Hanna Instruments HI 93414 User Manual

Instruction Manual

HI 93414

Turbidity and Free/Total Chlorine

Meter

www.hannainst.com

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Dear Customer,

Thank you for choosing a Hanna Instruments product. This manual will provide you with the necessary information for correct use of the instrument.

Please read this instruction manual carefully before using the instrument.

If you need additional technical information, do not hesitate to e-mail us at [e-mail] or see the back side of this manual for our worldwide sales and technical service contacts.

This instrument is in compliance with directives.

WARRANTY

HI 93414 is warranted for two years against defects in workmanship and materials when used for its intended purpose and maintained according to instructions. This warranty is limited to repair or replacement free of charge.

Damage due to accidents, misuse, tampering or lack of prescribed maintenance is not covered.

If service is required, contact the dealer from whom you purchased the instrument. If under warranty, report the model number, date of purchase, serial number and the nature of the failure. If the repair is not covered by the warranty, you will be notified of the charges incurred. If the instrument is to be returned to Hanna Instruments, first obtain a Returned Goods Authorization number from the Technical Service Department and then send it with shipping costs prepaid. When shipping any instrument, make sure it is properly packed for complete protection.

To validate your warranty, fill out and return the enclosed warranty card within 14 days from the date of purchase.

TABLE OF	CONTENTS
WARRANTY .............................................................................................................................................	2
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION ...................................................................................................................	3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION ...........................................................................................................................	4
TAG IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................	5
ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................................................................................	5
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ......................................................................................................................	6
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION .....................................................................................................................	9
SPECIFICATIONS ...................................................................................................................................	12
GENERAL TIPS FOR AN ACCURATE MEASUREMENT ..................................................................................	14
RANGE SELECTION ................................................................................................................................	21
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE ..................................................................................................................	22
CALIBRATION PROCEDURE .....................................................................................................................	28
LOGGING ..............................................................................................................................................	37
GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE (GLP) ......................................................................................................	40
SETUP .................................................................................................................................................	42
LCD BACKLIGHT ....................................................................................................................................	46
TAG INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................................................	47
LAMP REPLACEMENT .............................................................................................................................	47
BATTERIES MANAGEMENT .....................................................................................................................	48
PC INTERFACE .......................................................................................................................................	50
ERROR CODES ......................................................................................................................................	50
ACCESSORIES .......................................................................................................................................	51
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USERS ..........................................................................................................	51

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PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

Please examine this Product carefully. Make sure the instrument is not damaged. If any damage has occurred during the shipment, please notify your dealer.

This HI 93414 Portable Turbidity and Free/Total Chlorine meter is supplied complete with:

•Five Sample Cuvets and Caps

•Calibration Cuvets for turbidimeter

•Calibration Cuvets for colorimeter

•Silicone Oil

•Tissue for wiping the cuvets

•Five Tag holders with Tags (HI 920005)

•Scissors

•Batteries (4 pcs.)

•AC Adapter

•Instruction Manual

•Instrument Quality Certificate

•Rigid carrying case

Note: Save all	packing material until you are sure that the	instrument works	correctly. Any
defective	item must be returned in the original packing	with the supplied	accessories.

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION

HI 93414 is a high accuracy, combined meter that benefits from Hanna’s years of experience as manufacturer of analytical instruments.

The HI 93414 successfully combines turbidity and colorimetric measurements to meet the needs of measuring the most important parameters of drinking water: turbidity and free/total chlorine. The meter is especially designed for water quality measurements, providing reliable and accurate readings on low turbidity and chlorine values. The HI 93414 meets and exceeds the requirements of USEPA and Standard Methods both for turbidity and colorimetric measurements.

The instrument is based on a state-of-the-art optical system which guarantees accurate results. The optical system, consisting in a tungsten filament lamp, three detectors (scattered,transmitted for turbidimeter range and one for colorimeter range), and a narrow band interference filter @ 525 nm assures long term stability and minimizes stray light and color interferences. It also compensates for variations in intensity of the lamp, making no need for frequent calibration.

The 25 mm round cuvets made from special optical glass guarantee the repeatability and consistency of the measurements.

Turbidity measurements can be made in the 0.00 to 1000 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) range. The instrument has an EPA compliance reading mode which rounds the reading to meet EPA reporting requirements.

Depending on the measured sample and needed accuracy, normal measurement, continuous measurement or signal averaging measurement can be selected.

Free or Total Chlorine measurements can be made in the 0.00 to 5.00 mg/L (ppm) range.

With the powerful CAL CHECK™ function, the good performance of the instrument can be validated at any moment by using the exclusive Hanna ready-made, NIST traceable standards.

Calibration can be performed at any time for turbidity and for colorimetric range.

For turbidity, a two, three or four-point calibration is available using the supplied (<0.1, 15, 100 and 750 NTU adjustable calibration points) or user prepared standards. For colorimeter, a one-point calibration can be performed.

HI 93414 has complete G.L.P. (Good Laboratory Practice) functions that allows traceability of the calibration conditions. The last calibration points, time and date can be checked by a single key touch. HI 93414 has a user-friendly interface with an easy to read, large Liquid Cristal Display. Displayed codes guide the user step by step with routine operation and through calibration. Confirmation and error acoustic signals help the user during instrument operation.

The HI 93414 combined meter is a truly portable instrument. It is supplied with a rigid carrying suitcase that offer protection for harsh environments. The instrument is also splash proof.

One battery set is enough for at least 1500 measurements. The battery charging percentage and low battery condition is displayed on the LCD to avoid unexpected battery failure. In addition, the instrument has an auto shut-off feature and turns off after 15 minutes of non-use to save batteries life. The instrument is equipped with backlight and the current time is displayed continuously on the LCD.

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The instrument also provides a logging function. Up to 200 measurements can be stored in the internal memory and consulted at any time. In order to further store and analyse, the data can be downloaded to a PC using one of the available ports: RS232 or USB.

For advanced field applications, the HI 93414 combined meter is equipped with Tag Identification System (TIS) that make data collecting and management simpler than ever.

TAG IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

Hanna is the first manufacturer of analytical instruments that has decided to add the unique T.I.S.- Tag Identification System to its meters, to meet the more restrictive needs of the users and fit all advantages of this system to the turbidity and chlorine measurements to simplify data management. The system is designed for scientific and industrial applications, or to prove during safety audits and inspections that samples have been truly taken on pre-established locations.

The system is as easy to install as to operate. Just fix the so-called iButton® tags near your sampling sites that need to be checked often, and with this the T.I.S. is setup. The tag contains a computer chip embedded in a durable stainless steel can. It is designed to withstand the harsh environments, indoors or outdoors. The number of tags that can be installed is practically unlimited, because each tag has a unique identification code.

Immediately after tags installation, data collecting can be started. Use the HI 93414 to take measurements and memorize the test result by pressing the Log-on-Demand key. Then, the instrument will ask for the tag identification.

Simply touching the iButton® with the matching connector on the HI 93414 does identify and authenticate logging, by storing the iButton® serial number, time and date stamp.

The power of the T.I.S. feature resides in the PC application. Download all test data to your PC and use our HI 92000 Windows® compatible application software for further data management. You can sort or filter all your collected test data on different criteria like on a specific sampling location, parameter, date and time intervals, or fix range to filter measured values. The data can be plotted in a graph, exported to other common Windows® applications or printed for reporting purposes.

It is possible to add also new tags later on, thus increasing an already existing database. Each time the PC software recognizes a new added tag, it will ask for a description of the new sampling location.

ABBREVIATIONS

	NTU	Nephelometric Turbidity Units	RTC	Real Time Clock
	JTU	Jackson Turbidity Units	RH	Relative Humidity
	FTU	Formazin Turbidity Units	TIS	Tag Identification System
			ID	Identification
	USEPA	US Environmental Protection Agency
	LCD	Liquid Crystal Display

iButton® is registered Trademark of “MAXIM/DALLAS semiconductor Corp.”

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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

TURBIDIMETER

Turbidity of water is an optical property that causes light to be scattered and absorbed, rather than transmitted. The scattering of the light that passes through a liquid is primarily caused by the suspended solids. The higher the turbidity, the greater the amount of scattered light. Because even the molecules in a very pure fluid scatter light to a certain degree, no solution will have zero turbidity.

The USEPA Method 180.1 specify the key parameters for the optical system to measure turbidity for drinking, saline and surface water in a 0 to 40 NTU range, using the nephelometric method. The HI 93414 instrument is designed to meet or exceed the criteria specified by the USEPA Method 180.1 and Standard Method 2130 B.

The light beam that passes through the sample is scattered in all directions. The intensity and pattern of the scattered light is affected by many variables like wavelenght of the incident light, particle size, shape, refractive index and color.

The Hanna’s HI 93414 is based on a state-of-the-art optical system that guarantee both high performance and reliable results.

This optical system includes a tungsten filament lamp, a scattered light detector (900) and a transmitted light detector (1800). For the colorimeter range the optical system is based on the turbidimeter tungsten lamp and a separate detector with a narrow band interference filter @ 525 nm to guarantee both high performance and reliable results for colorimetric measurements.

For the turbidimeter range the microprocessor of the instrument calculates from the signals that reaches the two detectors, the NTU value, using an effective algorithm. This algorithm corrects and compensates for interferences of color, making the HI 93414 instrument color-compensated.

The optical system and measuring technique alow the compensation of lamp intensity fluctuations, minimizing the need of frequent calibration.

The lower detection limit of a turbidimeter is determined by the so called “stray light”. Stray light is the light detected by the sensors, that is not caused by light scattering from suspended particles.

The optical system of HI 93414 instrument is designed to have very low stray light, providing accurate results for low turbidity samples. However, special care must be taken when measuring low turbidities (see page 14 “General Tips for an Accurate Measurement” for sample preparation and measuring techniques).

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MEASUREMENT UNITS

Many methods were used to measure turbidity over the years. The Jackson Candle Turbidimeter was used to measure turbidity as Jackson turbidity units (JTU). The Secchi Disk is commonly used to measure turbidity in lakes and other deep waters (mg/L SiO2). Both methods are visual and are not considered very accurate. To obtain more accurate readings a nephelometer should be used as a turbidity reading instrument.

The HI 93414 turbidimeter reports the measurements only in NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). NTU units are equal to FTU units (Formazine Turbidity Units). The conversion table between these measurement units is shown bellow:

		JTU	NTU/FTU	SiO (mg/L)
				2
	JTU	1	19	2.50
	NTU/FTU	0.053	1	0.13
COLORIMETER	SiO (mg/L)	0.4	7.5	1
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Absorption of light is a typical phenomenon of interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. When light beam crosses a substance, some of the radiation may be absorbed by atoms, molecules or crystal lattices.

If pure absorption occurs, the fraction of absorbed light depends both on the optical path length through the matter and on the physical-chemical characteristics of the substance, according to the Lambert-Beer law:

		–log	I/Io = ελ c d
			or
		A	= ελ c d
Where:
–log I/Io=		Absorbance (A)
Io	=	intensity of incident light beam
I	=	intensity of light beam after absorption
ελ	=	molar extinction coefficient at wavelength λ
c	=	molar concentration of the substance
d	=	optical path through the substance

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Therefore, the concentration “c” can be calculated from the absorbance of the substance as the other factors are known.

Photometric chemical analysis is based on the possibility to develop an absorbing compound from a specific chemical reaction between sample and reagents. Given that the absorption of a compound strictly depends on the wavelength of the incident light beam, a narrow spectral bandwidth should be selected as well as a proper central wavelength to optimize measurements.

The measurement process is carried out in two phases: first the instrument is zeroed and then the actual measurement is performed.

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FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION

1)Cuvet Lid. Close the cuvet lid prior to start a measurement.

2)Cuvet Holder. Insert the cuvet into the holder with the cuvet mark matching the case mark.

3)Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The LCD has backlight for better visibility in dark environments.

4)Keypad. Splash proof resistant.

5)Lamp connector. Connect the new lamp using a screwdriver during lamp changing procedure.

6)Lamp. Replaceable tungsten lamp.

7)Battery Lid. Remove the battery lid in order to change batteries or replace the lamp.

KEYPAD DESCRIPTION

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8)ON/OFF, press to turn the instrument ON/OFF. If no key is pressed for more than 15 minutes, the instrument automatically shuts off.

9)RANGE , press to change the range. You can choose between turbidimeter or free or total chlorine range. In SETUP it is used to increase the set values. In Log Recall it is used to select a newer record (scroll up).

10)ZERO/AVG , press to set the average reading mode ON/OFF in turbidimeter range. In colorimeter range it is used to make a zero reading. In SETUP it is used to decrease the set values. In Log Recall it is used to select an older record (scroll down).

11)CAL/CHECK, press and hold for 3 seconds to enter calibration. In colorimeter range it is used to check the calibration. In SETUP it is used to start/stop editing a parameter.

12)LIGHT, press to turn ON/OFF the backlight.

13)RCL/GLP, press to enter/exit viewing log content or press and hold for 3 seconds to enter the GLP feature.

14)LOG/CFM, press to save the log records. In SETUP it is used to confirm the selected option.

15)READ/TIMER , press to start a measurement. Press and hold to make a continuous measurement in turbidimeter range. In colorimeter range press for 3 seconds to start the timer for free and total chlorine measurement. In Log Recall it is used to see the content of a record. In GLP it is used to see all available informations. In SETUP, during date or time editing, it is used to move the focus on the next setting item.

16)SETUP/DEL, press to enter/exit SETUP. The DEL function is available in Log Recall to delete calibration or one/all records. In GLP it is used to delete the user calibration.

CONNECTORS DESCRIPTION

17)AC adapter connector, used to connect an external AC Adapter.

18)RS232 connector, used to transfer data through the RS232 connection. Use HI 920011 serial cable to connect to the PC.

19)Tag reader connector. Touch the tag with the connector to read the location identification number during logging.

20)USB connector, used to transfer data to the PC.

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DISPLAY DESCRIPTION

1)Battery icon. When the instrument is powered by batteries, at the start of the instrument, the remaining battery life is displayed along with the battery icon. When blinking, the batteries are almost empty and need to be replaced.

2)Wait icon. It is displayed along with the timer countdown in colorimeter range.

3)Measurement icon. The icon shows the measuring scheme of the instrument.

4)Lamp icon. The lamp icon is shown when the lamp is turned on.

5)Four digit main display. The main display shows the measured value after one measurement. Depending on the instrument working mode, other values or messages are displayed.

6)Measurement units. The turbidity is measured in NTU. When average mode or continuous mode is selected, the NTU tag blinks at each new displayed value. For conversions in other units see “Measurement Units” section on page 7. Free & Total Chlorine are measured in mg/L; % is used to display the remaining batteries life.

7)AVG icon. When selected, in turbidimeter range only, the measurement will be made in average mode. The NTU tag blinks at each new displayed value.

8)Four digit secondary display. The secondary display shows the current time (if selected), if not selected “turb”, “F Cl” or “t Cl” is displayed indicating the momentarely range. It can display other values/messages.

BEEPER

A beeper is used to make the user interface more friendly. An error or invalid key press is signaled by a long beep. A confirmation beep is signaled by a short beep. The beeper is selectable as ON or OFF in SETUP menu.

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	SPECIFICATIONS
Turbidity
Range	0.00 to 9.99; 10.0 to 99.9 and 100 to 1000 NTU
Range selection	Automatically
Resolution	0.01 NTU from 0.00 to 9.99 NTU;
	0.1 NTU from 10.0 to 99.9 NTU;
	1 NTU from 100 to 1000 NTU
Accuracy	±2% of reading plus 0.02 NTU
Repeatibility	±1% of reading or 0.02 NTU, whichever is greater
Stray Light	< 0.02 NTU
Typical EMC Deviation	±0.05 NTU
Light Detector	Silicon Photocell
Method	Ratio Nephelometric Method (90°), ratio of scatter and
	transmitted light; Adaptation of the USEPA Method 108.1
	and Standard Method 2130 B.
Measuring mode	Normal, Average, Continuous.
Turbidity Standards	<0.1, 15, 100 and 750 NTU
Calibration	Two, three or four-point calibration
Free and total Chlorine
Range Free Cl2	0.00 to 5.00 mg/L
Total Cl2	0.00 to 5.00 mg/L
Resolution	0.01 mg/L from 0.00 to 3.50 mg/L; 0.10 above 3.50 mg/L
Accuracy	±0.02 mg/L @ 1.00 mg/L
Typical EMC Deviation	±0.02 mg/L
Detector	Silicon photocell with 525 nm narrow band interference filters
Method	Adaptation of the USEPA Method 330.5 and Standard Method
	4500-Cl G. The reaction between chlorine and DPD reagent
	causes a pink tint in the sample.
Standards	1 mg/L free chlorine, 1 mg/L total chlorine
Calibration	One-point calibration

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Other
Light Source	Tungsten filament lamp
Lamp life	greater than 100,000 readings
Display	60 x 90mm LCD with backlight
LOG Memory	200 records
Serial Interface	RS232 or USB 1.1
Environment	to 50°C (122°F); max 95% RH non-condensing
Power supply	4 x 1.5V AA alkaline batteries or AC adapter
Auto Shut-off	After 15 minutes of non-use
Dimensions	224 x 87 x 77 mm (8.8 x 3.4 x 3.0'’)
Weight	512g (18 oz.)

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GENERAL TIPS FOR AN ACCURATE MEASUREMENT

HI 93414 is a highly accurate combined meter for some very important drinking water parameters: turbidity and free & total chlorine. To meet the instrument’s performance and fully benefit of its features, it is very important for the analyst to use proper measurement techniques for accurate, precise and repeatable readings. Special care must be taken during sample preparation and handling. The instructions listed below should be carefully followed during measuring and calibration to ensure best accuracy.

CUVET

The cuvet is part of the optical system in all measurements. The light reaches the sample by passing through the cuvet glass. As a result, the measurement can be affected by the glass imperfections, dirt, dust, scratches, or fingerprints present on the cuvet surface. So, special care must be taken in preparing and handling the cuvet.

Note: In colorimetric measurements, when it is possible use the same cuvet both for zeroing and measurement. If this is not possible always match the cuvets.

Also, in turbidimetric measurements, if you are using multiple cuvets, always match the cuvets.

CUVET HANDLING

The cuvets should be free of scratches or cracks. Any cuvet with visible scratches will be discarded. The cuvets should be periodically washed with acid. After washing, the cuvets should be well rinsed multiple times with distilled or deionized water. Allow cuvets to air-dry and store them for long periods of time with caps, to avoid dirt entering inside. Always handle the cuvet by touching only the cap or its top side (over the horizontal line).

Always store the cuvets in separate boxes or with separators between them to avoid scratches on the surface.

CUVET PREPARATION

Whenever a cuvet is used, it must be clean inside and outside. When it is placed into the instrument, it must be dry outside, completely free of fingerprints or dirt.

If the cuvet is not indexed, put the cuvet with the factory mark aligned with the sign on the instrument top.

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CUVET OILING (TURBIDITY only)

Warning: For colorimetric measurements the cuvet should be completely free of any trace of oil. Do not use the oiling procedure for colorimetric measurements.

To hide minor imperfections and scratches, the cuvets should be oiled outside with the supplied silicone oil. This is very important, especially for low turbidity samples (< 1 NTU), otherwise scratches can contribute and alter turbidity readings.

The silicone oil has the same refractive index as the glass and will not alter the turbidity readings. It is important to apply only a thin layer of silicone oil.

Warning: Do not apply silicone oil in excess because it may retain dirt or contaminate the cuvet holder of the instrument, altering the turbidity readings.

It is very important to apply the silicone oil on a clean, dry cuvet. Apply a few drops of oil and wipe the cuvet thoroughly with a lint-free cloth. Wipe off the excess oil till you obtain a thin, uniform layer. If the procedure is correctly followed, the cuvet should appear nearly dry with no visible oil.

Note: The supplied cloth for oiling should be stored together with the silicone oil bottle and cuvets, taking care to avoid contamination with dirt. After a few oiling procedures, the cloth will contain enough oil to wipe the bottle with it without adding more oil. From time to time add some drops of oil on the cuvet to provide the necessary oil quantity in the cloth.

INDEXING A CUVET

It is very important for low turbidity readings to always insert the cuvet into the instrument in the same position.

All cuvets are factory indexed. This index can be used to put the cuvet with the factory mark on the cuvet aligned with the sign on the instrument top.

To further reduce the effect of glass imperfections, the cuvet can be indexed and use this new index as the position mark.

For indexing one cuvet or matching multiple cuvets, the continuous reading mode is suggested. In this mode, if READ/TIMER is kept pressed, multiple successive readings are taken without turning off the lamp. After first reading is displayed, it is possible to open the cuvet lid and rotate the cuvet without generating an error condition. The turbidity is immediately displayed, reducing considerably

the measurement time. The lamp of the instrument will turn off only when READ/TIMER	is
released.
Note: The instrument can not perform continuous readings if the average mode is on.

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In order to index a cuvet follow the next steps:

•Fill the cuvet with high quality water (<0.1 NTU) up to the 10 mL mark.

•Clean and oil the cuvet as described before.

•Turn the instrument ON.

•Insert the cuvet into the instrument and press READ/TIMER . Record the reading.

•Open the instrument lid, slightly rotate the cuvet and take a new reading.

•Repeat the last step until you read the lowest NTU value. Alternatively, keep the READ/TIMER pressed and, after the first value is displayed, open the lid and start rotating the cuvet until the lowest NTU value is displayed.

•Mark this position on the thicker white band on the top of the cuvet with a water resistant pencil.

•Always use this position to align it with the sign on the instrument top.

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