagation loss should be no more than 94.5 dB (6.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over 95% of the area being covered. It is important to note that a design goal such as

Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path. For information to calculate link budgets for both the downlink and upl ink paths, see Section 6.4 on page 6-28.

5. Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, T able 6-19, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for

Different In-Building Environments” on page 6-18, shows t hat a bui lding with 80% hard wall offices and 20% cubicles, at 1920 MHz, has an approximate pat h loss slope (PLS) of 38.1. Given the RF link budget of 94.5dB, the distance of coverage from each RAU will be 30.2 meters (99 ft). This correspo nds to a coverage area of 2,868 sq. meters (30,854 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 6.2.1 for details on path loss estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the actual area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions in the facility.

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6. Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate

the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed. This assumes no propagation between fl oors. If there is propa gation, yo u may not need antennas on every floor.

a. 2 antennas per floor × 16 floors = 32 RAUs b. 32 RAUs ÷ 8 (maximum 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 4 Expansion Hubs c. 4 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (maximum 4 Expansion Hubs per Main Hub) = 1 Main

Hub

Check that the MMF and Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the distances differ, use the tables in Section 6.3, “System Gain,” on page 6-27 to determine system gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance.

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6.3 System Gain

The system gain can be decreased from 15 dB to 0 dB gain in 1 dB increments and the uplink and downlink gains of each RAU can be independently decreased by 10 dB in one step using AdminManager or OpsConsole.

6.3.1 System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable Length

The recommended minimum length of ScTP cab le is 10 m eters (33 ft) and the recommended maximum length is 100 met ers (328 ft ). The system should not be operated with ScTP cable that is less than 10 meters (33 ft) in length, system performance will be greatly compromised. If the ScTP cable is longer than 100 meters (328 ft), the gain of the system will decrease, as shown in Table 6-29.

Table 6-29 System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable Length

Typical change in system gain (dB) ScTP Cable Length

800 MHz TDMA/AMPS and CDMA; 900 MHz GSM and EGSM; and iDEN

110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7 120 m / 394 ft –3.2 –2.4 130 m / 426 ft –5.3 –4.1 140 m / 459 ft –7.5 –5.8 150 m / 492 ft –9.7 –7.6

1800 MHz GSM (DCS); 1900 MHz TDMA, CDMA, and GSM

110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7 120 m / 394 ft –4.0 –2.4 130 m / 426 ft –6.4 –4.1 140 m / 459 ft –8.8 –5.8 150 m / 492 ft –11.3 –7.6

2.1 GHz UMTS

110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7 120 m / 394 ft –3.2 –2.4 130 m / 426 ft –5.3 –4.1 140 m / 459 ft –7.5 –5.8 150 m / 492 ft –9.7 –7.6

Downlink Uplink

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6.4 Link Budget Analysis

A link budget is a methodical way to account for the gains and losses in an RF sys tem so that the quality of coverage can be predicted. The end result can often be stated as a “design goal” in which the coverage is determined by the maximum distance from each RAU before the signal strength falls beneath that goal.

One key feature of the link budget is the maximum power per carrier discussed in Section 6.1. While the maximum power per carrier is important as far as emissions and signal quality requirements are concerned, it is critical that the maximum signal into the Main Hub never exceed 1W (+30 dBm). Composite power levels above this limit will cause damage to the Main Hub.

WARNING: Exceeding the maximum in put power of 1W (+30 dBm) could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub.

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6.4.1 Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards

The link budget represents a typical calculation that might be used to determine how much path loss can be afforded in a Unison design . This link budget analyzes b oth the downlink and uplink paths. For most configurations, the downlink requires lower path loss and is therefore the limiting factor in the system design. It is for this reason that a predetermined “design goal” for the downlink is sufficient to predict coverage distance.

The link budget is organized in a simple manner: the transmitted power is calculated, the airlink losses due to fading and body loss are summed, and the receiver sensitivity (minimum level a signal can be received for acceptable call quality) is calculated. The maximum allowable path loss (in dB) is the difference between the transmitted power, less the airlink losses, and the receiver sensitivity. From the path loss, the maximum coverage distance can be estimated using the path loss formula presented in Section 6.2.1.

Table 6-30 provides link budget considerations for narrowband systems.

Table 6-30 Link Budget Considerati ons for Narrowband Systems

Consideration Description

BTS Transmit Power The power per carrier transmitted from the base station output Attenuation between

BTS and Unison

Antenna Gain The radiated output power includes antenna gain. For ex ample, if you use a 3 dBi ant enna at the

BTS Noise Figure This is the effective noise floor of the base station input (usually base station sensitivity is this effec-

Unison Noise Figure This is Unison’s uplink noise figure, which varies depending on the number of Expansion Hubs and

This includes all losses: cable, attenuator, splitter/com bi ne r, and so forth. On the downlink, attenuation must be chosen so that the maximu m power per carrier going into the

Main Hub does not exceed the levels given in Section 6.1. On the uplink, attenuation is cho se n to kee p th e max im um up lin k si gn a l and no ise leve l lo w eno ug h

to prevent base station alarms but small enough not to cause degradation in the system sensitivity. If the Unison noise figure minus the attenuation is at least 10 dB higher than the BTS noise figure,

the system noise figure will be approximately that of Unison alone. See Section 6.6 for ways to independently set the uplink and downlink attenuations between the base station and Unison.

RAU that is transmitting 0 dBm per carrier, the effective radiated power (relative to an isotropic radiator) is 3 dBm per carrier.

tive noise floor plus a certain C/I ratio).

RAUs, and the frequency band. Unison’s uplink noise figure is specified for a 1-1-4 conf iguration. Thus, the noise figure for a Unison system (or multiple systems whose uplink ports are power combined) will be NF(1-1-4) + 10*log(# of Expansion Hubs). This represents an upper-bound because the noise figure is lower if any of the Expansion Hub’s RAU ports are not used.

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Table 6-30 Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems (continued)

Consideration Description

Thermal Noise This is the noise level in the signal bandwidth (BW).

Thermal noise power = –174 dBm/Hz + 10Log(BW).

Protocol

Signal Bandwidth

Thermal Noise

TDMA 30 kHz –129 dBm GSM 200 kHz –121 dBm iDEN 25 kHz –130 dBm

Required C/I ratio For each wireless standard a certain C/I (carrier to interference) ratio is needed to obtain acceptable

demodulation performance. For narrowband systems, (TDMA, GSM, EDGE, iDEN, AMPS) this level varies fr om about 9 dB to 20 dB.

Mobile Transmit

The maximum power the mobile can transmit (power transmitted at highest power level setting).

Power Multipath Fade

Margin

This margin allows for a certain level of fading due to multipath interference. Inside buildings there is often one or more fairly strong signals and many weaker signals arriving from reflections and diffraction. Signals arriving from multiple paths add constructively or destructively. This margin accounts for the possibility of destructive multip ath in ter feren ce. In RF site surveys this mar gi n will not appear because it will be averaged out over power level samples taken over many locations.

Log-normal Fade Margin

This margin adds an allowance for RF shadowing due to objects obstructing the direct path between the mobile equipment and the RAU. In RF site surveys, this shadowing will not appear because it

will be averaged out over power level samples taken over many locations. Body Loss This accounts for RF attenuation caused by the user’s head and body. Minimum Received

Signal Level

This is also ref e rr e d t o a s the “design go al”. The link bu dg e t sa ys that you can ac hieve adequa te co v-

erage if the signal level is, on average, above this level over 95% of th e area covered, for example.

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6.4.2 Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application

Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Downlink

Line Downlink

Tra nsmitter

a. BTS transmit power per carrier (dBm) 33 b. Attenuation between BTS and Uni son (dB) –23 c. Power into Unison (dBm) 10 d. Unison gain (dB) 0 e. Antenna gain (dBi) 3 f. Radiated power per carrier (dBm) 13

Airlink

g. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6 h. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation , edge reliability 90%

(dB)

i. Body loss (dB) 3 j. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19

Receiver

k. Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz) –129 l. Mobile noise figure (dB) 7 m. Required C/I ratio (dB) 12 n. Minimum received signal (dBm) –110

p. Maximum path loss (dB) 104

• c = a + b

• f = c + d + e

• j = g + h + i

• n = k + l + m

• k: in this example, k represents the thermal noise for a TDMA signal, which has a bandwidth of 30 kHz

•p = f – j – n

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Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Uplink

Line Uplink

Receiver

a. BTS noise figure (dB) 4 b. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –10 c. Unison gain (dB) 0 d. Unison noise figure (dB) 1-4-32 22 e. System noise figure (dB) 22.6 f. Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz) –129 g. Required C/I ratio (dB) 12 h. Antenna gain (dBi) 3 i. Receiv e sensitivity (dBm) –97.4

Airlink

j. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6 k. Log -no rm al fade margin with 8 dB std. de viatio n , e dg e reli ab ilit y 9 0%

(dB)

l. Body loss (dB) 3 m. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19

Transmitter

n. Mobile transmit power (dBm) 28

p. Maximum path loss (dB) 106.4

• e: enter the noise figure and gain of each s ystem compon ent (a, b, c, an d d) into the standard cascaded noise figure formula

– 1

= F1 + + + ....

sys

where

F = 10 G = 10

(See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.)

(Noise Figure/10) (Gain/10)

F3 – 1

1G2

• i = f + e + g – h

• m = j + k + l

• p = n – m – i

Therefore, the system is downlink limited but the downlink and uplink are almost balanced, which is a desirable condition.

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6.4.3 Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards

A CDMA link budget is slightly more complicated because the spread spectrum nature of CDMA must be considered. Unlike narrowband standards such as TDMA and GSM, CDMA signals are spread over a relatively wide frequency band. Upon reception, the CDMA signal is de-spread. In the de-spreading process the power in the received signal becomes concentrated into a narrow ban d, whereas the no ise level remains unchanged. Hence, the signal-to-noise ratio of the de-spread signal is higher than that of the CDMA signal before de-spreading . This increase is called processing gain. For IS-95 and J-STD-008, the processing gain is 21 dB or 19 dB depending on the user data rate (9.6 Kbps for rate set 1 and 14.4 Kbps for rate set 2, respectively). Because of the processing gain, a CDMA signal (co mprising one Walsh code channel within the composite CDMA signal) can be received at a lower level than that required for narrowband signals. A reasonable level is –95 dBm, which results in about –85 dBm composite as shown below.

An important issue to keep in mind is that the downlink CDMA signal is composed of many orthogonal channels: pilot, paging, sync, and traffic. The composite power level is the sum of the powers from the individual channels. An example is given in the following table.

Table 6-31 Distribution of Power within a CDMA Signal

Channel Walsh Code Number Relative Power Level

Pilot 0 20% –7.0 dB Sync 32 5% –13.3 dB Primary Paging 1 19% –7.3 dB Traffic 8–31, 33–63 9% (per traffic channel) –10.3 dB

This table assumes that there are 15 active traffic channels operating with 50% voice activity (so that the total power adds up to 100%). Notice that the pilot and sync channels together contribute about 25% of the power. When measuring the power in a CDMA signal you must be aware that if only the pilot and sync channels are active, the power level will be about 6 to 7 dB lower than the maximum power level you can expect when all voice channels are active. The implication is that if only the pilot and sync channels are active, and the maximum power per carrier table says that you should not exceed 10 dBm for a CDMA signal, for example, then you should set the attenuation between the base station and the Main Hub so that the Main Hub receives 3 dBm (assuming 0 dB syste m gain).

An additional consideration for CDMA systems is that the uplink and downlink paths should be gain and noise balanced. This is re quired for proper operation of soft-handoff to the outdoor network as well as preventing excess interference that is caused by mobiles on the indoor system transmitting at power levels that are not coordinated with the outdoor mobiles. This balance is achieved if the power level transmitted by the mobiles under close-loop power control is similar to the power level transmitted under open-loop power control. The open-loop power control equation is

+ PRX = –73 dBm (for Cellular, IS-95)

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PTX + PRX = –76 dBm (for PCS, J-STD-008)

where P

is the mobile’s transmitted power and PRX is the power received by the

mobile. The power level transmitted under closed-loop power control is adjusted by the base

station to achieve a certain E ence between these power levels, ∆ ated from the RAU, P

∆

= P

downink

∆

= P

downink

+ P + P

downink

uplink

It’s a good idea to keep –12 dB < ∆

(explained in Table 6-32 on page 6-34). The differ-

b/N0

, can be estimated by comparing the power radi-

, to the minimum received signal, P

, at the RAU:

uplink

+ 73 dBm (for Cellular) + 76 dBm (for PCS)

< 12 dB.

Table 6-32 provides link budget considerations for CDMA systems.

Table 6-32 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA

Consideration Description

Multipath Fade Margin

Power per carrier, downlink

Information Rate This is simply

Process Gain The process of de-spreading the desired signal boosts that signal relative to the noise and interference.

The multipath fade margin can be reduced (by at least 3 dB) by using different lengths of optical fiber (this is called “delay diversit y”). Th e delay over fiber is approximately 5µS/km. If the difference in fiber lengths to Expansi on Hubs with overlapping coverage areas produces at least 1 chip (0.8µS) delay of one path relative to the othe r, then the multip aths’ signals can be resolved an d p r oce ssed in de p enden tly by th e base station’s rake receiver. A CDMA signal traveling through 163 meters of MMF cable will be delayed by approximately one chip.

This depends on how many channels are active. For example, the signal will be about 7 dB lower if only the pilot, sync, and paging channels are active compared to a fully-loaded CDMA signal. Furthermore, in the CDMA forward link, voice channels are turned off when the user is not speaking. On average t hi s is assumed to be about 50% of the time. So, in the spreadsheet, both the power per Walsh code channel (representing how much signal a mobile will receive on the Walsh code that it is de-spreading) and the total power are use d.

The channel power is needed to determine the maximum path loss, and the total power is needed to determine how hard the Unison system is being driven.

The total power for a fully-loaded CDMA signal is given by (approximately ):

total power =

voice channel power + 13 dB + 10log

(50%)

= voice channel power + 10 dB

(9.6 Kbps) = 40 dB for rate set 1

10log

(14.4 Kbps) = 42 dB for rate set 2

This gain needs to be included in the link budget. In the following formulas, P

= 10log10(1.25 MHz / 9.6 Kbps) = 21 dB rate set 1

= 10log10(1.25 MHz / 14.4 Kbps) = 19 dB rate set 2

Note that the process gain can al so be expressed as 10log

(CDMA bandwidth) minus the informat ion

= process gain:

rate.

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Table 6-32 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA (continued)

Consideration Description

Eb/No This is the energy-per-bit divided by the received noise and interference. It’s the CDMA equivalent of sig-

nal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This figure depen ds on the mobile’ s receiver and the multip ath environmen t. For example, the multipath delays inside a building are usually too small for a rake receiver in the mobile (or base station) to resolve and coherently c ombine multip ath comp onents. Howe ver , if artifici al delay can be introduced by, for instance, using different lengths of cable, then the required E

will be lower and the

b/No

multipath fade ma rgin in the link budget can be reduced in some cases. If the receiver noise figure is NF (dB), then the receive sensitivity (dBm) is given by:

= NF + Eb/No + thermal noise in a 1.25 MHz band – P

sensitivity

= NF + E

– 113 (dBm/1.25 MHz) – P

b/No

Noise Rise On the uplink, the noise floor is determined not only by the Unison system, but also by the number of

mobiles that are transmittin g. This is because when the base station attempts to de-spread a particular mobile’s signal, all other mobile signals appear to be noise. Because the noise floor rises as more mobiles try to communicate with a base stati on, th e more m obile s there a re, the more power they have to transmit . Hence, the noise floor rises rapidly:

noise rise = 10log

(1 / (1 – loading))

where loading is the number of users as a percentage of the theoreti cal maximum number of users. Typically, a base station is set to limit the loading to 75%. This noise ratio must be included in the link

budget as a worst-case condition for uplink sensitivity. If there are less users than 75% of the maximum, then the uplink coverage will be better than predicted.

Hand-off Gain CDMA supports soft hand-off, a process by which the mobile communicates simul taneously with more

than one base statio n or more than one sector of a base station. Soft hand-off provides improv ed receive sensitivity because there are two or more receivers or transmitters involved. A line for hand-off gain is included in the CDMA link budgets worksheet although the gain is set to 0 dB because the in-building system will probably be designed to limit soft-handoff.

Other CDMA Issues

• Never combine multiple sectors (more than one CDMA signal at the same frequency) into a Unison system. The combined CDMA signals will interfere with each other.

• Try to minimize overlap between in-building coverage areas that utilize different sectors, as well as in-building coverage and outdoor coverage areas. This is important because any area in which more than one dominant pilot signal (at the same frequency) is measured by the mobile will result in soft-handoff. Soft-handoff decreases the overall network capacity by allocating multiple channel resources to a single mobile phone.

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 6-35

620003-0 Rev. B

6.4.4 Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application

Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Downlink

Line Downlink

Transmitter

a. BTS transmit power per traffic channel (dBm) 30.0 b. Voice activity factor 50% c. Composite power (dBm) 40.0 d. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –24 e. Power per channel into Unison (dBm) 9.0 f. Composite power into Unison (dBm) 16.0 g. Unison gain (dB) 0.0 h. Antenn a gain (dBi) 3.0 i. Radiated power per channel (d B m ) 12.0 j. Composite radiated power (dBm) 19.0

Airlink

k. Handoff gain (dB) 0.0 l. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6.0 m. Log-norm al fade margin with 8 dB std . deviation, edge reliability

90% (dB) n. Additional loss (dB) 0.0 o. Body loss (dB) 3.0 p. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19.0

10.0

Receiver

q. Mobile noise figure (dB) 7.0 r. Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) –174.0 s. Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz) –167.0 t. Information ratio (dB/Hz) 41.6 u. Required Eb/(N

v. Receive Sensitivity (dBm) –118.4 w. Minimum received signal (dBm) –99.4

x. Maximum path loss (dB) –99.4

)7.0

o+lo

6-36 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

• b and c: see notes in Table 6-32 regarding power per carrier, downlink

• e = a + d

•f = c + d

• i = e + g + h

• j = f + g + h

• p = –k + l + m + n + o

• s = q + r

• v = s + t + u

• w = p + v

•x = j – w

• y = j (downlink) + m (uplink) + P where

P = Ptx + Prx = –73 dB for Cellular

–76 dB for PCS

PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 6-37

620003-0 Rev. B

Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Uplink

Line Uplink

Receiver

a. BTS noise figure (dB) 3.0 b. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –30.0 c. Unison gain (dB) 0.0 d. Unison noise figure (dB) 22.0 e. System noise figure (dB) 3 3.3 f. Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) –174.0 g. Noise rise 75% loading (dB) 6.0 h. Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz) –134.6 i. Information rate (dB/Hz) 41.6 j. Required Eb/(N

k. Handoff gain (dB) 0.0 l. Antenna gain (dBi) 3.0 m. Minimum received signal (dBm) –91.1

Airlink

n. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6.0 o. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability

90% (dB) p. Additional loss (dB) 0.0 q. Body loss (dB) 3.0 r. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19.0

)5.0

o+lo

10.0

Transmitter

s. Mobile transmit power (dBm) 28.0

t. Maximum path loss (dB) 100.1

6-38 InterReach Unison Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8700-10

620003-0 Rev. B

ADC UNS-IDEN-1, UNS 819RAU Users Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual