The KS57C21116/C21124/C21132 single-chip CMOS microcontroller has been designed for high performance
using Samsung's newest 4-bit CPU core, SAM47 (Samsung Arrangeable Microcontrollers).
With an up-to-1280-dot LCD direct drive capability, segment expandable circuit, 8-bit and 16-bit timer/counter,
and serial I/O, the KS57C21116/C21124/C21132 offers an excellent design solution for a wide variety of
applications which require LCD functions.
Up to 51 pins of the 128-pin QFP package can be dedicated to I/O. Nine vectored interrupts provide fast
response to internal and external events. In addition, the KS57C21116/C21124/C21132's advanced CMOS
technology provides for low power consumption and a wide operating voltage range.
OTP
The KS57C21116/C21124/C21132 microcontroller is also available in OTP (One Time Programmable) version,
KS57P21132. KS57P21132 microcontroller has an on-chip 32-Kbyte one-time-programmable EPROM instead of
masked ROM. The KS57P21132 is comparable to KS57C21116/C21124/C21132, both in function and in pin
configuration except ROM size.
All KS57-series microcontrollers have the advanced SAM47 CPU core. The SAM47 CPU can directly address up
to 32 K bytes of program memory. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs 4-bit addition, subtraction, logical,
and shift-and-rotate operations in one instruction cycle and most 8-bit arithmetic and logical operations in two
cycles.
CPU REGISTERS
Program Counter
A 15-bit program counter (PC) stores addresses for instruction fetches during program execution. Usually, the PC
is incremented by the number of bytes of the fetched instruction. The one instruction fetch that does not
increment the PC is the 1-byte REF instruction which references instructions stored in a look-up table in the
ROM. Whenever a reset operation or an interrupt occurs, bits PC13 through PC0 are set to the vector address.
Stack Pointer
An 8-bit stack pointer (SP) stores addresses for stack operations. The stack area is located in general-purpose
data memory bank 0. The SP is 8-bit read/writeable and SP bit 0 must always be logical zero.
During an interrupt or a subroutine call, the PC value and the PSW are written to the stack area. When the
service routine has completed, the values referenced by the stack pointer are restored. Then, the next instruction
is executed.
The stack pointer can access the stack despite data memory access enable flag status. Since the reset value of
the stack pointer is not defined in firmware, you use program code to initialize the stack pointer to 00H. This sets
the first register of the stack area to data memory location 0FFH.
PROGRAM MEMORY
In its standard configuration, the 16,384/24,576/32,768 × 8-bit ROM is divided into four areas:
— 16-byte area for vector addresses
— 96-byte instruction reference area
— 16-byte general-purpose area (0010–001FH)
— 16,256/24,448/32,640-byte area for general-purpose program memory
The vector address area is used mostly during reset operations and interrupts. These 16 bytes can alternately be
used as general-purpose ROM.
The REF instruction references 2 x 1-byte or 2-byte instructions stored in reference area locations 0020H–
007FH. REF can also reference three-byte instructions such as JP or CALL. So that a REF instruction can
reference these instructions, however, the JP or CALL must be shortened to a 2-byte format. To do this, JP or
CALL is written to the reference area with the format TJP or TCALL instead of the normal instruction name.
Unused locations in the REF instruction look-up area can be allocated to general-purpose use.
The 3,584-bit data memory has five areas:
— 32 × 4-bit working register area
— 224 × 4-bit general-purpose area in bank 0 which is also used as the stack area
— 256 × 4-bit general-purpose area in bank 1, bank 2,……, bank 13, respectively
— 256 × 5-bit area for LCD data in bank 14
— 128 × 4-bit area in bank 15 for memory-mapped I/O addresses
The data memory area is also organized as sixteen memory banks — bank 0, bank 1, ….., and bank 15. You use
the select memory bank instruction (SMB) to select one of the banks as working data memory.
Data stored in RAM locations are 1-, 4-, and 8-bit addressable. After a hardware reset, data memory initialization
values must be defined by program code.
Data Memory Addressing Modes
The enable memory bank (EMB) flag controls the addressing mode for data memory banks 0, 1, ….., or 15.
When the EMB flag is logical zero, only locations 00H–7FH of bank 0 and bank 15 can be accessed. When the
EMB flag is set to logical one, all sixteen data memory banks can be accessed based on the current SMB value.
Working Registers
The RAM's working register area in data memory bank 0 is also divided into four register banks. Each register
bank has eight 4-bit registers. Paired 4-bit registers are 8-bit addressable.
Register A can be used as a 4-bit accumulator and double register EA as an 8-bit extended accumulator; double
registers WX, WL and HL are used as address pointers for indirect addressing.
To limit the possibility of data corruption due to incorrect register addressing, it is advisable to use bank 0 for
main programs and banks 1, 2, and 3 for interrupt service routines.
LCD Data Register Area
Bit values for LCD segment data are stored in data memory bank 14. Register locations that are not used to store
LCD data can be assigned to general-purpose use.
Bit Sequential Carrier
The bit sequential carrier (BSC) is a 16-bit general register that you can manipulate using 1-, 4-, and 8-bit RAM
control instructions.
Using the BSC register, addresses and bit locations can be specified sequentially using 1-bit indirect addressing
instructions. In this way, a program can generate 16-bit data output by moving the bit location sequentially,
incrementing or decrementing the value of the L register. You can also use direct addressing to manipulate data
in the BSC.
The 8-bit program status word (PSW) controls ALU operations and instruction execution sequencing. It is also
used to restore a program's execution environment when an interrupt has been serviced. Program instructions
can always address the PSW regardless of the current value of data memory access enable flags.
Before an interrupt is processed, the PSW is pushed onto the stack in data memory bank 0. When the routine is
completed, PSW values are restored.
IS1IS0EMBERB
CSC2SC1SC0
Interrupt status flags (IS1, IS0), the enable memory bank and enable register bank flags (EMB, ERB), and the
carry flag (C) are 1- and 4-bit read/write or 8-bit read-only addressable. Skip condition flags (SC0–SC2) can be
addressed using 8-bit read instructions only.
Select Bank (SB) Register
Two 4-bit locations called the SB register store address values used to access specific memory and register
banks: the select memory bank register, SMB, and the select register bank register, SRB.
'SMB n' instructions select a data memory bank (0, 1, ….., or 15) and store the upper four bits of the 12-bit data
memory address in the SMB register. The 'SRB n' instruction is used to select register bank 0, 1, 2, or 3, and to
store the address data in the SRB.
The instructions 'PUSH SB' and 'POP SB' move SMB and SRB values to and from the stack for interrupts and
subroutines.
CLOCK CIRCUITS
Main system and subsystem oscillation circuits generate the internal clock signals for the CPU and peripheral
hardware. The main system clock can use a Crystal, Ceramic, or RC oscillation source, or an externallygenerated clock signal. The subsystem clock requires either a crystal oscillator or an external clock source.
Bit settings in the 4-bit power control and system clock mode registers select the oscillation source, the CPU
clock, and the clock used during power-down mode. The internal system clock signal (fxx) can be divided internally to produce four CPU clock frequencies — fx/4, fx/8, fx/64, or fxt/4.
INTERRUPTS
Interrupt requests may be generated internally by on-chip processes (INTB, INTT0, INTT1, and INTS) or
externally by peripheral devices (INT0, INT1, INT4, and INTK). There are two quasi-interrupts: INT2 and INTW.
INT2 detects rising or falling edges of incoming signals and INTW detects time intervals of 0.5 seconds or 3.91
milliseconds. The following components support interrupt processing:
To reduce power consumption, there are two power-down modes: idle and stop. The IDLE instruction initiates idle
mode and the STOP instruction initiates stop mode.
In idle mode, only the CPU clock stops while peripherals and the oscillation source continue to operate normally.
Stop mode effects only the main system clock — a subsystem clock, if used, continues oscillating. In stop mode,
main system clock oscillation stops completely, halting all operations except for a few basic peripheral functions.
RESET or an interrupt can be used to terminate either idle or stop mode.
RESET
When a RESET signal occurs during normal operation or during power-down mode, the CPU enters idle mode
when the reset operation is initiated. When the standard oscillation stabilization interval (31.3 ms at 4.19 MHz)
has elapsed, normal CPU operation resumes.
I/O PORTS
The KS57C21116/C21124/C21132 has 13 I/O ports. Pin addresses for all I/O ports are mapped in bank 15 of the
RAM. There are 4 input pins and 47 configurable I/O pins for a total of 51 I/O pins. The contents of I/O port pin
latches can be read, written, or tested at the corresponding address using bit manipulation instructions.
TIMERS and TIMER/COUNTERS
The timer function has four main components: an 8-bit basic interval timer, an 8-bit timer/counter, a 16-bit
timer/counter and a watch timer. The 8-bit basic timer generates interrupt requests at precise intervals, based on
the selected clock frequency and has watch-dog timer function.
The programmable 8-bit and 16-bit timer/counters are used for external event counting, generation of arbitrary
clock frequencies for output, and dividing external clock signals. The 16-bit timer/counter is the source of the
clock signal that is required to drive the serial I/O interface and configurable as two 8-bit timer/counters.
The watch timer has an 8-bit watch timer mode register, a clock selector and a frequency divider circuit. Its
functions include real-time and watch-time measurement, clock generation for the LCD controller and frequency
outputs for buzzer sound.
LCD DRIVER/CONTROLLER
The KS57C21116/C21124/C21132 can directly drive an up-to-1,280-dot LCD panel. The LCD function block has
the following components:
— RAM area for storing display data
— 80 segment output pins (SEG0–SEG79)
— Segment expandable circuit
— 16 common output pins (COM0–COM15)
— 5 operating power supply pins (V
LC1–VLC5
)
— Sixteen level LCD contrast control circuit (software)
Frame frequency, LCD clock, duty, and segment pins used for display output are controlled by bit settings in the
8-bit mode register, LMOD. You use the 4-bit LCD control register, LCON, to turn the LCD display on and off,
and to control current supplied to the dividing resistors. Segment data are output using a direct memory access
method synchronized with the LCD frame frequency (f
LCD
).
Using the main system clock, the LCD panel operates in idle mode; during stop mode, it is turned off. If a
subsystem clock is used as a clock source, the LCD panel will continue to operate during stop and idle modes.
The serial I/O interface supports the transmission or reception of 8-bit serial data with an external device. The
serial interface has the following functional components:
The serial I/O circuit can be set either to transmit-and-receive or to receive-only mode. MSB-first or LSB-first
transmission is also selectable. The serial interface operates with an internal or an external clock source, or using
the clock signal generated by the 16-bit timer/counter. To modify transmission frequency, the appropriate bits in
the serial I/O mode register (SMOD) must be manipulated.
COMPARATOR
Port 4 can be used as a analog input port for a comparator. The reference voltage for the 3-channel comparator
can be supplied either internally or externally at P4.2. The comparator module has the following components:
— Comparator
— Internal reference voltage generator (4-bit resolution)
— External reference voltage source at P4.2
— Comparator mode register (CMOD)
— Comparison result register (CMPREG)
SOI/OSerial data output17P0.1
SII/OSerial data input18P0.2
BUZI/O2, 4, 8, 16 kHz frequency output for buzzer sound19P0.3
K0–K3
K4–K7
I/O4-bit I/O port.
1-bit and 4-bit read/write and test is possible.
4-bit unit pull-up resisters are assignable to input pins
by software and are automatically disabled for output
16
17
18
19
SCK/K0
SO/K1
SI/K2
BUZ/K3
pins. Each bit pin can be allocated as input or output
(1-bit unit). The N-ch open drain or push-pull output
may be selected by software (1-bit unit).
I4-bit input port.
1-bit and 4-bit read and test is possible.
4-bit unit pull-up resistors are assignable to input pins
by software.
I/O4-bit I/O port. 1-bit and 4-bit read/write and test is
possible. I/O function is same as port 0.
I/O4-bit I/O port. 1-bit and 4-bit read/write and test is
possible. I/O function is same as port 0.
I/O3-bit I/O port. I/O function is same as port 0 except
that port 4 is 3-bit I/O port.
I/O4-bit I/O port. 1-, 4-bit and 8-bit read/write and test is
possible. 4-bit unit pull-up resisters are assignable to
input pins by software and are automatically disabled
for output pins. Each bit pin can be allocated as input
or output (1-bit unit). The N-ch open drain or push-
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47–50
INT0
INT1
INT2
INT4
M
LCDFR
CLO1
CLO2
TCLO0/CL
TCLO1
TCL0
TCL1
CIN0
CIN1
CIN2
K4/SEG79
K5/SEG78
K6/SEG77
K7/SEG76
SEG75–72
pull output may be selected by software (4-bit unit).
I/O4-bit I/O port. 1-, 4-bit and 8-bit read/write and test is
possible. I/O function is same as port 6, 7.
I/O4-bit I/O port. 1-, 4-bit and 8-bit read/write and test is
possible. I/O function is same as port 6, 7.
I/O4-bit I/O port. 1-, 4-bit and 8-bit read/write and test is
possible. I/O function is same as port 6, 7.
51–54
55–58
59–62
63–66
67–70
71–74
SEG71–68
SEG67–64
SEG63–60
SEG59–56
SEG55–52
SEG51–48
I/OSerial I/O interface clock signal16P0.0
I/OExternal interrupts with rising/falling edge detection16–19
INT0IExternal interrupts with rising/falling edge detection28P1.0
INT1IExternal interrupts with rising/falling edge detection29P1.1
INT2IExternal quasi-interrupts with rising/falling edge
30P1.2
detection
INT4IExternal interrupts with rising/falling edge detection31P1.3
MI/OAlternated signal for SEG driver32P2.0
LCDFRI/OSynchronous frame signal for SEG driver33P2.1
CLO1I/OClock output or operating clock for SEG driver34P2.2
CLO2I/OClock output or operating clock for SEG driver35P2.3
CLI/OData shift clock for SEG driver36P3.0
TCLO0I/OTimer/counter0 clock output36P3.0
TCLO1I/OTimer/counter1 clock output37P3.1
TCL0I/OExternal clock input for timer/counter 038P3.2
TCL1I/OExternal clock input for timer/counter 139P3.3
CIN0–CIN2I/OCIN0,1: comparator input only
CIN2: comparator input or external reference input
40, 41
42
P4.0–P4.1
P4.2
SEG0–SEG47OLCD segment data output122–75–
SEG48–
OLCD segment data output74–43Port13–6
SEG79
SEG80–
SEG87
OLCD segment data output2,1,
128–123
COM15–8
COM0–COM7OLCD common data output10–3–
COM8–COM15OLCD common data output123–128
SEG87–80
1, 2
V
LC1–VLC5
–LCD power supply. Voltage dividing resistors are
15–11–
fixed.
V
DD
V
SS
X
in, Xout
–Main power supply20–
–Ground21–
–Crystal, Ceramic, or RC oscillator signal I/O for main
23, 22–
system clock.
XT
in, XTout
–Crystal oscillator signal I/O for subsystem clock.25, 26–
TESTITest signal input (must be connected to VSS)24–
RESET
IReset signal27–
NOTE: Pull-up resistors for all I/O ports are automatically disabled if they are configured to output mode.