R&S FSW-K7 User Manual

R&S®FSW-K7
Analog Demodulation Measurement
Option

User Manual

(;×êX2)

1173.9240.02 ─ 23

User Manual

Test & Measurement

This manual applies to the following R&S®FSW models with firmware version 2.50 and higher:

●

R&S®FSW8 (1312.8000K08)

●

R&S®FSW13 (1312.8000K13)

●

R&S®FSW26 (1312.8000K26)

●

R&S®FSW43 (1312.8000K43)

●

R&S®FSW50 (1312.8000K50)

●

R&S®FSW67 (1312.8000K67)

●

R&S®FSW85 (1312.8000K85)

The following firmware options are described:

●

R&S FSW-K7 (1313.1339.02)

© 2016 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 München, Germany
Phone: [phone] - 0
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
Trade names are trademarks of the owners.

The following abbreviations are used throughout this manual: R&S®FSW is abbreviated as R&S FSW. Products of the R&S®SMW
family, e.g. R&S®SMW200A, are abbreviated as R&S SMW.

R&S®FSW-K7

1.1 About this Manual......................................................................................................... 5

1.2 Documentation Overview............................................................................................. 6

1.3 Conventions Used in the Documentation...................................................................7

2.1 Starting the Analog Demodulation Application..........................................................9

2.2 Understanding the Display Information....................................................................10

4.1 Demodulation Process............................................................................................... 24

Contents

Contents

1 Preface.................................................................................................... 5

2 Welcome to the Analog Demodulation Application............................9

3 Measurements and Result Displays...................................................13

4 Measurement Basics........................................................................... 24

4.2 Demodulation Bandwidth...........................................................................................26

4.3 Sample Rate and Demodulation Bandwidth.............................................................27

4.4 AF Triggers.................................................................................................................. 28

4.5 AF Filters......................................................................................................................29

4.6 Time Domain Zoom.....................................................................................................29

4.7 Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output.................................................... 30

4.8 Analog Demodulation in MSRA/MSRT Operating Mode..........................................45

5 Configuration........................................................................................48

5.1 Configuration Overview..............................................................................................48

5.2 Configuration According to Digital Standards.........................................................51

5.3 Input and Frontend Settings...................................................................................... 52

5.4 Trigger Configuration................................................................................................. 96

5.5 Data Acquisition........................................................................................................105

5.6 Demodulation Display.............................................................................................. 109

5.7 Demodulation............................................................................................................ 110

5.8 Output Settings......................................................................................................... 126

5.9 Automatic Settings................................................................................................... 129

6 Analysis.............................................................................................. 133

6.1 Trace Settings........................................................................................................... 133

6.2 Trace / Data Export Configuration...........................................................................136

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6.3 Working with Markers in the R&S FSW Analog Demodulation application.........138

6.4 Limit Line Settings and Functions.......................................................................... 154

6.5 Analysis in MSRA/MSRT Mode................................................................................ 160

7.1 Import/Export Functions.......................................................................................... 162

7.2 How to Export and Import I/Q Data..........................................................................164

8.1 How to Export Trace Data and Numerical Results.................................................168

10 Optimizing and Troubleshooting the Measurement....................... 176

Contents

7 I/Q Data Import and Export................................................................162

8 How to Perform Measurements in the Analog Demodulation Appli-

cation...................................................................................................167

9 Measurement Example: Demodulating an FM Signal.....................170

11 Remote Commands for Analog Demodulation Measurements..... 177

11.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 178

11.2 Common Suffixes......................................................................................................182

11.3 Activating Analog Demodulation Measurements.................................................. 183

11.4 Configuring the Measurement................................................................................. 187

11.5 Capturing Data and Performing Sweeps................................................................ 294

11.6 Configuring the Result Display................................................................................299

11.7 Retrieving Results.....................................................................................................307

11.8 Analyzing Results..................................................................................................... 319

11.9 Importing and Exporting I/Q Data and Results...................................................... 374

11.10 Deprecated Commands............................................................................................ 375

11.11 Programming Example............................................................................................. 376

Annex.................................................................................................. 379

A Reference............................................................................................379

A.1 Predefined Standards and Settings........................................................................ 379

A.2 I/Q Data File Format (iq-tar)......................................................................................381

List of Remote Commands (AnalogDemod)....................................387

Index....................................................................................................397

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1 Preface

Preface

About this Manual

1.1 About this Manual

This Analog Demodulation User Manual provides all the information specific to the
application. All general instrument functions and settings common to all applications

and operating modes are described in the main R&S FSW User Manual.

The main focus in this manual is on the measurement results and the tasks required to
obtain them. The following topics are included:

●

Welcome to the Analog Demodulation Application

Introduction to and getting familiar with the application

●

Measurements and Result Displays

Details on supported measurements and their result types

●

Measurement Basics

Background information on basic terms and principles in the context of the mea­surement

●

Configuration + Analysis

A concise description of all functions and settings available to configure measure­ments and analyze results with their corresponding remote control command

●

I/Q Data Import and Export

Description of general functions to import and export raw I/Q (measurement) data

●

How to Perform Measurements in the Analog Demodulation Application

The basic procedure to perform each measurement and step-by-step instructions
for more complex tasks or alternative methods

●

Measurement Examples

Detailed measurement examples to guide you through typical measurement sce­narios and allow you to try out the application immediately

●

Optimizing and Troubleshooting the Measurement

Hints and tips on how to handle errors and optimize the measurement configura­tion

●

Remote Commands for Analog Demodulation Measurements

Remote commands required to configure and perform Analog Demodulation mea­surements in a remote environment, sorted by tasks
(Commands required to set up the environment or to perform common tasks on the
instrument are provided in the main R&S FSW User Manual)
Programming examples demonstrate the use of many commands and can usually
be executed directly for test purposes

●

List of remote commands

Alphabetical list of all remote commands described in the manual

●

Index

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Preface

Documentation Overview

1.2 Documentation Overview

This section provides an overview of the R&S FSW user documentation. You find it on
the product page at:

www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/FSW > "Downloads" > "Manuals"

Getting started manual

Introduces the R&S FSW and describes how to set up and start working with the prod­uct. Includes basic operations, typical measurement examples, and general informa­tion, e.g. safety instructions, etc. A printed version is delivered with the instrument.

Online help

The online help offers quick, context-sensitive access to the complete information for
the base unit and the software options directly on the instrument.

User manual

Separate manuals for the base unit and the software options are provided for down­load:

●

Base unit manual
Contains the description of all instrument modes and functions. It also provides an
introduction to remote control, a complete description of the remote control com­mands with programming examples, and information on maintenance, instrument
interfaces and error messages. Includes the contents of the getting started manual.

●

Software option manual
Contains the description of the specific functions of an option. Basic information on
operating the R&S FSW is not included.

The online version of the user manual provides the complete contents for immediate
display on the internet.

Service manual

Describes the performance test for checking the rated specifications, module replace­ment and repair, firmware update, troubleshooting and fault elimination, and contains
mechanical drawings and spare part lists.

The service manual is available for registered users on the global Rohde & Schwarz
information system (GLORIS, https://gloris.rohde-schwarz.com).

Instrument security procedures manual

Deals with security issues when working with the R&S FSW in secure areas.

Basic safety instructions

Contains safety instructions, operating conditions and further important information.
The printed document is delivered with the instrument.

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Preface

Conventions Used in the Documentation

Data sheet and brochure

The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S FSW. It also lists the
options and their order numbers as well as optional accessories.

The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific char­acteristics.

Release notes and open source acknowledgment (OSA)

The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current
firmware version, and describe the firmware installation.

The open source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the
used open source software.

www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/FSW > "Downloads" > "Firmware"

Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc.

These documents deal with special applications or background information on particu­lar topics, see www.rohde-schwarz.com/appnotes.

1.3 Conventions Used in the Documentation

1.3.1 Typographical Conventions

The following text markers are used throughout this documentation:

Convention Description

"Graphical user interface ele­ments"

KEYS Key names are written in capital letters.

File names, commands,
program code

Input Input to be entered by the user is displayed in italics.

Links Links that you can click are displayed in blue font.

"References" References to other parts of the documentation are enclosed by quota-

All names of graphical user interface elements on the screen, such as
dialog boxes, menus, options, buttons, and softkeys are enclosed by
quotation marks.

File names, commands, coding samples and screen output are distin­guished by their font.

tion marks.

1.3.2 Conventions for Procedure Descriptions

When describing how to operate the instrument, several alternative methods may be
available to perform the same task. In this case, the procedure using the touchscreen
is described. Any elements that can be activated by touching can also be clicked using

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Preface

Conventions Used in the Documentation

an additionally connected mouse. The alternative procedure using the keys on the
instrument or the on-screen keyboard is only described if it deviates from the standard
operating procedures.

The term "select" may refer to any of the described methods, i.e. using a finger on the
touchscreen, a mouse pointer in the display, or a key on the instrument or on a key­board.

1.3.3 Notes on Screenshots

When describing the functions of the product, we use sample screenshots. These
screenshots are meant to illustrate as much as possible of the provided functions and
possible interdependencies between parameters.

The screenshots usually show a fully equipped product, that is: with all options instal­led. Thus, some functions shown in the screenshots may not be available in your par­ticular product configuration.

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R&S®FSW-K7

Welcome to the Analog Demodulation Application

Starting the Analog Demodulation Application

2 Welcome to the Analog Demodulation

Application

The R&S FSW-K7 AM/FM/PM measurement demodulator option converts the
R&S FSW into an analog modulation analyzer for amplitude-, frequency- or phase­modulated signals. It measures not only characteristics of the useful modulation, but
also factors such as residual FM or synchronous modulation.

The digital signal processing in the R&S FSW, used in the Spectrum application for
digital IF filters, is also ideally suited for demodulating AM, FM, or PM signals. The
firmware option R&S FSW-K7 provides the necessary measurement functions.

The R&S FSW Analog Demodulation application features:

●

AM, FM, and PM demodulation, with various result displays:
– Modulation signal versus time
– Spectrum of the modulation signal (FFT)
– RF signal power versus time
– Spectrum of the RF signal

●

Determining maximum, minimum and average or current values in parallel over a
selected number of measurements

●

Maximum accuracy and temperature stability due to sampling (digitization) already
at the IF and digital down-conversion to the baseband (I/Q)

●

Error-free AM to FM conversion and vice versa, without deviation errors, frequency
response or frequency drift at DC coupling

●

Relative demodulation, in relation to a user-defined or measured reference value

This user manual contains a description of the functionality that the application pro­vides, including remote control operation.

All functions not discussed in this manual are the same as in the base unit and are
described in the R&S FSW User Manual. The latest version is available for download
at the product homepage

(http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/product/FSW.html).

Installation

You can find detailed installation instructions in the R&S FSW Getting Started manual
or in the Release Notes.

2.1 Starting the Analog Demodulation Application

Analog Demodulation is a separate application on the R&S FSW.

To activate the Analog Demodulation application

1. Select the MODE key.

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Welcome to the Analog Demodulation Application

Understanding the Display Information

A dialog box opens that contains all operating modes and applications currently
available on your R&S FSW.

2. Select the "Analog Demodulation" item.

The R&S FSW opens a new measurement channel for the Analog Demodulation
application.

The measurement is started immediately with the default settings. It can be configured
in the Analog Demodulation "Overview" dialog box, which is displayed when you select
the "Overview" softkey from any menu (see Chapter 5.1, "Configuration Overview",
on page 48).

Multiple Measurement Channels and Sequencer Function

When you activate an application, a new measurement channel is created which deter­mines the measurement settings for that application. The same application can be acti­vated with different measurement settings by creating several channels for the same
application.

The number of channels that can be configured at the same time depends on the avail­able memory on the instrument.

Only one measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently
active channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecu­tively, a Sequencer function is provided.

If activated, the measurements configured in the currently active channels are per­formed one after the other in the order of the tabs. The currently active measurement is
indicated by a

symbol in the tab label. The result displays of the individual channels
are updated in the tabs (as well as the "MultiView") as the measurements are per­formed. Sequential operation itself is independent of the currently displayed tab.

For details on the Sequencer function see the R&S FSW User Manual.

2.2 Understanding the Display Information

The following figure shows a measurement diagram during an Analog Demodulation
measurement. All different information areas are labeled. They are explained in more
detail in the following sections.

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Welcome to the Analog Demodulation Application

Understanding the Display Information

1 = Channel bar for firmware and measurement settings
2+3 = Window title bar with diagram-specific (trace) information
4 = Diagram area
5 = Diagram footer with diagram-specific information, depending on result display
6 = Instrument status bar with error messages, progress bar and date/time display

MSRA/MSRT operating mode

In MSRA/MSRT operating mode, additional tabs and elements are available. A colored
background of the screen behind the measurement channel tabs indicates that you are
in MSRA/MSRT operating mode.

For details on the MSRA operating mode see the R&S FSW MSRA User Manual. For
details on the MSRT operating mode see the R&S FSW Realtime Spectrum Applica­tion and MSRT Operating Mode User Manual.

Channel bar information

In the Analog Demodulation application, the R&S FSW shows the following settings:

Table 2-1: Information displayed in the channel bar in the Analog Demodulation application

Ref Level Reference level

m.+el.Att Mechanical and electronic RF attenuation

Offset Reference level offset

AQT Measurement time for data acquisition.

RBW Resolution bandwidth

DBW Demodulation bandwidth

Freq Center frequency for the RF signal

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Welcome to the Analog Demodulation Application

Understanding the Display Information

Window title bar information

For each diagram, the header provides the following information:

Figure 2-1: Window title bar information in the Analog Demodulation application

1 = Window number
2 = Modulation type
3 = Trace color
4 = Trace number
5 = Detector
6 = Trace mode
7 = Reference value (at the defined reference position)
8 = AF coupling (AC/DC), only in AF time domains, if applicable
9 = Results are selected for demodulation output

Diagram footer information

The diagram footer (beneath the diagram) contains the following information, depend­ing on the evaluation:

RF Spectrum

CF: Center frequency
of input signal

RF Time domain

CF: Center frequency
of input signal

AF Spectrum

AF CF: center fre­quency of demodula­ted signal

AF Time domain

CF: Center frequency
of input signal

Sweep points Span: measured span

Sweep points Time per division

Sweep points AF Span: evaluated span

Sweep points Time per division

For most modes, the number of sweep points shown in the display are indicated in the
diagram footer. In zoom mode, the (rounded) number of currently displayed points are
indicated.

Status bar information

Global instrument settings, the instrument status and any irregularities are indicated in
the status bar beneath the diagram. Furthermore, the progress of the current operation
is displayed in the status bar.

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Measurements and Result Displays

3 Measurements and Result Displays

Access: "Overview" > "Display Config"

Or: MEAS > "Display Config"

The data that was measured by the R&S FSW can be evaluated using various different
methods. In the Analog Demodulation application, up to six evaluation methods can be
displayed simultaneously in separate windows. The results can be displayed as abso­lute deviations or relative to a reference value or level.

The abbreviation "AF" (for Audio Frequency) refers to the demodulated AM, FM or PM
signal.

Basis for evaluation

All evaluations are based on the I/Q data set acquired during the measurement. The
spectrum of the modulated signal to be evaluated is determined by the demodulation
bandwidth. However, it can be restricted to a limited span ("AF Span") if only part of
the signal is of interest. Furthermore, the time base for evaluations in the time domain
can be restricted to analyze a smaller extract in more detail, see Chapter 4.6, "Time

Domain Zoom", on page 29.

AM Time Domain.......................................................................................................... 13

FM Time Domain...........................................................................................................14

PM Time Domain.......................................................................................................... 15

AM Spectrum................................................................................................................ 16

FM Spectrum.................................................................................................................17

PM Spectrum................................................................................................................ 18

RF Time Domain...........................................................................................................19

RF Spectrum.................................................................................................................20

Result Summary............................................................................................................21

Marker Table.................................................................................................................22

Marker Peak List........................................................................................................... 23

AM Time Domain

Displays the modulation depth of the demodulated AM signal (in %) versus time.

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Measurements and Result Displays

Remote command:

LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,'XTIM:AM:REL'

(See LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 301)

FM Time Domain

Displays the frequency spectrum of the demodulated FM signal versus time.

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Measurements and Result Displays

Remote command:

LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,'XTIM:FM'

(See LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 301)

PM Time Domain

Displays the phase deviations of the demodulated PM signal (in rad or °) versus time.

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Measurements and Result Displays

Remote command:

LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,'XTIM:PM'

(See LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 301)

AM Spectrum

Displays the modulation depth of the demodulated AM signal (in % or dB) versus AF
span. The spectrum is calculated from the demodulated AM signal in the time domain
via FFT.

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Measurements and Result Displays

Remote command:

LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,'XTIMe:AM:REL:AFSPectrum1'

(see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 301)

FM Spectrum

Displays the frequency deviations of the demodulated FM signal (in Hz or dB) versus
AF span. The spectrum is calculated from the demodulated AM signal in the time
domain via FFT.

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Measurements and Result Displays

Remote command:

LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,'XTIMe:FM:AFSPectrum1'

(see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 301)

PM Spectrum

Displays the phase deviations of the demodulated PM signal (in rad, ° or dB) versus
AF span. The spectrum is calculated from the demodulated AM signal in the time
domain via FFT.

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Measurements and Result Displays

Remote command:

LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,'XTIMe:PM:AFSPectrum1'

(see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 301)

RF Time Domain

Displays the RF power of the input signal versus time. The level values represent the
magnitude of the I/Q data set.

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Measurements and Result Displays

Remote command:

LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,'XTIM:AM'

(see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 301)

RF Spectrum

Displays the spectrum of the input signal. In contrast to the Spectrum application, the
frequency values are determined using FFT from the recorded I/Q data set.

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Measurements and Result Displays

Remote command:

LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,'XTIM:SPECTRUM'

(see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 301)

Result Summary

The result summary displays the results of the demodulation functions for all windows
in a table.

For each demodulation, the following information is provided:

Table 3-1: Result summary description

Label Description

+Peak Positive peak (maximum)

-Peak Negative peak (minimum)

+/-Peak/2 Average of positive and negative peaks

RMS Root Mean Square value

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R&S®FSW-K7

 















power distortion noise

power total

log20dBSINAD

 











































1

2

2

2

log20

i

i

i

i

U

U

dBTHD

Measurements and Result Displays

Label Description

Mod Freq Modulation frequency

SINAD Signal-to-noise-and-distortion

(Calculated only if AF Spectrum is displayed)
Measures the ratio of the total power to the power of noise and harmonic distortions.

The noise and harmonic power is calculated inside the AF spectrum span. The DC
offset is removed before the calculation.

THD Total harmonic distortion

The ratio of the harmonics to the fundamental and harmonics. All harmonics inside
the AF spectrum span are considered up to the tenth harmonic.

(Calculated only if AF Spectrum is displayed)

Note: Relative demodulation results. Optionally, the demodulation results in relation to
user-defined or measured reference values are determined. See Chapter 5.7.6, "Result

Table Settings", on page 124.

In addition, the following general information for the input signal is provided:

●

Carrier Power: the power of the carrier without modulation

●

Carrier Offset: the deviation of the calculated carrier frequency to the ideal carrier
frequency

●

Modulation Depth (AM or RF Time Domain only): the difference in amplitude the
carrier signal is modulated with

Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,RSUM, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 301
Results:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:ADEMod:PM[:RESult<t>]? on page 312
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:ADEMod:PM[:RESult<t>]:RELative?

on page 313

Marker Table

Displays a table with the current marker values for the active markers.
This table may be displayed automatically if configured accordingly (see "Marker Table

Display" on page 141).

Tip: To navigate within long marker tables, simply scroll through the entries with your
finger on the touchscreen.

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Measurements and Result Displays

Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, MTAB, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 301
Results:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 321
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:Y? on page 322

Marker Peak List

The marker peak list determines the frequencies and levels of peaks in the spectrum or
time domain. How many peaks are displayed can be defined, as well as the sort order.
In addition, the detected peaks can be indicated in the diagram. The peak list can also
be exported to a file for analysis in an external application.

You can define search and sort criteria to influence the results of the analysis (see

Chapter 6.3.2.1, "Marker Search Settings", on page 143).

Tip: To navigate within long marker peak lists, simply scroll through the entries with
your finger on the touchscreen.

Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, PEAK, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 301
Results:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 321
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:Y? on page 322

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Measurement Basics

Demodulation Process

4 Measurement Basics

Some background knowledge on basic terms and principles used in Analog Demodula­tion measurements is provided here for a better understanding of the required configu­ration settings.

● Demodulation Process............................................................................................24

● Demodulation Bandwidth........................................................................................ 26

● Sample Rate and Demodulation Bandwidth........................................................... 27

● AF Triggers............................................................................................................. 28

● AF Filters.................................................................................................................29

● Time Domain Zoom.................................................................................................29

● Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output................................................... 30

● Analog Demodulation in MSRA/MSRT Operating Mode.........................................45

4.1 Demodulation Process

The demodulation process is shown in Figure 4-1. All calculations are performed simul­taneously with the same I/Q data set. Magnitude (= amplitude) and phase of the com­plex I/Q pairs are determined. The frequency result is obtained from the differential
phase.

For details on general I/Q data processing in the R&S FSW, refer to the reference part
of the I/Q Analysis remote control description in the R&S FSW User Manual.

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Measurement Basics

Demodulation Process

Figure 4-1: Block diagram of software demodulator

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Measurement Basics

Demodulation Bandwidth

The AM DC, FM DC and PM DC raw data of the demodulators is fed into the "Trace
Arithmetic" block that combines consecutive data sets. Possible trace modes are:
Clear Write, Max Hold, Min Hold and Average. The output data of the "Trace Arith­metic" block can be read via remote control ([SENS:]ADEM:<evaluation>:RES?,
see [SENSe:]ADEMod<n>:AM[:ABSolute][:TDOMain]:RESult? on page 307.

The collected measured values are evaluated by the selected detector. The result is
displayed on the screen and can be read out via remote control.

In addition, important parameters are calculated:

●

A counter determines the modulation frequency for AM, FM, and PM.

●

average power = carrier power (RF power)

●

average frequency = carrier frequency offset (FM)

●

The modulation depth or the frequency or phase deviation; the deviations are
determined from the trace data

AC coupling is possible with FM and PM display.

4.2 Demodulation Bandwidth

The demodulation bandwidth determines the span of the signal that is demodulated. It
is not the 3 dB bandwidth of the filter but the useful bandwidth which is distortion-free
with regard to phase and amplitude.

Therefore the following formulas apply:

●

AM: demodulation bandwidth ≥ 2 x modulation frequency

●

FM: demodulation bandwidth ≥ 2 x (frequency deviation + modulation frequency)

●

PM: demodulation bandwidth ≥ 2 x modulation frequency x (1 + phase deviation)

If the center frequency of the analyzer is not set exactly to the signal frequency, the
demodulation bandwidth must be increased by the carrier offset, in addition to the
requirement described above. This also applies if FM or PM AC coupling has been
selected.

In general, the demodulation bandwidth should be as narrow as possible to improve
the S/N ratio. The residual FM caused by noise floor and phase noise increases dra­matically with the bandwidth, especially with FM.

For help on determining the adequate demodulation bandwidth see "Determining the

demodulation bandwidth" on page 176.

A practical example is described in Chapter 9, "Measurement Example: Demodulating

an FM Signal", on page 170.

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Sample Rate and Demodulation Bandwidth

4.3 Sample Rate and Demodulation Bandwidth

The maximum demodulation bandwidths that can be obtained during the measure­ment, depending on the sample rate, are listed in the tables below for different demod­ulation filter types. The allowed value range of the measurement time and trigger offset
depends on the selected demodulation bandwidth and demodulation filter. If the AF fil­ter or the AF trigger are not active, the measurement time increases by 20 %.

A maximum of 24 million samples can be captured, assuming sufficient memory is
available; thus the maximum measurement time can be determined according to the
following formula:

Meas.time

The minimum trigger offset is (-Meas.time

Table 4-1: Available demodulation bandwidths and corresponding sample rates

Demodulation BW Sample Rate (Flat Top) Sample Rate (Gaussian Top)

100 Hz 122.0703125 Hz 400 Hz

200 Hz 244.140625 Hz 800 Hz

400 Hz 488.28125 Hz 1.6 kHz

= Sample count

max

/ sample rate

max

max

)

800 Hz 976.5625 Hz 3.2 kHz

1.6 kHz 1.953125 kHz 6.4 kHz

3.2 kHz 3.90625 kHz 12.8 kHz

6.4 kHz 7.8125 kHz 25.6 kHz

12.5 kHz 15.625 kHz 50 kHz

25 kHz 31.25 kHz 100 kHz

50 kHz 62.5 kHz 200 kHz

100 kHz 125 kHz 400 kHz

200 kHz 250 kHz 800 kHz

400 kHz 500 kHz 1.6 MHz

800 kHz 1 MHz 3.2 MHz

1.6 MHz 2 MHz 6.4 MHz

3 MHz 4 MHz 12 MHz

5 MHz 8 MHz 20 MHz

8 MHz 16 MHz 32 MHz

10 MHz 32 MHz 40 MHz

18 MHz*

28 MHz*

1

1)

32 MHz 72 MHz

64 MHz 112 MHz

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AF Triggers

Demodulation BW Sample Rate (Flat Top) Sample Rate (Gaussian Top)

40 MHz*

80 MHz*

160 MHz*

320 MHz

500 MHz

* Gaussian filter curve is limited by I/Q bandwidth

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

1

3)

4)

5)

6)

only available with option B28

only available with option B40

only available with option B80

only available with option B160

only available with option B320

only available with option B500

64 MHz 160 MHz

128 MHz 320 MHz

200 MHz 640 MHz

400 MHz

600 MHz

Large numbers of samples

Principally, the R&S FSW can handle up to 1.6 million samples. However, when
480001 samples are exceeded, all traces that are not currently being displayed in a
window are deactivated to improve performance. The traces can only be activated
again when the samples are reduced.

Effects of measurement time on the stability of measurement results

Despite amplitude and frequency modulation, the display of carrier power and carrier
frequency offset is stable.

This is achieved by a digital filter which sufficiently suppresses the modulation, provi­ded, however, that the measurement time is ≥ 3 x 1 / modulation frequency, i.e. that at
least three periods of the AF signal are recorded.

The mean carrier power for calculating the AM is also calculated with a digital filter that
returns stable results after a measurement time of ≥ 3 x 1 / modulation frequency, i.e.
at least three cycles of the AF signal must be recorded before a stable AM can be
shown.

4.4 AF Triggers

The Analog Demodulation application allows triggering to the demodulated signal. The
display is stable if a minimum of five modulation periods are within the recording time.

Triggering is always DC-coupled. Therefore triggering is possible directly to the point
where a specific carrier level, phase or frequency is exceeded or not attained.

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Time Domain Zoom

4.5 AF Filters

Additional filters applied after demodulation help filter out unwanted signals, or correct
pre-emphasized input signals. A CCITT filter allows you to evaluate the signal by simu­lating the characteristics of human hearing.

4.6 Time Domain Zoom

For evaluations in the time domain, the demodulated data for a particular time span
can be extracted and displayed in more detail using the "Time Domain Zoom" function.
This is useful if the measurement time is very large and thus each sweep point repre­sents a large time span. The time domain zoom function distributes the available
sweep points only among the time span defined by the zoom area length. The time
span displayed per division of the diagram is decreased. Thus, the display of the
extracted time span becomes more precise.

Figure 4-2: FM time domain measurement with a very long measurement time (200 ms)

Figure 4-3: FM time domain measurement with time domain zoom (2.0 ms per division)

The time domain zoom area affects not only the diagram display, but the entire evalua­tion for the current window.

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Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output

In contrast to the time domain zoom, the graphical zoom is available for all diagram
evaluations. However, the graphical zoom is useful only if more measured values than
trace points are available. The (time) span represented by each measurement point
remains the same.

Time domain zoom Graphical zoom

4.7 Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output

The R&S FSW can analyze signals from different input sources and provide various
types of output (such as noise or trigger signals).

4.7.1 RF Input Protection

The RF input connector of the R&S FSW must be protected against signal levels that
exceed the ranges specified in the data sheet. Therefore, the R&S FSW is equipped
with an overload protection mechanism for DC and signal frequencies up to 30 MHz.
This mechanism becomes active as soon as the power at the input mixer exceeds the
specified limit. It ensures that the connection between RF input and input mixer is cut
off.

When the overload protection is activated, an error message is displayed in the status
bar ("INPUT OVLD"), and a message box informs you that the RF Input was discon-

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nected. Furthermore, a status bit (bit 3) in the STAT:QUES:POW status register is set.
In this case you must decrease the level at the RF input connector and then close the
message box. Then measurement is possible again. Reactivating the RF input is also
possible via the remote command INPut:ATTenuation:PROTection:RESet.

4.7.2 RF Input from the Analog Baseband Connector

RF input can not only be taken from the RF INPUT connector on the R&S FSW. If the
optional Analog Baseband Interface is installed and active for input, an RF signal can
be input at the BASEBAND INPUT I connector and redirected from there to the RF
input path. A transducer is activated to compensate for the additional path of the redir­ected signal. The signal is then processed as usual in the frequency and time domain
as for any other RF input.

This is useful, for example, to perform frequency sweep measurements with (single­ended or differential) active probes, which can also be connected to the BASEBAND
INPUT I connector.

Frequency sweep measurements on probe input

You can perform RF measurements (measurements in the time or frequency domain)
by connecting a probe to the BASEBAND INPUT I connector and switching the input
source to this connector in the RF input configuration (see "Input Connector"
on page 55).

The probe's attenuation is compensated automatically by the R&S FSW using a trans­ducer named "Probe on Baseband Input I". (The probe can only be connected on I, as
only input at the I connector can be redirected to the RF path). A comment is assigned
that includes the type, name and serial number of the detected probe. The transducer
is deleted as soon as the probe is disconnected.

For details on transducers see the General Instrument Setup section in the R&S FSW
User Manual.

For more information on the BASEBAND INPUT connector (R&S FSW-B71) see the
R&S FSW R&S FSW I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.

4.7.3 Using Probes

As an alternative means of input to the R&S FSW, active probes from Rohde&Schwarz
can be connected to the optional BASEBAND INPUT connectors, if the Analog Base­band Interface (option R&S FSW-B71) is installed. These probes allow you to perform
voltage measurements very flexibly and precisely on all sorts of devices to be tested,
without interfering with the signal.

Connecting probes

Probes are automatically detected when you plug them into the upper BASEBAND
INPUT connectors on the front panel of the R&S FSW. The detected information on the

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probe is displayed in the "Probes" tab of the "Input" dialog box, individually for each
connector.

Single-ended and differential probes

Both single-ended and differential probes are supported as input; however, since only
one connector is occupied by a probe, the "Input Configuration" setting for the "Analog
Baseband" input source must be set to "Single-ended" for all probes (see "Input Con-

figuration" on page 69).

Availability of probe input

Analog baseband input from connected probes can only be analyzed in applications
that support I/Q data processing and the Analog Baseband Interface (R&S FSW-B71),
such as the I/Q Analyzer, the Analog Demodulation application, or one of the optional
applications.

Frequency sweep measurements with probes

Probes can also be used as an alternative method of providing RF input to the
R&S FSW. In this case, the probe must be connected to the BASEBAND INPUT I con­nector, and the input is redirected to the RF input path (see Chapter 4.7.2, "RF Input

from the Analog Baseband Connector", on page 31). As opposed to common RF input

processing, a transducer is activated before the common process to compensate for
the additional path of the redirected signal. Probe signals that are redirected to the RF
input path can also be analyzed in the Spectrum application of the R&S FSW base
unit. Then you can perform RF measurements (measurements in the time or frequency
domain) on the input from a probe.

Microbutton action

You can define an action to be performed by the R&S FSW when the probe's microbut­ton (if available) is pressed. Currently, a single data acquisition via the probe can be
performed simply by pressing the microbutton.

Impedance and attenuation

The measured signal from the probe is attenuated internally by the probe's specific
attenuation. For probe signals that are redirected to the RF path, the attenuation is
compensated using a transducer (see "Frequency sweep measurements on probe

input" on page 31). The reference level is adjusted automatically.

For analog baseband input, the attenuation is compensated without a transducer. In
this case, higher levels are available for the full scale level.

A fixed impedance of 50 Ω is used for all probes to convert voltage values to power
levels.

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4.7.4 Basics on External Generator Control

Some background knowledge on basic terms and principles used for external genera­tor control is provided here for a better understanding of the required configuration set­tings.

External generator control is only available in the Spectrum, I/Q Analyzer, Analog
Demodulation and Noise Figure applications.

● External Generator Connections.............................................................................33

● Overview of Supported Generators.........................................................................35

● Generator Setup Files.............................................................................................37

● Calibration Mechanism............................................................................................37

● Normalization.......................................................................................................... 38

● Reference Trace, Reference Line and Reference Level.........................................40

● Coupling the Frequencies....................................................................................... 41

● Displayed Information and Errors............................................................................43

4.7.4.1 External Generator Connections

The external generator is controlled either via a LAN connection or via the EXT. GEN.
CONTROL GPIB interface of the R&S FSW supplied with the option.

For more information on configuring interfaces see the "Remote Control Interfaces and
Protocols" section in the R&S FSW User Manual.

TTL synchronization

In addition, TTL synchronization can be used with some Rohde & Schwarz generators
connected via GPIB. The TTL interface is included in the AUX CONTROL connector of
the External Generator Control option.

Using the TTL interface allows for considerably higher measurement rates than pure
GPIB control, because the frequency stepping of the R&S FSW is directly coupled with
the frequency stepping of the generator. For details see Chapter 4.7.4.7, "Coupling the

Frequencies", on page 41.

In Figure 4-4, the connection for an R&S SMW is shown.

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R&S SMW

rear panel

BNC Trigger

BNC Blank

R&S FSW
rear panel

Figure 4-4: TTL connection for an R&S SMW generator

The external generator can be used to calibrate the data source by performing either
transmission or reflection measurements.

Transmission Measurement

This measurement yields the transmission characteristics of a two-port network. The
external generator is used as a signal source. It is connected to the input connector of
the DUT. The input of the R&S FSW is fed from the output of the DUT. A calibration
can be carried out to compensate for the effects of the test setup (e.g. frequency
response of connecting cables).

Figure 4-5: Test setup for transmission measurement

Reflection Measurement

Scalar reflection measurements can be carried out using a reflection-coefficient mea­surement bridge.

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Figure 4-6: Test setup for reflection measurement

Generated signal input

In order to use the functions of the external generator, an appropriate generator must
be connected and configured correctly. In particular, the generator output must be con­nected to the RF input of the R&S FSW.

External reference frequency

In order to enhance measurement accuracy, a common reference frequency should be
used for both the R&S FSW and the generator. If no independent 10 MHz reference
frequency is available, it is recommended that you connect the reference output of the
generator with the reference input of the R&S FSW and that you enable usage of the
external reference on the R&S FSW via "SETUP" > "Reference" > "External Refer­ence".

For more information on external references see the "Instrument Setup" section in the
R&S FSW User Manual.

Connection errors

If no external generator is connected, if the connection address is not correct, or the
generator is not ready for operation, an error message is displayed (e.g."Ext. Genera­tor TCPIP Handshake Error!", see Chapter 4.7.4.8, "Displayed Information and Errors",
on page 43).

4.7.4.2 Overview of Supported Generators

Generator type TTL support Generator type TTL support

SGS100A6 - SMP02 X

SGS100A12 - SMP03 X

SGT100A3 - SMP04 X

SGT100A6 - SMP22 X

1) Requires firmware version V2.10.x or higher on the signal generator

2) Requires firmware version V1.10.x or higher on the signal generator

3) Requires the option SMR-B11 on the signal generator

4) Requires firmware version V3.20.200 or higher on the signal generator

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Generator type TTL support Generator type TTL support

SMA01A

1)

SMA100A3 X

SMA100A6 X SMR27 X

SMB100A1 X

SMB100A12 X SMR30 X

SMB100A2 X

SMB100A20 X SMR40 X

SMB100A3 X

SMB100A40 X SMR50 X

SMBV100A3 X

SMBV100A6 X SMR60 X

SMC100A1 -

X SMR20 -

SMR20B11

SMR27B11

SMR30B11

SMR40B11

SMR50B11

SMR60B11

3)

3)

3)

3)

3)

3)

X

X

X

X

X

X

SMC100A3 - SMT02 -

SME02 X SMT03 -

SME03 X SMT06 -

SME06 X SMU02 X

SMF100A X

SMF22 X

SMF22B2 X

SMF43 X

SMF43B2 X

SMG -

SMGL -

SMU02B31

SMU03

SMU03B31

SMU04

SMU04B31

SMU06

SMU06B31

2)

2)

2)

2)

2)

2)

2)

SMGU - SMV03 -

SMH - SMW03

SMHU - SMW06

SMIQ02 X SMW20

SMIQ02B X SMW40

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

4)

X

4)

X

4)

X

4)

X

SMIQ02E - SMX -

1) Requires firmware version V2.10.x or higher on the signal generator

2) Requires firmware version V1.10.x or higher on the signal generator

3) Requires the option SMR-B11 on the signal generator

4) Requires firmware version V3.20.200 or higher on the signal generator

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Generator type TTL support Generator type TTL support

SMIQ03 X SMY01 -

SMIQ03B X SMY02 -

SMIQ03E - HP8254A -

SMIQ04B X HP8257D -

SMIQ06B X HP8340A -

SMJ03 X HP8648 -

SMJ06 X HP ESG-A Series 1000A, 2000A,

SML01 - HP ESG B Series -

SML02 -

SML03 -

1) Requires firmware version V2.10.x or higher on the signal generator

2) Requires firmware version V1.10.x or higher on the signal generator

3) Requires the option SMR-B11 on the signal generator

4) Requires firmware version V3.20.200 or higher on the signal generator

4.7.4.3 Generator Setup Files

For each signal generator type to be controlled by the R&S FSW a generator setup file
must be configured and stored on the R&S FSW. The setup file defines the frequency
and power ranges supported by the generator, as well as information required for com­munication. For the signal generators listed in Chapter 4.7.4.2, "Overview of Supported

Generators", on page 35, default setup files are provided. If necessary, these files can

be edited or duplicated for varying measurement setups or other instruments.

The existing setup files can be displayed in an editor in read-only mode directly from
the "External Generator" configuration dialog box. From there, they can be edited and
stored under a different name, and are then available on the R&S FSW.

-

3000A, 4000A

(For details see the R&S FSW User Manual).

4.7.4.4 Calibration Mechanism

A common measurement setup includes a signal generator, a device under test (DUT),
and a signal and spectrum analyzer. Therefore, it is useful to measure the attenuation
or gain caused by the cables and connectors from the signal generator and the signal
analyzer in advance. The known level offsets can then be removed from the measure­ment results in order to obtain accurate information on the DUT.

Calculating the difference between the currently measured power and a reference
trace is referred to as calibration. Thus, the measurement results from the controlled
external generator - including the inherent distortions - can be used as a reference
trace to calibrate the measurement setup.

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The inherent frequency and power level distortions can be determined by connecting
the R&S FSW to the signal generator. The R&S FSW sends a predefined list of fre­quencies to the signal generator (see also Chapter 4.7.4.7, "Coupling the Frequen-

cies", on page 41). The signal generator then sends a signal with the specified level

at each frequency in the predefined list. The R&S FSW measures the signal and deter­mines the level offsets to the expected values.

Saving calibration results

A reference dataset for the calibration results is stored internally as a table of value
pairs (frequency/level), one for each sweep point. The measured offsets can then be
used as calibration factors for subsequent measurement results.

The calibration can be performed using either transmission or reflection measure­ments. The selected type of measurement used to determine the reference trace is
included in the reference dataset.

4.7.4.5 Normalization

Once the measurement setup has been calibrated and the reference trace is available,
subsequent measurement results can be corrected according to the calibration factors,
if necessary. This is done by subtracting the reference trace from the measurement
results. This process is referred to as normalization and can be activated or deactiva­ted as required. If normalization is activated, "NOR" is displayed in the channel bar,
next to the indication that an external generator is being used ("Ext.Gen").The normal­ized trace from the calibration sweep is a constant 0 dB line, as <calibration trace> ­<reference trace> = 0.

As long as the same settings are used for measurement as for calibration, the normal­ized measurement results should not contain any inherent frequency or power distor­tions. Thus, the measured DUT values are very accurate.

Approximate normalization

As soon as any of the calibration measurement settings are changed, the stored refer­ence trace will no longer be identical to the new measurement results. However, if the
measurement settings do not deviate too much, the measurement results can still be
normalized approximately using the stored reference trace. This is indicated by the
"APX" label in the channel bar (instead of "NOR").

This is the case if one or more of the following values deviate from the calibration set­tings:

●

Coupling (RBW, VBW, SWT)

●

Reference level, RF attenuation

●

Start or stop frequency

●

Output level of external generator

●

Detector (max. peak, min. peak, sample, etc.)

●

Frequency deviation at a maximum of 1001 points within the set sweep limits (cor­responds to a doubling of the span)

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Differences in level settings between the reference trace and the current instrument
settings are taken into account automatically. If the span is reduced, a linear interpola­tion of the intermediate values is applied. If the span increases, the values at the left or
right border of the reference dataset are extrapolated to the current start or stop fre­quency, i.e. the reference dataset is extended by constant values.

Thus, the instrument settings can be changed in a wide area without giving up normali­zation. This reduces the necessity to carry out a new normalization to a minimum.

If approximation becomes too poor, however, normalization is aborted and an error
message is displayed (see Chapter 4.7.4.8, "Displayed Information and Errors",
on page 43).

The normalized trace in the display

The normalized reference trace is also displayed in the spectrum diagram, by default at
the top of the diagram (= 100% of the window height). It is indicated by a red line
labeled "NOR", followed by the current reference value. However, it can be shifted ver­tically to reflect an attenuation or gain caused by the measured DUT (see also "Shifting

the reference line (and normalized trace)" on page 40).

Restoring the calibration settings

If the measurement settings no longer match the instrument settings with which the
calibration was performed (indicated by the "APX" or no label next to "Ext.TG" in the
channel bar), you can restore the calibration settings, which are stored with the refer­ence dataset on the R&S FSW.

Storing the normalized reference trace as a transducer factor

The (inverse) normalized reference trace can also be stored as a transducer factor for
use in other R&S FSW applications that do not support external generator control. The
normalized trace data is converted to a transducer with unit dB and stored in a file with
the specified name and the suffix .trd under c:\r_s\instr\trd. The frequency
points are allocated in equidistant steps between the start and stop frequency.

This is useful, for example, to determine the effects of a particular device component
and then remove these effects from a subsequent measurement which includes this
component.

For an example see the "External Generator Control: Measurement Examples" section
in the R&S FSW User Manual.

Note that the normalized measurement data is stored, not the original reference trace!
Thus, if you store the normalized trace directly after calibration, without changing any
settings, the transducer factor will be 0 dB for the entire span (by definition of the nor­malized trace).

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4.7.4.6 Reference Trace, Reference Line and Reference Level

Reference trace

The calibration results are stored internally on the R&S FSW as a reference trace. For
each measured sweep point the offset to the expected values is determined. If normali­zation is activated, the offsets in the reference trace are removed from the current
measurement results to compensate for the inherent distortions.

Reference line

The reference line is defined by the Reference Value and Reference Position in the
"External Generator" > "Source Calibration" settings. It is similar to the Reference

Level defined in the "Amplitude" settings. However, as opposed to the reference level,

this reference line only affects the y-axis scaling in the diagram, it has no effect on the
expected input power level or the hardware settings.

The reference line determines the range and the scaling of the y-axis, just as the refer­ence level does.

The normalized reference trace (0 dB directly after calibration) is displayed on this ref­erence line, indicated by a red line in the diagram. By default, the reference line is dis­played at the top of the diagram. If you shift the reference line, the normalized trace is
shifted, as well.

Shifting the reference line (and normalized trace)

You can shift the reference line - and thus the normalized trace - in the result display
by changing the Reference Position or the Reference Value.

Figure 4-7: Shifted reference line

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Offset

rDenominato

Numerator

RFFreq Source 

Measurement Basics

Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output

If the DUT inserts a gain or an attenuation in the measurement, this effect can be
reflected in the result display on the R&S FSW. To reflect a power offset in the mea­surement trace, change the Reference Value.

4.7.4.7 Coupling the Frequencies

As described in Chapter 4.7.4.5, "Normalization", on page 38, normalized measure­ment results are very accurate as long as the same settings are used as for calibration.
Although approximate normalization is possible, it is important to consider the required
frequencies for calibration in advance. The frequencies and levels supported by the
connected signal generator are provided for reference with the interface configuration.

Two different methods are available to define the frequencies for calibration, that is to
couple the frequencies of the R&S FSW with those of the signal generator:

●

Manual coupling: a single frequency is defined

●

Automatic coupling: a series of frequencies is defined (one for each sweep
point), based on the current frequency at the RF input of the R&S FSW; the RF fre­quency range covers the currently defined span of the R&S FSW (unless limited by
the range of the signal generator)

Automatic coupling

If automatic coupling is used, the output frequency of the generator (source frequency)
is calculated as follows:

Equation 4-1: Output frequency of the generator

Where:

F

Generator

F

Analyzer

= output frequency of the generator

= current frequency at the RF input of the R&S FSW

Numerator = multiplication factor for the current analyzer frequency

Denominator = division factor for the current analyzer frequency

F

= frequency offset for the current analyzer frequency, for example for frequency-

Offset

converting measurements or harmonics measurements

The value range for the offset depends on the selected generator. The default setting
is 0 Hz. Offsets other than 0 Hz are indicated by the "FRQ" label in the channel bar
(see also Chapter 4.7.4.8, "Displayed Information and Errors", on page 43).

Swept frequency range

The F

values for the calibration sweep start with the start frequency and end with

Analyzer

the stop frequency defined in the "Frequency" settings of the R&S FSW. The resulting
output frequencies (Result Frequency Start and Result Frequency Stop) are displayed
in the "External Generator" > "Measurement Configuration" for reference.

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If the resulting frequency range exceeds the allowed ranges of the signal generator, an
error message is displayed (see Chapter 4.7.4.8, "Displayed Information and Errors",
on page 43) and the Result Frequency Start and Result Frequency Stop values are
corrected to comply with the range limits.

The calibration sweep nevertheless covers the entire span defined by the R&S FSW;
however, no input is received from the generator outside the generator's defined limits.

TTL synchronization

Some Rohde & Schwarz signal generators support TTL synchronization when connec­ted via GPIB. The TTL interface is included in the AUX CONTROL connector of the
External Generator Control option.

When pure GPIB connections are used between the R&S FSW and the signal genera­tor, the R&S FSW sets the generator frequency for each frequency point individually
via GPIB, and only when the setting procedure is finished, the R&S FSW can measure
the next sweep point.

For generators with a TTL interface, the R&S FSW sends a list of the frequencies to be
set to the generator before the beginning of the first sweep. Then the R&S FSW starts
the sweep and the next frequency point is selected by both the R&S FSW and the gen­erator using the TTL handshake line "TRIGGER". The R&S FSW can only measure a
value when the generator signals the end of the setting procedure via the "BLANK"
signal.

Using the TTL interface allows for considerably higher measurement rates than pure
GPIB control, because the frequency stepping of the R&S FSW is directly coupled with
the frequency stepping of the generator.

Reverse sweep

The frequency offset for automatic coupling can be used to sweep in the reverse direc­tion. To do so, define a negative offset in the external generator measurement configu­ration. (Note that the frequency is defined as the unsigned value of the equation, thus a
negative frequency is not possible.)

Example: Example for reverse sweep

F

AnalyzerStart

F

AnalyzerStop

F

Offset

= 100 MHz
= 200 MHz

= -300 MHz

Numerator = Denominator = 1
→F

GeneratorStart

→F

GeneratorStop

= 200 MHz
= 100 MHz

If the offset is adjusted so that the sweep of the generator crosses the minimum gener­ator frequency, a message is displayed in the status bar ("Reverse Sweep via min. Ext.
Generator Frequency!").

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Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output

Example: Example for reverse sweep via minimum frequency

F

AnalyzerStart

F

AnalyzerStop

F

Offset

F

min

= 100 MHz
= 200 MHz

= -150 MHz

= 20 MHz

Numerator = Denominator = 1
→F

GeneratorStart

→F

GeneratorStop

= 50 MHz
= 50 MHz via F

min

4.7.4.8 Displayed Information and Errors

Channel bar

If external generator control is active, some additional information is displayed in the
channel bar.

Label Description

EXT TG: <source power> External generator active; signal sent with <source power> level

LVL Power Offset (see "Source Offset" on page 74

FRQ Frequency Offset (see "(Automatic) Source Frequency (Numerator/Denomi-

nator/Offset)" on page 75

NOR Normalization on;

No difference between reference setting and measurement

APX (approximation) Normalization on;

Deviation from the reference setting occurs

- Aborted normalization or no calibration performed yet

Error and status messages

The following status and error messages may occur during external generator control.

Message Description

"Ext. Generator GPIB Handshake Error!" /
"Ext. Generator TCPIP Handshake Error!" /
"Ext. Generator TTL Handshake Error!"

"Ext. Generator Limits Exceeded!" The allowed frequency or power ranges for the generator

"Reverse Sweep via min. Ext. Generator Fre­quency!"

"Ext. Generator File Syntax Error!" Syntax error in the generator setup file (see Chap-

Connection to the generator is not possible, e.g. due to a
cable damage or loose connection or wrong address.

were exceeded.

Reverse sweep is performed; frequencies are reduced to
the minimum frequency, then increased again; see

"Reverse sweep" on page 42

ter 4.7.4.3, "Generator Setup Files", on page 37

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Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output

Message Description

"Ext. Generator Command Error!" Missing or wrong command in the generator setup file

(see Chapter 4.7.4.3, "Generator Setup Files",
on page 37

"Ext. Generator Visa Error!" Error with Visa driver provided with installation (very

unlikely)

Overloading

At a reference level of -10 dBm and at an external generator output level of the same
value, the R&S FSW operates without overrange reserve. That means the R&S FSW is
in danger of being overloaded if a signal is applied whose amplitude is higher than the
reference line. In this case, either the message "RF OVLD" for overload or "IF OVLD"
for exceeded display range (clipping of the trace at the upper diagram border = over­range) is displayed in the status line.

Overloading can be avoided as follows:

●

Reducing the output level of the external generator ("Source Power" on page 74
in "External Generator > Measurement Configuration")

●

Increasing the reference level (Reference Level in the "Amplitude" menu)

4.7.5 Output for Noise Sources

The R&S FSW provides a connector (NOISE SOURCE CONTROL) with a voltage sup­ply for an external noise source. By switching the supply voltage for an external noise
source on or off in the firmware, you can activate or deactive the device as required.

External noise sources are useful when you are measuring power levels that fall below
the noise floor of the R&S FSW itself, for example when measuring the noise level of
an amplifier.

In this case, you can first connect an external noise source (whose noise power level is
known in advance) to the R&S FSW and measure the total noise power. From this
value you can determine the noise power of the R&S FSW. Then when you measure
the power level of the actual DUT, you can deduct the known noise level from the total
power to obtain the power level of the DUT.

The noise source is controlled in the "Output" settings, see "Noise Source Control"
on page 127

4.7.6 Receiving and Providing Trigger Signals

Using one of the TRIGGER INPUT / OUTPUT connectors of the R&S FSW, the
R&S FSW can use a signal from an external device as a trigger to capture data. Alter­natively, the internal trigger signal used by the R&S FSW can be output for use by

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Measurement Basics

Analog Demodulation in MSRA/MSRT Operating Mode

other connected devices. Using the same trigger on several devices is useful to syn­chronize the transmitted and received signals within a measurement.

For details on the connectors see the R&S FSW "Getting Started" manual.

External trigger as input

If the trigger signal for the R&S FSW is provided by an external device, the trigger sig­nal source must be connected to the R&S FSW and the trigger source must be defined
as "External" in the R&S FSW.

External triggers with R&S FSW-B2000

When the input is provided from an R&S FSW with the B2000 option, the connected
oscilloscope samples the data. Thus, triggering is also processed by the oscilloscope.
The trigger source can be either the IF level or an external trigger, for example from
the R&S FSW.

In this case, the trigger source must be defined as "External CH3" in the R&S FSW.

Trigger output

The R&S FSW can provide output to another device either to pass on the internal trig­ger signal, or to indicate that the R&S FSW itself is ready to trigger.

The trigger signal can be output by the R&S FSW automatically, or manually by the
user. If it is provided automatically, a high signal is output when the R&S FSW has trig­gered due to a sweep start ("Device Triggered"), or when the R&S FSW is ready to
receive a trigger signal after a sweep start ("Trigger Armed").

Manual triggering

If the trigger output signal is initiated manually, the length and level (high/low) of the
trigger pulse is also user-definable. Note, however, that the trigger pulse level is
always opposite to the constant signal level defined by the output "Level" setting, e.g.
for "Level = High", a constant high signal is output to the connector until the "Send
Trigger" button is selected. Then, a low pulse is provided.

4.8 Analog Demodulation in MSRA/MSRT Operating Mode

The Analog Demodulation application can also be used to analyze data in MSRA or
MSRT operating mode. The main difference between the two modes is that in MSRA

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Measurement Basics

Analog Demodulation in MSRA/MSRT Operating Mode

mode, an I/Q analyzer performs data acquisition, while in MSRT mode, a real-time
measurement is performed to capture data.

In MSRA/MSRT operating mode, only the MSRA/MSRT Master actually captures data;
the data acquisition settings for an Analog Demodulation application channel in MSRA/
MSRT mode configure the analysis interval, not an actual data capture from the input
signal.

In addition, a capture offset can be defined, i.e. an offset from the start of the captured
data to the start of the analysis interval for Analog Demodulation.

The currently used analysis interval (in seconds, related to measurement start) is indi­cated in the window header for each result display.

Analysis line

A frequent question when analyzing multi-standard signals is how each data channel is
correlated (in time) to others. Thus, an analysis line has been introduced. The analysis
line is a common time marker for all MSRA slave applications. It can be positioned in
any MSRA slave application or the MSRA Master and is then adjusted in all other slave
applications. Thus, you can easily analyze the results at a specific time in the measure­ment in all slave applications and determine correlations.

If the marked point in time is contained in the analysis interval of the slave application,
the line is indicated in all time-based result displays, such as time, symbol, slot or bit
diagrams. By default, the analysis line is displayed, however, it can be hidden from
view manually. In all result displays, the "AL" label in the window title bar indicates
whether the analysis line lies within the analysis interval or not:

●

orange "AL": the line lies within the interval

●

white "AL": the line lies within the interval, but is not displayed (hidden)

●

no "AL": the line lies outside the interval

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Measurement Basics

Analog Demodulation in MSRA/MSRT Operating Mode

For details on the MSRA operating mode see the R&S FSW MSRA User Manual. For
details on the MSRT operating mode see the R&S FSW Real-Time Spectrum Applica­tion and MSRT Operating Mode User Manual.

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Configuration

Configuration Overview

5 Configuration

Access: MODE > "Analog Demod"

Analog demodulation measurements require a special application on the R&S FSW.

When you activate an Analog Demodulation application the first time, a set of parame­ters is passed on from the currently active application. After initial setup, the parame­ters for the measurement channel are stored upon exiting and restored upon re-enter­ing the channel. Thus, you can switch between applications quickly and easily.

When you activate the Analog Demodulation application, an Analog Demodulation
measurement for the input signal is started automatically with the default configuration.
The "Analog Demod" menu is displayed and provides access to the most important
configuration functions.

The remote commands required to perform these tasks are described in Chapter 11,

"Remote Commands for Analog Demodulation Measurements", on page 177.

Predefined settings

For commonly performed measurements, standard setup files are provided for quick
and easy configuration. Simply load an existing standard settings file and, if necessary,
adapt the measurement settings to your specific requirements.

For an overview of predefined standards and settings see Chapter A.1, "Predefined

Standards and Settings", on page 379.

● Configuration Overview...........................................................................................48

● Configuration According to Digital Standards......................................................... 51

● Input and Frontend Settings....................................................................................52

● Trigger Configuration.............................................................................................. 96

● Data Acquisition.................................................................................................... 105

● Demodulation Display........................................................................................... 109

● Demodulation........................................................................................................110

● Output Settings..................................................................................................... 126

● Automatic Settings................................................................................................ 129

5.1 Configuration Overview

Access: "Meas Config" > "Overview"

Using the R&S FSW Analog Demodulation application you can perform analog demod­ulation using predefined standard setting files, or independently of digital standards
using user-defined measurement settings. Such settings can be stored for recurrent
use.

Thus, configuring Analog Demodulation measurements requires one of the following
tasks:

●

Selecting an existing standard settings file and, if necessary, adapting the mea­surement settings to your specific requirements.

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Configuration

Configuration Overview

●

Configuring the measurement settings and, if necessary, storing the settings in a
file.

"Overview" window

Throughout the measurement channel configuration, an overview of the most important
currently defined settings is provided in the "Overview".

In addition to the main measurement settings, the "Overview" provides quick access to
the main settings dialog boxes. The individual configuration steps are displayed in the
order of the data flow.

In particular, the "Overview" provides quick access to the following configuration dialog
boxes (listed in the recommended order of processing):

1. Input/Frontend

See Chapter 5.3, "Input and Frontend Settings", on page 52

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Configuration

Configuration Overview

2. Trigger

See Chapter 5.4, "Trigger Configuration", on page 96

3. Data Acquisition

See Chapter 5.5, "Data Acquisition", on page 105

4. Demod/Display

See Chapter 5.6, "Demodulation Display", on page 109

5. Demodulation Settings

See Chapter 5.7, "Demodulation", on page 110

6. Analysis

See Chapter 6, "Analysis", on page 133

7. (Optionally:) Outputs

See Chapter 5.8.1, "Output Settings", on page 126

To configure settings

► Select any button in the "Overview" to open the corresponding dialog box.

Select a setting in the channel bar (at the top of the measurement channel tab) to
change a specific setting.

Preset Channel

Select the Channel button in the lower lefthand corner of the "Overview" to restore all
measurement settings in the current channel to their default values.

Do not confuse the Channel button with the PRESET key, which restores the entire
instrument to its default values and thus closes all measurement channels on the
R&S FSW (except for the default Spectrum application channel)!

Remote command:

SYSTem:PRESet:CHANnel[:EXEC] on page 186

Setup Standard

Opens a file selection dialog box to select a predefined setup file. See "Setup Stan-

dard" on page 51.

Specifics for

The measurement channel may contain several windows for different results. Thus, the
settings indicated in the "Overview" and configured in the dialog boxes vary depending
on the selected window.

Select an active window from the "Specifics for" selection list that is displayed in the
"Overview" and in all window-specific configuration dialog boxes.

The "Overview" and dialog boxes are updated to indicate the settings for the selected
window.

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Configuration

Configuration According to Digital Standards

5.2 Configuration According to Digital Standards

Access: "Overview" > "Setup Standard"

Various predefined settings files for common digital standards are provided for use with
the Analog Demodulation application. In addition, you can create your own settings
files for user-specific measurements.

For details on which settings are defined and an overview of predefined standards see

Chapter A.1, "Predefined Standards and Settings", on page 379.

Setup Standard............................................................................................................. 51

└ Selecting the Storage Location - Drive/ Path/ Files........................................ 51

└ File Name........................................................................................................51

└ Load Standard................................................................................................ 52

└ Save Standard................................................................................................ 52

└ Delete Standard..............................................................................................52

└ Restore Standard Files................................................................................... 52

Setup Standard

Opens a file selection dialog box to select a predefined setup file. The predefined set­tings are configured in the R&S FSW Analog Demodulation application. This allows for
quick and easy configuration for commonly performed measurements.

Selecting the Storage Location - Drive/ Path/ Files ← Setup Standard

Select the storage location of the file on the instrument or an external drive.
The "Drive" indicates the internal (C:) or any connected external drives (e.g. a USB

storage device).
The "Path" contains the drive and the complete file path to the currently selected

folder.
The "Files" list contains all subfolders and files of the currently selected path.
The default storage location for the settings files is:

C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\predefined\AdemodPredefined.
Note: Saving instrument settings in secure user mode.

In secure user mode, settings that are stored on the instrument are stored to volatile
memory, which is restricted to 256 MB. Thus, a "Memory full" error can occur although
the hard disk indicates that storage space is still available.

To store data permanently, select an external storage location such as a USB memory
device.

For details, see "Protecting Data Using the Secure User Mode" in the "Data Manage­ment" section of the R&S FSW User Manual.

File Name ← Setup Standard

Contains the name of the data file without the path or extension.
For details on the file name and location, see the "Data Management" topic in the

R&S FSW User Manual.

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Input and Frontend Settings

Load Standard ← Setup Standard

Loads the selected measurement settings file.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADEMod<n>:PRESet[:STANdard] on page 187

Save Standard ← Setup Standard

Saves the current measurement settings for a specific standard as a file with the
defined name.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADEMod<n>:PRESet:STORe on page 188

Delete Standard ← Setup Standard

Deletes the selected standard. Standards predefined by Rohde & Schwarz can also be
deleted. A confirmation query is displayed to avoid unintentional deletion of the stan­dard.

Note: Restoring predefined standard files. The standards predefined by Rohde &
Schwarz available at the time of delivery can be restored using the "Restore Stand­ards" function (see "Restore Standard Files" on page 52).

Restore Standard Files ← Setup Standard

Restores the standards predefined by Rohde & Schwarz available at the time of deliv­ery.

Note that this function will overwrite customized standards that have the same name
as predefined standards.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADEMod<n>:PRESet:RESTore on page 188

5.3 Input and Frontend Settings

Access: "Overview" > "Input/ Frontend"

The source and characteristics of the input signal to be demodulated are configured in
the "Input and Frontend Settings" dialog box.

For background information on working with power sensors, see the R&S FSW User
Manual.

● Input Source Settings..............................................................................................52

● Power Sensor..........................................................................................................83

● Amplitude................................................................................................................ 87

● Frequency............................................................................................................... 95

5.3.1 Input Source Settings

Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source"

The input source determines which data the R&S FSW will analyze.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

The default input source for the R&S FSW is "Radio Frequency", i.e. the signal at the
RF INPUT connector of the R&S FSW. If no additional options are installed, this is the
only available input source.

Since the Digital I/Q input and the Analog Baseband input use the same digital signal
path, both cannot be used simultaneously. When one is activated, established connec­tions for the other are disconnected. When the second input is deactivated, connec­tions to the first are re-established. This may cause a short delay in data transfer after
switching the input source.

External mixers are not supported in MSRA/MSRT mode.

● Radio Frequency Input............................................................................................53

● External Mixer Settings........................................................................................... 55

● Digital I/Q Input Settings......................................................................................... 65

● Analog Baseband Input Settings.............................................................................68

● Probe Settings.........................................................................................................70

● External Generator Control Settings....................................................................... 71

● Settings for 2 GHz Bandwidth Extension (R&S FSW-B2000).................................79

5.3.1.1 Radio Frequency Input

Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source" > "Radio Frequency"

Radio Frequency State................................................................................................. 53

Input Coupling...............................................................................................................54

Direct Path.................................................................................................................... 54

High-Pass Filter 1...3 GHz............................................................................................ 54

YIG-Preselector.............................................................................................................55

Input Connector.............................................................................................................55

Radio Frequency State

Activates input from the RF INPUT connector.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Remote command:

INPut:SELect on page 191

Input Coupling

The RF input of the R&S FSW can be coupled by alternating current (AC) or direct cur­rent (DC).

This function is not available for input from the optional Digital Baseband Interface or
from the optional Analog Baseband Interface.

AC coupling blocks any DC voltage from the input signal. This is the default setting to
prevent damage to the instrument. Very low frequencies in the input signal may be dis­torted.

However, some specifications require DC coupling. In this case, you must protect the
instrument from damaging DC input voltages manually. For details, refer to the data
sheet.

Remote command:

INPut:COUPling on page 189

Direct Path

Enables or disables the use of the direct path for small frequencies.
In spectrum analyzers, passive analog mixers are used for the first conversion of the

input signal. In such mixers, the LO signal is coupled into the IF path due to its limited
isolation. The coupled LO signal becomes visible at the RF frequency 0 Hz. This effect
is referred to as LO feedthrough.

To avoid the LO feedthrough the spectrum analyzer provides an alternative signal path
to the A/D converter, referred to as the direct path. By default, the direct path is
selected automatically for RF frequencies close to zero. However, this behavior can be
deactivated. If "Direct Path" is set to "Off", the spectrum analyzer always uses the ana­log mixer path.

"Auto"

"Off"
Remote command:

INPut:DPATh on page 190

High-Pass Filter 1...3 GHz

Activates an additional internal high-pass filter for RF input signals from 1 GHz to
3 GHz. This filter is used to remove the harmonics of the analyzer to measure the har­monics for a DUT, for example.

This function requires an additional hardware option.
(Note: for RF input signals outside the specified range, the high-pass filter has no

effect. For signals with a frequency of approximately 4 GHz upwards, the harmonics
are suppressed sufficiently by the YIG-preselector, if available.)

Remote command:

INPut:FILTer:HPASs[:STATe] on page 190

(Default) The direct path is used automatically for frequencies close
to zero.

The analog mixer path is always used.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

YIG-Preselector

Activates or deactivates the YIG-preselector, if available on the R&S FSW.
An internal YIG-preselector at the input of the R&S FSW ensures that image frequen-

cies are rejected. However, this is only possible for a restricted bandwidth. To use the
maximum bandwidth for signal analysis you can deactivate the YIG-preselector at the
input of the R&S FSW, which can lead to image-frequency display.

Note that the YIG-preselector is active only on frequencies greater than 8 GHz. There­fore, switching the YIG-preselector on or off has no effect if the frequency is below that
value.

Remote command:

INPut:FILTer:YIG[:STATe] on page 190

Input Connector

Determines whether the RF input data is taken from the RF INPUT connector (default)
or the optional BASEBAND INPUT I connector. This setting is only available if the
optional Analog Baseband Interface is installed and active for input. It is not available
for the R&S FSW67 or R&S FSW85.

For more information on the Analog Baseband Interface (R&S FSW-B71), see the
R&S FSW I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.

Remote command:

INPut:CONNector on page 189

5.3.1.2 External Mixer Settings

Access: INPUT/OUTPUT > "External Mixer Config"

If installed, the optional external mixer can be configured from the R&S FSW Analog
Demodulation application.

Note that external mixers are not supported in MSRA / MSRT mode.

For details on using external mixers, see the R&S FSW User Manual.

● Mixer Settings......................................................................................................... 55

● Basic Settings......................................................................................................... 59

● Managing Conversion Loss Tables.........................................................................61

● Creating and Editing Conversion Loss Tables........................................................62

Mixer Settings

Access: INPUT/OUTPUT > "External Mixer Config" > "Mixer Settings"

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

External Mixer State......................................................................................................56

RF Start / RF Stop.........................................................................................................56

Handover Freq.............................................................................................................. 57

Band..............................................................................................................................57

RF Overrange............................................................................................................... 57

Preset Band.................................................................................................................. 57

Mixer Type.................................................................................................................... 57

Mixer Settings (Harmonics Configuration).................................................................... 58

└ Range 1/2....................................................................................................... 58

└ Harmonic Type................................................................................................58

└ Harmonic Order.............................................................................................. 58

└ Conversion loss.............................................................................................. 58

External Mixer State

Activates or deactivates the external mixer for input. If activated, "ExtMix" is indicated
in the channel bar of the application, together with the used band (see "Band"
on page 57).

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer[:STATe] on page 192

RF Start / RF Stop

Displays the start and stop frequency of the selected band (read-only).
The frequency range for the user-defined band is defined via the harmonics configura-

tion (see "Range 1/2" on page 58).
For details on available frequency ranges, see table 11-3 on page 196.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:FREQuency:STARt? on page 195
[SENSe:]MIXer:FREQuency:STOP? on page 195

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Handover Freq.

If due to the LO frequency the conversion of the input signal is not possible using one
harmonic, the band must be split. An adjacent, partially overlapping frequency range
can be defined using different harmonics (see "Mixer Settings (Harmonics Configura-

tion)" on page 58). In this case, the sweep begins using the harmonic defined for the

first range. At the specified "handover frequency" in the overlapping range, it switches
to the harmonic for the second range.

The handover frequency can be selected freely within the overlapping frequency
range.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:FREQuency:HANDover on page 194

Band

Defines the waveguide frequency band or user-defined frequency band to be used by
the mixer.

The start and stop frequencies of the selected band are displayed in the "RF Start" and
"RF Stop" fields.

For a definition of the frequency range for the pre-defined bands, see table 11-3 on

page 196.

The mixer settings for the user-defined band can be selected freely. The frequency
range for the user-defined band is defined via the harmonics configuration (see "Range

1/2" on page 58).

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:HARMonic:BAND on page 195

RF Overrange

In some cases, the harmonics defined for a specific band allow for an even larger fre­quency range than the band requires. By default, the pre-defined range is used. How­ever, you can take advantage of the extended frequency range by overriding the
defined "RF Start" and "RF Stop" frequencies by the maximum values.

If "RF Overrange" is enabled, the frequency range is not restricted by the band limits
("RF Start" and "RF Stop"). In this case, the full frequency range that can be reached
using the selected harmonics is used.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:RFOVerrange[:STATe] on page 198

Preset Band

Restores the presettings for the selected band.
Note: changes to the band and mixer settings are maintained even after using the

PRESET function. This function allows you to restore the original band settings.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:HARMonic:BAND:PRESet on page 195

Mixer Type

The External Mixer option supports the following external mixer types:
"2 Port"

LO and IF data use the same port

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

"3 Port"
Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:PORTs on page 198

Mixer Settings (Harmonics Configuration)

The harmonics configuration determines the frequency range for user-defined bands
(see "Band" on page 57).

Range 1/2 ← Mixer Settings (Harmonics Configuration)

Enables the use of one or two frequency ranges, where the second range is based on
another harmonic frequency of the mixer to cover the band's frequency range.

For each range, you can define which harmonic to use and how the Conversion loss is
handled.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:HARMonic:HIGH:STATe on page 196

Harmonic Type ← Mixer Settings (Harmonics Configuration)

Defines if only even, only odd, or even and odd harmonics can be used for conversion.
Depending on this selection, the order of harmonic to be used for conversion changes
(see "Harmonic Order" on page 58). Which harmonics are supported depends on the
mixer type.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:HARMonic:TYPE on page 197

LO and IF data use separate ports

Harmonic Order ← Mixer Settings (Harmonics Configuration)

Defines which order of the harmonic of the LO frequencies is used to cover the fre­quency range.

By default, the lowest order of the specified harmonic type is selected that allows con­version of input signals in the whole band. If due to the LO frequency the conversion is
not possible using one harmonic, the band is split.

For the "USER" band, you define the order of harmonic yourself. The order of har­monic can be between 2 and 61, the lowest usable frequency being 26.5 GHz.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:HARMonic[:LOW] on page 197
[SENSe:]MIXer:HARMonic:HIGH[:VALue] on page 196

Conversion loss ← Mixer Settings (Harmonics Configuration)

Defines how the conversion loss is handled. The following methods are available:
"Average"

Defines the average conversion loss for the entire frequency range in
dB.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

"Table"

Remote command:
Average for range 1:

[SENSe:]MIXer:LOSS[:LOW] on page 198

Table for range 1:

[SENSe:]MIXer:LOSS:TABLe[:LOW] on page 198

Average for range 2:

[SENSe:]MIXer:LOSS:HIGH on page 197

Table for range 2:

[SENSe:]MIXer:LOSS:TABLe:HIGH on page 197

Basic Settings

Access: INPUT/OUTPUT > "External Mixer Config" > "Basic Settings"

Defines the conversion loss via the table selected from the list. Pre­defined conversion loss tables are often provided with the external
mixer and can be imported to the R&S FSW. Alternatively, you can
define your own conversion loss tables. Imported tables are checked
for compatibility with the current settings before being assigned.
Conversion loss tables are configured and managed in the Conver-

sion Loss Table tab.

For details on conversion loss tables, see the External Mixer descrip­tion in the R&S FSW User Manual.
For details on importing tables, see "Import Table" on page 62.

The basic settings concern general use of an external mixer. They are only available if
the External Mixer State is "On".

LO Level........................................................................................................................59

Signal ID........................................................................................................................60

Auto ID.......................................................................................................................... 60

Auto ID Threshold......................................................................................................... 60

Bias Settings................................................................................................................. 60

└ Write to <CVL table name>.............................................................................61

LO Level

Defines the LO level of the external mixer's LO port. Possible values are from

13.0 dBm to 17.0 dBm in 0.1 dB steps. Default value is 15.5 dB.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:LOPower on page 193

Signal ID

Activates or deactivates visual signal identification. Two sweeps are performed alter­nately. Trace 1 shows the trace measured on the upper side band (USB) of the LO (the
test sweep). Trace 2 shows the trace measured on the lower side band (LSB), i.e. the
reference sweep.

Note that automatic signal identification is only available for measurements that per­form frequency sweeps (not in the VSA, the I/Q Analyzer, or the Real-Time Spectrum
application, for instance).

Mathematical functions with traces and trace copy cannot be used with the Signal ID
function.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:SIGNal on page 193

Auto ID

Activates or deactivates automatic signal identification.
Auto ID basically functions like Signal ID. However, the test and reference sweeps are

converted into a single trace by a comparison of maximum peak values of each sweep
point. The result of this comparison is displayed in trace 3 if "Signal ID" is active at the
same time. If "Signal ID" is not active, the result can be displayed in any of the traces 1
to 3. Unwanted mixer products are suppressed in this calculated trace.

Note that automatic signal identification is only available for measurements that per­form frequency sweeps (not in vector signal analysis or the I/Q Analyzer, for instance).

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:SIGNal on page 193

Auto ID Threshold

Defines the maximum permissible level difference between test sweep and reference
sweep to be corrected during automatic comparison ("Auto ID" on page 60 function).
The input range is between 0.1 dB and 100 dB. Values of about 10 dB (i.e. default set­ting) generally yield satisfactory results.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:THReshold on page 194

Bias Settings

Define the bias current for each range, which is required to set the mixer to its optimum
operating point. It corresponds to the short-circuit current. The bias current can range
from -10 mA to 10 mA. The actual bias current is lower because of the forward voltage
of the mixer diode(s).

Tip: The trace in the currently active result display (if applicable) is adapted to the set­tings immediately so you can check the results.

To store the bias setting in the currently selected conversion loss table, select the

Write to <CVL table name> button.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Remote command:

[SENSe:]MIXer:BIAS[:LOW] on page 193
[SENSe:]MIXer:BIAS:HIGH on page 192

Write to <CVL table name> ← Bias Settings

Stores the bias setting in the currently selected "Conversion loss table" for the range
(see "Managing Conversion Loss Tables" on page 61). If no conversion loss table is
selected yet, this function is not available ("CVL Table not selected").

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:BIAS on page 199

Managing Conversion Loss Tables

Access: INPUT/OUTPUT > "External Mixer Config" > "Conversion Loss Table"

In this tab, you configure and manage conversion loss tables. Conversion loss tables
consist of value pairs that describe the correction values for conversion loss at certain
frequencies. The correction values for frequencies between the reference points are
obtained via interpolation.

The currently selected table for each range is displayed at the top of the dialog box. All
conversion loss tables found in the instrument's C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\ direc­tory are listed in the "Modify Tables" list.

New Table.....................................................................................................................61

Edit Table......................................................................................................................62

Delete Table..................................................................................................................62

Import Table..................................................................................................................62

New Table

Opens the "Edit Conversion loss table" dialog box to configure a new conversion loss
table. For details on table configuration, see "Creating and Editing Conversion Loss

Tables" on page 62.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:SELect on page 202

Edit Table

Opens the "Edit Conversion loss table" dialog box to edit the selected conversion loss
table. For details on table configuration, see "Creating and Editing Conversion Loss

Tables" on page 62.

Note that only common conversion loss tables (in .acl files) can be edited. Special
B2000 tables (in b2g files) can only be imported and deleted.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:SELect on page 202

Delete Table

Deletes the currently selected conversion loss table after you confirm the action.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:CLEAr on page 200

Import Table

Imports a stored conversion loss table from any directory and copies it to the instru­ment's C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\ directory. It can then be assigned for use for a
specific frequency range (see "Conversion loss" on page 58).

Note: When using the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (R&S FSW-B2000), special
conversion loss tables are required. Supported tables have the file extension .b2g, as
opposed to .acl for common tables.
While .acl files can be used, data acquisition with the B2000 option using such con­version loss tables will lead to substantial inaccuracy. Using no conversion loss tables
at all during data acquisition with the B2000 option will cause even more inaccuracy.

Note that only common conversion loss tables (in .acl files) can be edited. Special
B2000 tables (in b2g files) can only be imported and deleted.

For more details, see the R&S FSW I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.

Creating and Editing Conversion Loss Tables

Access: INPUT/OUTPUT > "External Mixer Config" > "Conversion Loss Table" > "New

Table" / "Edit Table"

Conversion loss tables can be newly defined and edited.

A preview pane displays the current configuration of the conversion loss function as
described by the position/value entries.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

File Name......................................................................................................................63

Comment.......................................................................................................................64

Band..............................................................................................................................64

Harmonic Order.............................................................................................................64

Bias............................................................................................................................... 64

Mixer Name...................................................................................................................64

Mixer S/N...................................................................................................................... 64

Mixer Type.................................................................................................................... 65

Position/Value............................................................................................................... 65

Insert Value...................................................................................................................65

Delete Value..................................................................................................................65

Shift x............................................................................................................................ 65

Shift y............................................................................................................................ 65

Save..............................................................................................................................65

File Name

Defines the name under which the table is stored in the C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\
directory on the instrument. The name of the table is identical with the name of the file
(without extension) in which the table is stored. This setting is mandatory. The .ACL
extension is automatically appended during storage.

Note: When using the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (R&S FSW-B2000), special
conversion loss tables are required. These tables are stored with the file exten­sion .b2g.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:SELect on page 202

Comment

An optional comment that describes the conversion loss table. The comment is user­definable.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:COMMent on page 200

Band

The waveguide or user-defined band to which the table applies. This setting is checked
against the current mixer setting before the table can be assigned to the range.

For a definition of the frequency range for the pre-defined bands, see table 11-3 on

page 196.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:BAND on page 199

Harmonic Order

The harmonic order of the range to which the table applies. This setting is checked
against the current mixer setting before the table can be assigned to the range.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:HARMonic on page 201

Bias

The bias current which is required to set the mixer to its optimum operating point. It
corresponds to the short-circuit current. The bias current can range from -10 mA to
10 mA. The actual bias current is lower because of the forward voltage of the mixer
diode(s).

Tip: You can also define the bias interactively while a preview of the trace with the
changed setting is displayed, see "Bias Settings" on page 60.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:BIAS on page 199

Mixer Name

Specifies the name of the external mixer to which the table applies. This setting is
checked against the current mixer setting before the table can be assigned to the
range.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:MIXer on page 201

Mixer S/N

Specifies the serial number of the external mixer to which the table applies.
The specified number is checked against the currently connected mixer number before

the table can be assigned to the range.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:SNUMber on page 202

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Mixer Type

Specifies whether the external mixer to which the table applies is a two-port or three­port type. This setting is checked against the current mixer setting before the table can
be assigned to the range.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:PORTs on page 202

Position/Value

Each position/value pair defines the conversion loss value in dB for a specific fre­quency. The reference values must be entered in order of increasing frequencies. A
maximum of 50 reference values can be entered. To enter a new value pair, select an
empty space in the "Position/Value" table, or select the Insert Value button.

Correction values for frequencies between the reference values are interpolated. Lin­ear interpolation is performed if the table contains only two values. If it contains more
than two reference values, spline interpolation is carried out. Outside the frequency
range covered by the table, the conversion loss is assumed to be the same as that for
the first and last reference value.

The current configuration of the conversion loss function as described by the position/
value entries is displayed in the preview pane to the right of the table.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:DATA on page 201

Insert Value

Inserts a new position/value entry in the table.
If the table is empty, a new entry at 0 Hz is inserted.
If entries already exist, a new entry is inserted above the selected entry. The position

of the new entry is selected such that it divides the span to the previous entry in half.

Delete Value

Deletes the currently selected position/value entry.

Shift x

Shifts all positions in the table by a specific value. The value can be entered in the edit
dialog box. The conversion loss function in the preview pane is shifted along the x-axis.

Shift y

Shifts all conversion loss values by a specific value. The value can be entered in the
edit dialog box. The conversion loss function in the preview pane is shifted along the y­axis.

Save

The conversion loss table is stored under the specified file name in the
C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\ directory of the instrument.

5.3.1.3 Digital I/Q Input Settings

Access: INPUT/OUTPUT > "Input Source Config" > "Digital I/Q" tab

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

The following settings and functions are available to provide input via the optional Digi­tal Baseband Interface in the applications that support it.

These settings are only available if the Digital Baseband Interface option is installed on
the R&S FSW.

For more information, see the R&S FSW I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.

Digital I/Q Input State....................................................................................................66

Input Sample Rate........................................................................................................ 66

Full Scale Level.............................................................................................................67

Adjust Reference Level to Full Scale Level...................................................................67

Connected Instrument...................................................................................................67

DigIConf........................................................................................................................ 67

Digital I/Q Input State

Enables or disable the use of the "Digital IQ" input source for measurements.
"Digital IQ" is only available if the optional Digital Baseband Interface is installed.
Remote command:

INPut:SELect on page 191

Input Sample Rate

Defines the sample rate of the digital I/Q signal source. This sample rate must corre­spond with the sample rate provided by the connected device, e.g. a generator.

If "Auto" is selected, the sample rate is adjusted automatically by the connected
device.

The allowed range is from 100 Hz to 10 GHz.
Remote command:

INPut:DIQ:SRATe on page 215
INPut:DIQ:SRATe:AUTO on page 215

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Full Scale Level

The "Full Scale Level" defines the level and unit that should correspond to an I/Q sam­ple with the magnitude "1".

If "Auto" is selected, the level is automatically set to the value provided by the connec­ted device.

Remote command:

INPut:DIQ:RANGe[:UPPer] on page 214
INPut:DIQ:RANGe[:UPPer]:UNIT on page 214
INPut:DIQ:RANGe[:UPPer]:AUTO on page 214

Adjust Reference Level to Full Scale Level

If enabled, the reference level is adjusted to the full scale level automatically if any
change occurs.

Remote command:

INPut:DIQ:RANGe:COUPling on page 214

Connected Instrument

Displays the status of the Digital Baseband Interface connection.
If an instrument is connected, the following information is displayed:

●

Name and serial number of the instrument connected to the Digital Baseband Inter­face

●

Used port

●

Sample rate of the data currently being transferred via the Digital Baseband Inter­face

●

Level and unit that corresponds to an I/Q sample with the magnitude "1" (Full Scale

Level), if provided by connected instrument

Remote command:

INPut:DIQ:CDEVice on page 213

DigIConf

Starts the optional R&S DigIConf application. This function is available in the In-/Output
menu, but only if the optional software is installed.

Note that R&S DigIConf requires a USB connection (not LAN!) from the
R&S FSW to the R&S EX-IQ-BOX in addition to the Digital Baseband Interface
connection. R&S DigIConf version 2.20.360.86 Build 170 or higher is required.

To return to the R&S FSW application, press any key. The R&S FSW application is dis­played with the "Input/Output" menu, regardless of which key was pressed.

For details on the R&S DigIConf application, see the "R&S®EX-IQ-BOX Digital Inter­face Module R&S®DigIConf Software Operating Manual".

Note: If you close the R&S DigIConf window using the "Close" icon, the window is
minimized, not closed.
If you select the "File > Exit" menu item in the R&S DigIConf window, the application is
closed. Note that in this case the settings are lost and the R&S EX-IQ-BOX functional­ity is no longer available until you restart the application using the "DigIConf" softkey in
the R&S FSW once again.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

5.3.1.4 Analog Baseband Input Settings

Access: INPUT/OUTPUT > "Input Source Config" > "Analog Baseband" tab

The following settings and functions are available to provide input via the optional Ana­log Baseband Interface in the applications that support it.

For more information on the optional Analog Baseband Interface, see the R&S FSW
I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.

Analog Baseband Input State....................................................................................... 68

I/Q Mode....................................................................................................................... 68

Input Configuration........................................................................................................69

High Accuracy Timing Trigger - Baseband - RF........................................................... 69

Center Frequency......................................................................................................... 70

Analog Baseband Input State

Enables or disable the use of the "Analog Baseband" input source for measurements.
"Analog Baseband" is only available if the optional Analog Baseband Interface is instal­led.

Remote command:

INPut:SELect on page 191

I/Q Mode

Defines the format of the input signal.
For more information on I/Q data processing modes, see the R&S FSW I/Q Analyzer

and I/Q Input User Manual.
"I + jQ"

The input signal is filtered and resampled to the sample rate of the
application.
Two inputs are required for a complex signal, one for the in-phase
component, and one for the quadrature component.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

"I Only / Low IF I"

The input signal at the BASEBAND INPUT I connector is filtered and
resampled to the sample rate of the application.
If the center frequency is set to 0 Hz, the real baseband signal is dis­played without down-conversion (Real Baseband I).
If a center frequency greater than 0 Hz is set, the input signal is
down-converted with the center frequency (Low IF I).

"Q Only / Low IF Q"

The input signal at the BASEBAND INPUT Q connector is filtered and
resampled to the sample rate of the application.
If the center frequency is set to 0 Hz, the real baseband signal is dis­played without down-conversion (Real Baseband Q).
If a center frequency greater than 0 Hz is set, the input signal is
down-converted with the center frequency (Low IF Q).

Remote command:

INPut:IQ:TYPE on page 211

Input Configuration

Defines whether the input is provided as a differential signal via all four Analog Base­band connectors or as a plain I/Q signal via two simple-ended lines.

Note: Both single-ended and differential probes are supported as input; however, since
only one connector is occupied by a probe, the "Single-ended" setting must be used for
all probes.

"Single Ended"
"Differential"

I, Q data only
I, Q and inverse I,Q data

(Not available for R&S FSW85)

Remote command:

INPut:IQ:BALanced[:STATe] on page 210

High Accuracy Timing Trigger - Baseband - RF

Activates a mode with enhanced timing accuracy between analog baseband, RF and
external trigger signals.

Note: Prerequisites for previous models of R&S FSW.
For R&S FSW models with a serial number lower than 103000, special prerequisites
and restrictions apply for high accuracy timing:

●

To obtain this high timing precision, trigger port 1 and port 2 must be connected via
the Cable for High Accuracy Timing (order number 1325.3777.00).

●

As trigger port 1 and port 2 are connected via the cable, only trigger port 3 can be
used to trigger a measurement.

●

Trigger port 2 is configured as output if the high accuracy timing option is active.
Make sure not to activate this option if you use trigger port 2 in your measurement
setup.

●

When you first enable this setting, you are prompted to connect the cable for high
accuracy timing to trigger ports 1 and 2. If you cancel this prompt, the setting
remains disabled. As soon as you confirm this prompt, the cable must be in place ­the firmware does not check the connection. (In remote operation, the setting is
activated without a prompt.)

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

For more information, see the R&S FSW I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.
Remote command:

CALibration:AIQ:HATiming[:STATe] on page 211

Center Frequency

Defines the center frequency for analog baseband input.
For real-type baseband input (I or Q only), the center frequency is always 0 Hz.
Note: If the analysis bandwidth to either side of the defined center frequency exceeds

the minimum frequency (0 Hz) or the maximum frequency (40 MHz/80 MHz), an error
is displayed. In this case, adjust the center frequency or the analysis bandwidth.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer on page 242

5.3.1.5 Probe Settings

Access: INPUT / OUTPUT > "Input Source Config" > "Probes"

For each possible probe connector (Baseband Input I, Baseband Input Q), the detec­ted type of probe, if any, is displayed. The following information is provided for each
connected probe:

●

Probe name

●

Serial number

●

Rohde & Schwarz part number

●

Type of probe ("Differential", "Single Ended")

For more information on using probes with an R&S FSW, see the R&S FSW User
Manual.

For general information on the R&S®RTO probes, see the device manuals.

Common Mode Offset...................................................................................................71

Microbutton Action........................................................................................................ 71

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Common Mode Offset

Sets the common mode offset. The setting is only available if a differential probe is
connected to the R&S FSW.

If the probe is disconnected, the common mode offset of the probe is reset to 0.0 V.
For details, see the R&S FSW I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PROBe<p>:SETup:CMOFfset on page 215

Microbutton Action

Active Rohde & Schwarz probes (except for R&S RT-ZS10E) have a configurable
microbutton on the probe head. By pressing this button, you can perform an action on
the instrument directly from the probe.

Select the action that you want to start from the probe:
"Run single"
"No action"

Starts one data acquisition.
Prevents unwanted actions due to unintended usage of the microbut-

ton.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PROBe<p>:SETup:MODE on page 217

5.3.1.6 External Generator Control Settings

Access: INPUT/OUPUT > "External Generator Config"

The "External Generator" settings are available if the R&S FSW External Generator
Control option is installed. For each measurement channel, you can configure one
external generator. To switch between different configurations, define multiple mea­surement channels.

For more information on external generator control, see Chapter 4.7.4, "Basics on

External Generator Control", on page 33.

● Interface Configuration Settings..............................................................................72

● Measurement Settings............................................................................................ 74

● Source Calibration Functions..................................................................................76

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Interface Configuration Settings

For more information on configuring interfaces, see the "Remote Control Interfaces and
Protocols" section in the R&S FSW User Manual.

Generator Type.............................................................................................................72

Interface........................................................................................................................ 72

TTL Handshake.............................................................................................................72

GPIB Address / TCP/IP Address...................................................................................73

Reference......................................................................................................................73

Edit Generator Setup File..............................................................................................73

Frequency Min. / Frequency Max..................................................................................73

Level Min. / Level Max.................................................................................................. 73

Generator Type

Selects the generator type and thus defines the generator setup file to use.
For an overview of supported generators, see Chapter 4.7.4.2, "Overview of Supported

Generators", on page 35. For information on generator setup files, see Chapter 4.7.4.3,
"Generator Setup Files", on page 37.

Remote command:

SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:GENerator:TYPE on page 234

Interface

Type of interface connection used. The following interfaces are currently supported:

●

GPIB

●

TCP/IP (not by all generators)

For details on which signal generators support which interfaces, see the documenta­tion of the corresponding signal generator.

Remote command:

SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:GENerator:INTerface on page 233

TTL Handshake

If available for the specified generator type, this option activates TTL synchronization
via handshake for GPIB connections.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Using the TTL interface allows for considerably higher measurement rates than pure
GPIB control, because the frequency stepping of the R&S FSW is directly coupled with
the frequency stepping of the generator.

For more information on TTL synchronization, see "TTL synchronization" on page 42.
For an overview of which generators support TTL synchronization see Chapter 4.7.4.2,

"Overview of Supported Generators", on page 35.

Remote command:

SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:GENerator:LINK on page 234

GPIB Address / TCP/IP Address

For LAN connections: TCP/IP address of the signal generator
For GPIB connections: GPIB address of the signal generator.
Remote command:

SYSTem:COMMunicate:GPIB:RDEVice:GENerator:ADDRess on page 233
SYSTem:COMMunicate:TCPip:RDEVice:GENerator:ADDRess on page 234

Reference

Selects the internal R&S FSW or an external frequency reference to synchronize the
R&S FSW with the generator (default: internal).

Remote command:

SOURce:EXTernal:ROSCillator[:SOURce] on page 233

Edit Generator Setup File

Displays the setup file for the currently selected Generator Type in read-only mode in
an editor.

Although the existing setup files are displayed in read-only mode in the editor, they can
be saved under a different name (using "File > SaveAs").

Be careful, however, to adhere to the required syntax and commands. Errors are only
detected and displayed when you try to use the new generator (see also Chap-

ter 4.7.4.8, "Displayed Information and Errors", on page 43).

For details, see Chapter 4.7.4.3, "Generator Setup Files", on page 37.

Frequency Min. / Frequency Max.

For reference only: Lower and upper frequency limit for the generator.

Level Min. / Level Max.

For reference only: Lower and upper power limit for the generator.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Measurement Settings

Source State................................................................................................................. 74

Source Power................................................................................................................74

Source Offset................................................................................................................ 74

Source Frequency Coupling..........................................................................................75

(Manual) Source Frequency..........................................................................................75

(Automatic) Source Frequency (Numerator/Denominator/Offset).................................75

Result Frequency Start................................................................................................. 76

Result Frequency Stop..................................................................................................76

Source State

Activates or deactivates control of an external generator.
Remote command:

SOURce:EXTernal[:STATe] on page 232

Source Power

The output power of the external generator. The default output power is -20 dBm. The
range is specified in the data sheet.

Remote command:

SOURce:EXTernal:POWer[:LEVel] on page 232

Source Offset

Constant level offset for the external generator. Values from -200 dB to +200 dB in 1
dB steps are allowed. The default setting is 0 dB. Offsets are indicated by the "LVL"
label in the channel bar (see also Chapter 4.7.4.8, "Displayed Information and Errors",
on page 43).

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Using this offset, attenuators or amplifiers at the output connector of the external gen­erator can be taken into account. This is useful, for example, for the displayed output
power values on screen or during data entry. Positive offsets apply to an amplifier,
while negative offsets apply to an attenuator after the external generator.

Remote command:

SOURce:POWer[:LEVel][:IMMediate]:OFFSet on page 232

Source Frequency Coupling

Defines the frequency coupling mode between the R&S FSW and the generator.
For more information on coupling frequencies, see Chapter 4.7.4.7, "Coupling the Fre-

quencies", on page 41.

"Auto"

"Manual"

Remote command:

SOURce:EXTernal:FREQuency:COUPling[:STATe] on page 230

Default setting: a series of frequencies is defined (one for each
sweep point), based on the current frequency at the RF input of the
R&S FSW (see "(Automatic) Source Frequency (Numerator/Denomi-

nator/Offset)" on page 75). The RF frequency range covers the cur-

rently defined span of the R&S FSW (unless limited by the range of
the signal generator).

The generator uses a single fixed frequency, defined by (Manual)

Source Frequency which is displayed when you select "Manual" cou-

pling.

(Manual) Source Frequency

Defines the fixed frequency to be used by the generator.
Remote command:

SOURce:EXTernal:FREQuency on page 230

(Automatic) Source Frequency (Numerator/Denominator/Offset)

With automatic frequency coupling, a series of frequencies is defined (one for each
sweep point), based on the current frequency at the RF input of the R&S FSW.

However, the frequency used by the generator may differ from the input from the
R&S FSW. The RF frequency can be multiplied by a specified factor, or a frequency
offset can be added, or both.

Note: The input for the generator frequency is not validated, i.e. you can enter any val­ues. However, if the allowed frequency ranges of the generator are exceeded, an error
message is displayed on the R&S FSW. The values for Result Frequency Start and

Result Frequency Stop are corrected to comply with the range limits.

The value range for the offset depends on the selected generator. The default setting
is 0 Hz. Offsets <> 0 Hz are indicated by the "FRQ" label in the channel bar. Negative
offsets can be used to define reverse sweeps.

For more information on coupling frequencies and reverse sweeps, see Chap-

ter 4.7.4.7, "Coupling the Frequencies", on page 41. For more information on error

messages and the channel bar, see Chapter 4.7.4.8, "Displayed Information and

Errors", on page 43.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Remote command:

SOURce:EXTernal:FREQuency[:FACTor]:DENominator on page 230
SOURce:EXTernal:FREQuency[:FACTor]:NUMerator on page 231
SOURce:EXTernal:FREQuency:OFFSet on page 231

Result Frequency Start

For reference only: The start frequency for the generator, calculated from the config­ured generator frequency and the start value defined for the R&S FSW.

Result Frequency Stop

For reference only: The stop frequency for the generator, calculated from the config­ured generator frequency and the stop value defined for the R&S FSW.

Source Calibration Functions

The calibration functions of the external generator are available only if external genera­tor control is active (see "Source State" on page 74).

Calibrate Transmission................................................................................................. 76

Calibrate Reflection Short............................................................................................. 77

Calibrate Reflection Open.............................................................................................77

Source Calibration Normalize....................................................................................... 77

Recall............................................................................................................................ 77

Save As Trd Factor....................................................................................................... 78

Reference Position........................................................................................................78

Reference Value........................................................................................................... 78

Calibrate Transmission

Starts a transmission type measurement to determine a reference trace. This trace is
used to calculate the difference for the normalized values.

For details, see Chapter 4.7.4.4, "Calibration Mechanism", on page 37.

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Input and Frontend Settings

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:METHod on page 236

Calibrate Reflection Short

Starts a short-circuit reflection type measurement to determine a reference trace for
calibration.

If both calibrations (open circuit, short circuit) are carried out, the calibration trace is
calculated by averaging the two measurements. The order of the two calibration mea­surements is irrelevant.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:METHod on page 236

Selects the reflection method.

[SENSe:]CORRection:COLLect[:ACQuire] on page 235

Starts the sweep for short-circuit calibration.

Calibrate Reflection Open

Starts an open-circuit reflection type measurement to determine a reference trace for
calibration.

If both reflection-type calibrations (open circuit, short circuit) are carried out, the refer­ence trace is calculated by averaging the two measurements. The order of the two cali­bration measurements is irrelevant.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:METHod on page 236

Selects the reflection method.

[SENSe:]CORRection:COLLect[:ACQuire] on page 235

Starts the sweep for open-circuit calibration.

Source Calibration Normalize

Switches the normalization of measurement results on or off. This function is only
available if the memory contains a reference trace, that is, after a calibration has been
performed.

For details on normalization, see Chapter 4.7.4.5, "Normalization", on page 38.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection[:STATe] on page 237

Recall

Restores the settings that were used during source calibration. This can be useful if
instrument settings were changed after calibration (e.g. center frequency, frequency
deviation, reference level, etc.).

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:RECall on page 236

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Input and Frontend Settings

Save As Trd Factor

Uses the normalized measurement data to generate a transducer factor. The trace
data is converted to a transducer with unit dB and stored in a file with the specified
name and the suffix .trd under
"C:\Program Files (x86)\Rohde-Schwarz\FSW\<version>\trd". The fre­quency points are allocated in equidistant steps between start and stop frequency. The
generated transducer factor can be further adapted using the "Transducer" softkey in
the SETUP menu.

For more information on transducers, see the "General Instrument Setup > Transduc­ers" section in the R&S FSW User Manual.

This function is only available if Source Calibration Normalize is switched on.
Note: Note that the normalized measurement data is used, not the reference trace!

Thus, if you store the normalized trace directly after calibration, without changing any
settings, the transducer factor will be 0 dB for the entire span (by definition of the nor­malized trace).

Remote command:

[SENSe:]CORRection:TRANsducer:GENerate on page 237

Reference Position

Defines the position of the Result Frequency Stop in percent of the total y-axis range.
The top of the diagram is 100%, the bottom is 0%. By default, the 0 dB line is displayed
at the top of the diagram (100%).

This setting is only available if normalization is on (see "Source Calibration Normalize"
on page 77).

The reference line defined by the reference value and reference position is similar to
the Reference Level defined in the "Amplitude" settings. However, this reference line
only affects the y-axis scaling in the diagram, it has no effect on the expected input
power level or the hardware settings.

The normalized trace (0 dB directly after calibration) is displayed on this reference line,
indicated by a red line in the diagram. If you shift the reference line, the normalized
trace is shifted, as well.

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RPOSition on page 250

Reference Value

Defines the reference value to be displayed at the specified Result Frequency Start.
This setting can be used to shift the reference line and thus the normalized trace, simi-

lar to the Shifting the Display (Offset) defined in the "Amplitude" settings shifts the ref­erence level in the display.

Shifting the normalized trace is useful, for example, to reflect an attenuation or gain
caused by the measured DUT. If you then zoom into the diagram around the normal­ized trace, the measured trace still remains fully visible.

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RVALue on page 235

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Input and Frontend Settings

5.3.1.7 Settings for 2 GHz Bandwidth Extension (R&S FSW-B2000)

Access: INPUT/OUTPUT > "B2000 Config"

The R&S FSW Analog Demodulation application supports the optional 2 GHz band­width extension (R&S FSW-B2000), if installed.

The following settings are available for the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension
(R&S FSW-B2000).

● General Settings..................................................................................................... 79

● Alignment................................................................................................................ 80

General Settings

Access: INPUT/OUTPUT > "B2000 Config" > "Settings"

The required connections between the R&S FSW and the oscilloscope are illustrated in
the dialog box.

B2000 State

Activates the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (R&S FSW-B2000).
Note: Manual operation on the connected oscilloscope, or remote operation other than

by the R&S FSW, is not possible while the B2000 option is active.
Remote command:

SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:OSCilloscope[:STATe] on page 206

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Input and Frontend Settings

TCPIP Address or Computer name

When using the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (R&S FSW-B2000), the entire
measurement via the IF OUT 2 GHZ connector and an oscilloscope, as well as both
instruments, are controlled by the R&S FSW. Thus, the instruments must be connected
via LAN, and the TCPIP address or computer name of the oscilloscope must be
defined on the R&S FSW.

By default, the TCPIP address is expected. To enter the computer name, toggle the
"123"/"ABC" button to "ABC".

As soon as a name or address is entered, the R&S FSW attempts to establish a con­nection to the oscilloscope. If it is detected, the oscilloscope's identity string is queried
and displayed in the dialog box. The alignment status is also displayed (see "Align-

ment" on page 80).

Note: The IP address / computer name is maintained after a PRESET, and is transfer­red between applications.

Remote command:

SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:OSCilloscope:TCPip on page 208
SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:OSCilloscope:IDN? on page 207

Oscilloscope Sample Rate

Determines whether the 10 GHz mode (default) or 20 GHz mode of the connected
oscilloscope is used. The 20 GHZ mode achieves a higher decimation gain, but
reduces the record length by half.

Remote command:

SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:OSCilloscope:SRATe on page 208

Alignment

Access: INPUT/OUTPUT > "B2000 Config" > "Alignment"

An initial alignment of the output to the oscilloscope is required once after setup. It
need only be repeated if a new oscilloscope is connected to the IF OUT 2 GHZ con­nector of the R&S FSW, or if new firmware is installed on the oscilloscope.

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Input and Frontend Settings

The required connections between the R&S FSW and the oscilloscope are illustrated in
the dialog box.

Alignment consists of two steps. The first step requires a (temporary) connection from
the REF OUTPUT 640 MHZ connector on the R&S FSW to the CH1 input on the oscil­loscope.

To perform the alignment, select the "Alignment" button.

If necessary, in particular after the firmware on the oscilloscope has been updated, a
self-alignment is performed on the oscilloscope before the actual B2000 alignment
starts. This may take a few minutes.

If the oscilloscope and the oscilloscope ADC are aligned successfully, a new dialog
box is displayed.

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Input and Frontend Settings

For the second alignment step, the connector must be disconnected from the REF
OUTPUT 640 MHZ connector and instead connected to the FSW B2000 ALIGNMENT
SIGNAL SOURCE connector on the R&S FSW.

To continue the alignment, select the "Continue Alignment" button.

After the second alignment step has been completed successfully, a new dialog box is
displayed.

In order to switch from alignment mode to measurement mode, move the cable from
the FSW B2000 ALIGNMENT SIGNAL SOURCE back to the IF OUT 2 GHZ connec­tor, so that it is then connected to the CH1 input on the oscilloscope.

If UNCAL is displayed, alignment was not yet performed (successfully).

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Input and Frontend Settings

If both alignment steps were performed successfully, the date of alignment is indicated.

Remote commands:

SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:OSCilloscope:ALIGnment:STEP[:STATe]?

on page 206

SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:OSCilloscope:ALIGnment:DATE?

on page 207

5.3.2 Power Sensor

The R&S FSW can also analyze data from a connected power sensor.

For background information on working with power sensors see the R&S FSW User
Manual.

5.3.2.1 Power Sensor Settings

Access: "Overview" > "Input" > "Power Sensor" tab

Each sensor is configured on a separate tab.

State..............................................................................................................................84

Continuous Value Update............................................................................................. 84

Select............................................................................................................................ 84

Zeroing Power Sensor.................................................................................................. 85

Frequency Manual........................................................................................................ 85

Frequency Coupling......................................................................................................85

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Input and Frontend Settings

Unit/Scale......................................................................................................................85

Meas Time/Average......................................................................................................85

Setting the Reference Level from the Measurement (Meas->Ref)................................86

Reference Value........................................................................................................... 86

Use Ref Lev Offset........................................................................................................86

Average Count (Number of Readings)..........................................................................86

Duty Cycle.....................................................................................................................86

Using the power sensor as an external trigger..............................................................86

└ External Trigger Level.....................................................................................87

└ Hysteresis....................................................................................................... 87

└ Trigger Holdoff................................................................................................ 87

└ Drop-Out Time................................................................................................ 87

└ Slope...............................................................................................................87

State

Switches the power measurement for all power sensors on or off. Note that in addition
to this general setting, each power sensor can be activated or deactivated individually
by the Select setting on each tab. However, the general setting overrides the individual
settings.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>[:STATe] on page 225

Continuous Value Update

If activated, the power sensor data is updated continuously during a sweep with a long
sweep time, and even after a single sweep has completed.

This function cannot be activated for individual sensors.
If the power sensor is being used as a trigger (see "Using the power sensor as an

external trigger" on page 86), continuous update is not possible; this setting is

ignored.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:UPDate[:STATe] on page 226

Select

Selects the individual power sensor for usage if power measurement is generally acti­vated (State function).

The detected serial numbers of the power sensors connected to the instrument are
provided in a selection list. For each of the four available power sensor indexes
("Power Sensor 1"..."Power Sensor 4"), which correspond to the tabs in the configura­tion dialog, one of the detected serial numbers can be assigned. The physical sensor is
thus assigned to the configuration setting for the selected power sensor index.

By default, serial numbers not yet assigned are automatically assigned to the next free
power sensor index for which "Auto Assignment" is selected.

Alternatively, you can assign the sensors manually by deactivating the "Auto" option
and selecting a serial number from the list.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>[:STATe] on page 225
SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:PMETer<p>:DEFine on page 219

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Input and Frontend Settings

SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:PMETer<p>:CONFigure:AUTO[:STATe]

on page 219

SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:PMETer:COUNt? on page 219

Zeroing Power Sensor

Starts zeroing of the power sensor.
For details on the zeroing process refer to the R&S FSW User Manual.
Remote command:

CALibration:PMETer<p>:ZERO:AUTO ONCE on page 220

Frequency Manual

Defines the frequency of the signal to be measured. The power sensor has a memory
with frequency-dependent correction factors. This allows extreme accuracy for signals
of a known frequency.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:FREQuency on page 223

Frequency Coupling

Selects the coupling option. The frequency can be coupled automatically to the center
frequency of the instrument or to the frequency of marker 1.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:FREQuency:LINK on page 223

Unit/Scale

Selects the unit with which the measured power is to be displayed. Available units are
dBm, dB, W and %.

If dB or % is selected, the display is relative to the reference value that is defined with
either the "Meas -> Ref" setting or the "Reference Value" setting.

Remote command:

UNIT<n>:PMETer<p>:POWer on page 226
UNIT<n>:PMETer<p>:POWer:RATio on page 226

Meas Time/Average

Selects the measurement time or switches to manual averaging mode. In general,
results are more precise with longer measurement times. The following settings are
recommended for different signal types to obtain stable and precise results:

"Short"

"Normal"
"Long"

"Manual"

Stationary signals with high power (> -40dBm), because they require
only a short measurement time and short measurement time provides
the highest repetition rates.

Signals with lower power or modulated signals
Signals at the lower end of the measurement range (<-50 dBm) or

Signals with lower power to minimize the influence of noise
Manual averaging mode. The average count is set with the Average

Count (Number of Readings) setting.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:MTIMe on page 224
[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:MTIMe:AVERage[:STATe] on page 225

Setting the Reference Level from the Measurement (Meas->Ref)

Sets the currently measured power as a reference value for the relative display. The
reference value can also be set manually via the Reference Value setting.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:PMETer<p>:RELative[:MAGNitude]:AUTO ONCE on page 221

Reference Value

Defines the reference value for relative measurements in the unit dBm.
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:PMETer<p>:RELative[:MAGNitude] on page 221

Use Ref Lev Offset

If activated, takes the reference level offset defined for the analyzer into account for the
measured power (see "Shifting the Display (Offset)" on page 89).

If deactivated, takes no offset into account.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:ROFFset[:STATe] on page 225

Average Count (Number of Readings)

Defines the number of readings (averages) to be performed after a single sweep has
been started. This setting is only available if manual averaging is selected (Meas Time/

Average setting).

The values for the average count range from 0 to 256 in binary steps (1, 2, 4, 8, …).
For average count = 0 or 1, one reading is performed. The general averaging and
sweep count for the trace are independent from this setting.

Results become more stable with extended average, particularly if signals with low
power are measured. This setting can be used to minimize the influence of noise in the
power sensor measurement.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:MTIMe:AVERage:COUNt on page 224

Duty Cycle

Sets the duty cycle to a percent value for the correction of pulse-modulated signals and
activates the duty cycle correction. With the correction activated, the sensor calculates
the signal pulse power from this value and the mean power.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:DCYCle[:STATe] on page 222
[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:DCYCle:VALue on page 223

Using the power sensor as an external trigger

If activated, the power sensor creates a trigger signal when a power higher than the
defined "External Trigger Level" is measured. This trigger signal can be used as an
external power trigger by the R&S FSW.

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Input and Frontend Settings

This setting is only available in conjunction with a compatible power sensor.
For details on using a power sensor as an external trigger, see the R&S FSW User

Manual.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:TRIGger[:STATe] on page 229

TRIG:SOUR PSE, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 262

External Trigger Level ← Using the power sensor as an external trigger

Defines the trigger level for the power sensor trigger.
For details on supported trigger levels, see the data sheet.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:TRIGger:LEVel on page 228

Hysteresis ← Using the power sensor as an external trigger

Defines the distance in dB to the trigger level that the trigger source must exceed
before a trigger event occurs. Setting a hysteresis avoids unwanted trigger events
caused by noise oscillation around the trigger level.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:TRIGger:HYSTeresis on page 228

Trigger Holdoff ← Using the power sensor as an external trigger

Defines the minimum time (in seconds) that must pass between two trigger events.
Trigger events that occur during the holdoff time are ignored.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:TRIGger:HOLDoff on page 227

Drop-Out Time ← Using the power sensor as an external trigger

Defines the time the input signal must stay below the trigger level before triggering
again.

Slope ← Using the power sensor as an external trigger

Defines whether triggering occurs when the signal rises to the trigger level or falls
down to it.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer<p>:TRIGger:SLOPe on page 228

5.3.3 Amplitude

Access: "Overview" > "Input/ Frontend" > "Amplitude" tab

For background information on amplitude settings see the R&S FSW User Manual.

Amplitude settings for input from the Analog Baseband interface (R&S FSW-B71) are
described in Chapter 5.3.3.2, "Amplitude Settings for Analog Baseband Input",
on page 92.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

5.3.3.1 Amplitude Settings for RF Input

Amplitude settings can be configured via the AMPT key or in the "Amplitude" dialog
box.

To display the "Amplitude" dialog box, do one of the following:

●

Select "Amplitude" from the "Overview".

●

Select the AMPT key and then the "Amplitude Config" softkey.

The remote commands required to define these settings are described in Chap-

ter 11.4.5, "Configuring the Vertical Axis (Amplitude, Scaling)", on page 243.

Reference Level............................................................................................................88

└ Shifting the Display (Offset)............................................................................ 89

└ Unit..................................................................................................................89

└ Setting the Reference Level Automatically (Auto Level).................................89

Mechanical Attenuation.................................................................................................90

└ Attenuation Mode / Value................................................................................90

Using Electronic Attenuation.........................................................................................90

Input Settings................................................................................................................ 91

└ Preamplifier.....................................................................................................91

└ Input Coupling.................................................................................................91

└ Impedance...................................................................................................... 92

Reference Level

Defines the expected maximum input signal level. Signal levels above this value may
not be measured correctly, which is indicated by the "IF OVLD" status display ("OVLD"
for analog baseband or digital baseband input).

The reference level can also be used to scale power diagrams; the reference level is
then used as the maximum on the y-axis.

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Input and Frontend Settings

Since the hardware of the R&S FSW is adapted according to this value, it is recom­mended that you set the reference level close above the expected maximum signal
level. Thus you ensure an optimum measurement (no compression, good signal-to­noise ratio).

Note that for input from the External Mixer (R&S FSW-B21) the maximum reference
level also depends on the conversion loss; see the R&S FSW User Manual for details.

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel on page 244

Shifting the Display (Offset) ← Reference Level

Defines an arithmetic level offset. This offset is added to the measured level. In some
result displays, the scaling of the y-axis is changed accordingly.

Define an offset if the signal is attenuated or amplified before it is fed into the
R&S FSW so the application shows correct power results. All displayed power level
results are shifted by this value.

The setting range is ±200 dB in 0.01 dB steps.
Note, however, that the internal reference level (used to adjust the hardware settings to

the expected signal) ignores any "Reference Level Offset". Thus, it is important to keep
in mind the actual power level the R&S FSW must handle. Do not rely on the displayed
reference level (internal reference level = displayed reference level - offset).

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel:OFFSet on page 245

Unit ← Reference Level

The R&S FSW measures the signal voltage at the RF input.
In the default state, the level is displayed at a power level of 1 mW (= dBm). Via the

known input impedance (50 Ω or 75 Ω, see "Impedance" on page 92), conversion to
other units is possible.

The following units are available and directly convertible:

●

dBm

●

dBmV

●

dBμV

●

dBμA

●

dBpW

●

Volt

●

Ampere

●

Watt

Remote command:

INPut:IMPedance on page 191
CALCulate<n>:UNIT:POWer on page 244

Setting the Reference Level Automatically (Auto Level) ← Reference Level

Automatically determines a reference level which ensures that no overload occurs at
the R&S FSW for the current input data. At the same time, the internal attenuators and
the preamplifier (for analog baseband input: the full scale level) are adjusted so the sig­nal-to-noise ratio is optimized, while signal compression and clipping are minimized.

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Input and Frontend Settings

Automatically determines a reference level which ensures that no overload occurs at
the R&S FSW for the current input data. At the same time, the internal attenuators are
adjusted so the signal-to-noise ratio is optimized, while signal compression and clip­ping are minimized.

To determine the required reference level, a level measurement is performed on the
R&S FSW.

If necessary, you can optimize the reference level further. Decrease the attenuation
level manually to the lowest possible value before an overload occurs, then decrease
the reference level in the same way.

When using the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (R&S FSW-B2000), the level
measurement is performed on the connected oscilloscope. Y-axis scaling on the oscil­loscope is limited to a minimum of 5mV per division.

You can change the measurement time for the level measurement if necessary (see

"Changing the Automatic Measurement Time (Meastime Manual)" on page 131).

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADJust:LEVel on page 286

Mechanical Attenuation

Defines the mechanical attenuation for RF input.
This function is not available for input from the R&S Digital I/Q Interface (option

R&S FSW-B17).

Attenuation Mode / Value ← Mechanical Attenuation

The RF attenuation can be set automatically as a function of the selected reference
level (Auto mode). This ensures that no overload occurs at the RF INPUT connector
for the current reference level. It is the default setting.

By default and when no (optional) electronic attenuation is available, mechanical
attenuation is applied.

This function is not available for input from the optional Digital Baseband Interface.
In "Manual" mode, you can set the RF attenuation in 1 dB steps (down to 0 dB). Other

entries are rounded to the next integer value. The range is specified in the data sheet.
If the defined reference level cannot be set for the defined RF attenuation, the refer­ence level is adjusted accordingly and the warning "Limit reached" is displayed.

NOTICE! Risk of hardware damage due to high power levels. When decreasing the
attenuation manually, ensure that the power level does not exceed the maximum level
allowed at the RF input, as an overload may lead to hardware damage.

Remote command:

INPut:ATTenuation on page 245
INPut:ATTenuation:AUTO on page 246

Using Electronic Attenuation

If the (optional) Electronic Attenuation hardware is installed on the R&S FSW, you can
also activate an electronic attenuator.

In "Auto" mode, the settings are defined automatically; in "Manual" mode, you can
define the mechanical and electronic attenuation separately.

This function is not available for input from the optional Digital Baseband Interface.

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Input and Frontend Settings

Note: Electronic attenuation is not available for stop frequencies (or center frequencies
in zero span) > 13.6 GHz.
In "Auto" mode, RF attenuation is provided by the electronic attenuator as much as
possible to reduce the amount of mechanical switching required. Mechanical attenua­tion may provide a better signal-to-noise ratio, however.

When you switch off electronic attenuation, the RF attenuation is automatically set to
the same mode (auto/manual) as the electronic attenuation was set to. Thus, the RF
attenuation can be set to automatic mode, and the full attenuation is provided by the
mechanical attenuator, if possible.

Both the electronic and the mechanical attenuation can be varied in 1 dB steps. Other
entries are rounded to the next lower integer value.

For the R&S FSW85, the mechanical attenuation can be varied only in 10 dB steps.
If the defined reference level cannot be set for the given attenuation, the reference

level is adjusted accordingly and the warning "Limit reached" is displayed in the status
bar.

Remote command:

INPut:EATT:STATe on page 247
INPut:EATT:AUTO on page 247
INPut:EATT on page 246

Input Settings

Some input settings affect the measured amplitude of the signal, as well.
For details see Chapter 5.3.1, "Input Source Settings", on page 52.

Preamplifier ← Input Settings

If the (optional) Preamplifier hardware is installed, a preamplifier can be activated for
the RF input signal.

You can use a preamplifier to analyze signals from DUTs with low output power.
This function is not available for input from the (optional) Digital Baseband Interface.
For R&S FSW26 or higher models, the input signal is amplified by 30 dB if the pream-

plifier is activated.
For R&S FSW8 or 13 models, the following settings are available:
"Off"
"15 dB"
"30 dB"
Remote command:

INPut:GAIN:STATe on page 248
INPut:GAIN[:VALue] on page 248

Input Coupling ← Input Settings

The RF input of the R&S FSW can be coupled by alternating current (AC) or direct cur­rent (DC).

This function is not available for input from the optional Digital Baseband Interface or
from the optional Analog Baseband Interface.

Deactivates the preamplifier.
The RF input signal is amplified by about 15 dB.
The RF input signal is amplified by about 30 dB.

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Input and Frontend Settings

AC coupling blocks any DC voltage from the input signal. This is the default setting to
prevent damage to the instrument. Very low frequencies in the input signal may be dis­torted.

However, some specifications require DC coupling. In this case, you must protect the
instrument from damaging DC input voltages manually. For details, refer to the data
sheet.

Remote command:

INPut:COUPling on page 189

Impedance ← Input Settings

For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the
R&S FSW can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.

Select 75 Ω if the 50 Ω input impedance is transformed to a higher impedance using a
75 Ω adapter of the RAZ type. (That corresponds to 25Ω in series to the input impe­dance of the instrument.) The correction value in this case is 1.76 dB = 10 log (75Ω/
50Ω).

This value also affects the unit conversion (see "Reference Level" on page 88).
This function is not available for input from the optional Digital Baseband Interface or

from the optional Analog Baseband Interface . For analog baseband input, an impe­dance of 50 Ω is always used.

Remote command:

INPut:IMPedance on page 191

5.3.3.2 Amplitude Settings for Analog Baseband Input

Access: "Overview" > "Amplitude"

The following settings and functions are available to define amplitude settings for input
via the optional Analog Baseband Interface in the applications that support it.

The input settings provided here are identical to those in the "Input Source" > "Analog
Baseband" tab, see Chapter 5.3.1.4, "Analog Baseband Input Settings", on page 68.

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

For more information on the optional Analog Baseband Interface, see the R&S FSW
I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.

Reference Level............................................................................................................93

└ Shifting the Display (Offset)............................................................................ 93

└ Unit..................................................................................................................93

└ Setting the Reference Level Automatically (Auto Level).................................94

Full Scale Level Mode / Value.......................................................................................94

Reference Level

Defines the expected maximum input signal level. Signal levels above this value may
not be measured correctly, which is indicated by the "IF OVLD" status display ("OVLD"
for analog baseband or digital baseband input).

The reference level can also be used to scale power diagrams; the reference level is
then used as the maximum on the y-axis.

Since the hardware of the R&S FSW is adapted according to this value, it is recom­mended that you set the reference level close above the expected maximum signal
level. Thus you ensure an optimum measurement (no compression, good signal-to­noise ratio).

Note that for input from the External Mixer (R&S FSW-B21) the maximum reference
level also depends on the conversion loss; see the R&S FSW User Manual for details.

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel on page 244

Shifting the Display (Offset) ← Reference Level

Defines an arithmetic level offset. This offset is added to the measured level. In some
result displays, the scaling of the y-axis is changed accordingly.

Define an offset if the signal is attenuated or amplified before it is fed into the
R&S FSW so the application shows correct power results. All displayed power level
results are shifted by this value.

The setting range is ±200 dB in 0.01 dB steps.
Note, however, that the internal reference level (used to adjust the hardware settings to

the expected signal) ignores any "Reference Level Offset". Thus, it is important to keep
in mind the actual power level the R&S FSW must handle. Do not rely on the displayed
reference level (internal reference level = displayed reference level - offset).

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel:OFFSet on page 245

Unit ← Reference Level

The R&S FSW measures the signal voltage at the RF input.
In the default state, the level is displayed at a power level of 1 mW (= dBm). Via the

known input impedance (50 Ω or 75 Ω, see "Impedance" on page 92), conversion to
other units is possible.

The following units are available and directly convertible:

●

dBm

●

dBmV

●

dBμV

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Configuration

Input and Frontend Settings

●

dBμA

●

dBpW

●

Volt

●

Ampere

●

Watt

Remote command:

INPut:IMPedance on page 191
CALCulate<n>:UNIT:POWer on page 244

Setting the Reference Level Automatically (Auto Level) ← Reference Level

Automatically determines a reference level which ensures that no overload occurs at
the R&S FSW for the current input data. At the same time, the internal attenuators and
the preamplifier (for analog baseband input: the full scale level) are adjusted so the sig­nal-to-noise ratio is optimized, while signal compression and clipping are minimized.

Automatically determines a reference level which ensures that no overload occurs at
the R&S FSW for the current input data. At the same time, the internal attenuators are
adjusted so the signal-to-noise ratio is optimized, while signal compression and clip­ping are minimized.

To determine the required reference level, a level measurement is performed on the
R&S FSW.

If necessary, you can optimize the reference level further. Decrease the attenuation
level manually to the lowest possible value before an overload occurs, then decrease
the reference level in the same way.

When using the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (R&S FSW-B2000), the level
measurement is performed on the connected oscilloscope. Y-axis scaling on the oscil­loscope is limited to a minimum of 5mV per division.

You can change the measurement time for the level measurement if necessary (see

"Changing the Automatic Measurement Time (Meastime Manual)" on page 131).

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADJust:LEVel on page 286

Full Scale Level Mode / Value

The full scale level defines the maximum power you can input at the Baseband Input
connector without clipping the signal.

The full scale level can be defined automatically according to the reference level, or
manually.

For manual input, the following values can be selected:

●

0.25 V

●

0.5 V

●

1 V

●

2 V

If probes are connected, the possible full scale values are adapted according to the
probe's attenuation and maximum allowed power.

For details on probes, see the R&S FSW I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.

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Input and Frontend Settings

Remote command:

INPut:IQ:FULLscale:AUTO on page 210
INPut:IQ:FULLscale[:LEVel] on page 210

5.3.4 Frequency

Access: "Overview" > "Input/ Frontend" > "Frequency" tab

Center frequency...........................................................................................................95

Center Frequency Stepsize...........................................................................................95

Center frequency

Defines the center frequency of the signal in Hertz.
The allowed range of values for the center frequency depends on the frequency span.
span > 0: span

f

and span

max

/2 ≤ f

min

depend on the instrument and are specified in the data sheet.

min

center

≤ f

max

– span

min

/2

Remote command:

[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer on page 242

Center Frequency Stepsize

Defines the step size of the center frequency. The step size can be coupled to the
demodulation bandwidth, or it can be manually set to a fixed value.

"0.1 * Demod
BW"

Sets the step size for the center frequency to 10 % of the demodula­tion bandwidth.
This is the default setting.

"0.5 * Demod
BW"

Sets the step size for the center frequency to 50 % of the demodula­tion bandwidth.

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Configuration

Trigger Configuration

"X * Demod
BW"

Sets the step size for the center frequency to a manually defined fac­tor of the demodulation bandwidth. The "X-Factor" defines the per­centage of the demodulation bandwidth.
Values between 1 and 100 % in steps of 1 % are allowed. The default
setting is 10 %.

"= Center"

Sets the step size to the value of the center frequency and removes
the coupling of the step size to the demodulation bandwidth. The
used value is indicated in the "Value" field.

"Manual"

Defines a fixed step size for the center frequency. Enter the step size
in the "Value" field.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer:STEP:LINK on page 243
[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer:STEP:LINK:FACTor on page 243
[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer:STEP on page 242

5.4 Trigger Configuration

Access: "Overview" > "Trigger"

Triggering means to capture the interesting part of the signal. Choosing the right trigger
type and configuring all trigger settings correctly allows you to detect various incidents
in your demodulated signals.

Optionally, the trigger signal used by the R&S FSW can be output to a connected
device, and an external trigger signal from a connected device can be used by the
R&S FSW.

Trigger settings are identical to the base unit, except for the available trigger sources.
Gating is not available for Analog Demodulation measurements.

For background information on trigger settings, trigger output and working with external
triggers, see the R&S FSW User Manual.

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Configuration

Trigger Configuration

● Trigger Source Settings.......................................................................................... 97

● Trigger Input and Output Settings.........................................................................103

5.4.1 Trigger Source Settings

Access: "Overview" > "Trigger" > "Trigger Source" tab

Trigger Source.............................................................................................................. 97

└ Free Run.........................................................................................................98

└ External Trigger 1/2/3..................................................................................... 98

└ External CH3...................................................................................................98

└ I/Q Power........................................................................................................99

└ IF Power..........................................................................................................99

└ Baseband Power.............................................................................................99

└ Digital I/Q...................................................................................................... 100

└ FM / AM / PM / RF (Offline).......................................................................... 100

└ Time..............................................................................................................100

└ RF Power......................................................................................................101

└ Power Sensor............................................................................................... 101

Trigger Level............................................................................................................... 101

Trigger Offset.............................................................................................................. 102

Hysteresis................................................................................................................... 102

Drop-Out Time............................................................................................................ 102

Coupling......................................................................................................................102

Slope...........................................................................................................................103

Trigger Holdoff............................................................................................................ 103

Trigger Source

In the Analog Demodulation application, the next measurement can be triggered if the
selected input signal exceeds the threshold specified using the "Trigger Level" setting
(see "Trigger Level" on page 101). Thus, a periodic signal modulated onto the carrier
frequency can be displayed. It is recommended that the measurement time covers at
least five periods of the audio signal.

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Configuration

Trigger Configuration

Remote command:

TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 262

Free Run ← Trigger Source

No trigger source is considered. Data acquisition is started manually or automatically
and continues until stopped explicitly.

Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IMM, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 262

External Trigger 1/2/3 ← Trigger Source

Data acquisition starts when the TTL signal fed into the specified input connector
meets or exceeds the specified trigger level.

(See "Trigger Level" on page 101).
Note: The "External Trigger 1" softkey automatically selects the trigger signal from the

TRIGGER 1 INPUT connector on the front panel.
If the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (R&S FSW-B2000) is active, only External

CH3 is supported.

For details, see the "Instrument Tour" chapter in the R&S FSW Getting Started man­ual.

"External Trigger 1"

Trigger signal from the TRIGGER 1 INPUT connector.

"External Trigger 2"

Trigger signal from the TRIGGER 2 INPUT / OUTPUT connector.
Note: Connector must be configured for "Input" in the "Outputs" con­figuration (see "Trigger 2/3" on page 103).

"External Trigger 3"

Trigger signal from the TRIGGER 3 INPUT/ OUTPUT connector on
the rear panel.
Note: Connector must be configured for "Input" in the "Outputs" con­figuration (see "Trigger 2/3" on page 103).

Remote command:

TRIG:SOUR EXT, TRIG:SOUR EXT2
TRIG:SOUR EXT3

See TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 262

External CH3 ← Trigger Source

Data acquisition starts when the signal fed into the CH3 input connector on the oscillo­scope meets or exceeds the specified trigger level.

Note: In previous firmware versions, the external trigger was connected to the CH2
input on the oscilloscope. As of firmware version R&S FSW 2.30, the CH3 input on the
oscilloscope must be used!

This trigger source is only available if the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension
(R&S FSW-B2000) is active (see Chapter 5.3.1.7, "Settings for 2 GHz Bandwidth

Extension (R&S FSW-B2000)", on page 79).

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Configuration

Trigger Configuration

Note: Since the external trigger uses a second channel on the oscilloscope, the maxi­mum memory size, and thus record length, available for the input channel 1 is reduced
by half. For details, see the oscilloscope's data sheet and documentation.

Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR EXT, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 262

I/Q Power ← Trigger Source

This trigger source is not available if the optional Digital Baseband Interface or optional
Analog Baseband Interface is used for input. It is also not available for analysis band­widths ≥ 160 MHz.

Triggers the measurement when the magnitude of the sampled I/Q data exceeds the
trigger threshold.

The trigger bandwidth corresponds to the resolution bandwidth setting for data acquisi­tion (see "Resolution Bandwidth" on page 107).

Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IQP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 262

IF Power ← Trigger Source

The R&S FSW starts capturing data as soon as the trigger level is exceeded around
the third intermediate frequency.

For frequency sweeps, the third IF represents the start frequency. The trigger band­width at the third IF depends on the RBW and sweep type.

For measurements on a fixed frequency (e.g. zero span or I/Q measurements), the
third IF represents the center frequency.

This trigger source is only available for RF input.
It is not available for input from the optional Digital Baseband Interface or the optional

Analog Baseband Interface.
The available trigger levels depend on the RF attenuation and preamplification. A refer-

ence level offset, if defined, is also considered.
When using the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (R&S FSW-B2000) with an IF

power trigger, the IF power trigger corresponds to a "width" trigger on the oscilloscope,
with a negative polarity and the range "longer". Thus, data acquisition starts when both
of the following conditions apply to the signal fed into the CH1 input connector on the
oscilloscope:

●

The power level has remained below the specified trigger level for a duration lon­ger than the drop-out time.

●

The power level then rises above the specified trigger level.

For details, see "Basics on the 2 GHz Bandwidth Extension" in the R&S FSW I/Q Ana­lyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.

For details on available trigger levels and trigger bandwidths, see the data sheet.
Remote command:

TRIG:SOUR IFP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 262

Baseband Power ← Trigger Source

Defines triggering on the baseband power (for baseband input via the optional Digital
Baseband Interface or the optional Analog Baseband interface).

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Configuration

Trigger Configuration

For more information on the Digital Baseband Interface or the Analog Baseband Inter­face, see the R&S FSW I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.

Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR BBP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 262

Digital I/Q ← Trigger Source

For applications that process I/Q data, such as the I/Q Analyzer or optional applica­tions, and only if the optional Digital Baseband Interface is available:

Defines triggering of the measurement directly via the LVDS connector. In the selection
list you must specify which general purpose bit (GP0 to GP5) will provide the trigger
data.

Note:

If the Digital I/Q enhanced mode is used, i.e. the connected device supports transfer
rates up to 200 Msps, only the general purpose bits GP0 and GP1 are available as a
Digital I/Q trigger source.

The following table describes the assignment of the general purpose bits to the LVDS
connector pins.

(For details on the LVDS connector, see the R&S FSW I/Q Analyzer User Manual.)

Table 5-1: Assignment of general purpose bits to LVDS connector pins

Bit LVDS pin

GP0 SDATA4_P - Trigger1

GP1 SDATA4_P - Trigger2

*)

GP2

*)

GP3

*)

GP4

*)

GP5

*)

: not available for Digital I/Q enhanced mode

SDATA0_P - Reserve1

SDATA4_P - Reserve2

SDATA0_P - Marker1

SDATA4_P - Marker2

Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR GP0, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 262

FM / AM / PM / RF (Offline) ← Trigger Source

Triggers when the demodulated input signal exceeds the trigger level.
Remote command:

TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 262

Time ← Trigger Source

Triggers in a specified repetition interval.
Remote command:

TRIG:SOUR TIME, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 262

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