Newton 2.0 User Interface
Guidelines
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York
Don Mills, Ontario |
Wokingham, England Amsterdam Bonn |
Sydney Singapore |
Tokyo Madrid San Juan |
Paris Seoul Milan |
Mexico City Taipei |
Apple Computer, Inc.
© 1996, 1994 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Apple Computer, Inc., except to make a backup copy of any documentation provided on CD-ROM. Printed in the United States of America.
No licenses, express or implied, are granted with respect to any of the technology described in this book. Apple retains all intellectual property rights associated with the technology described in this book. This book is intended to assist application developers to develop applications only for Apple-labeled or Apple-licensed computers.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate. Apple is not responsible for printing or clerical errors.
Apple Computer, Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014 408-996-1010
Apple, the Apple logo, APDA, AppleLink, AppleTalk, LaserWriter, Macintosh, and Newton are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries.
Balloon Help, Espy, Geneva, the light bulb logo, MessagePad, NewtonScript, Newton Toolkit, New York, QuickDraw, and System 7 are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.
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FrameMaker is a registered trademark of Frame Technology Corporation.
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Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada.
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THE WARRANTY AND REMEDIES SET FORTH ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHERS, ORAL OR WRITTEN, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. No Apple dealer, agent, or employee is authorized to make any modification, extension, or addition to this warranty.
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ISBN 0-201-48838-8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-MA-0099989796 First Printing, May 1996
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Newton 2.0 user interface guidelines / Apple Computer, Inc. p. cm.
Includes index. ISBN 0-201-48838-8
1. User interfaces (Computer systems) I. Apple Computer, Inc. QA76.9.U83N49 1996
005.265—dc20
Contents
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Figures |
xiii |
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Preface |
About This Book |
xxi |
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Who Should Read This Book |
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xxi |
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What’s in This Book |
xxii |
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Related Books |
xxii |
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Visual Cues Used in This Book |
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xxiii |
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Developer Products and Support |
xxiii |
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Chapter 1 |
Newton and Its Users |
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1-1 |
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Understand Newton |
1-1 |
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Know Your Audience |
1-2 |
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What People Do With Newton |
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1-3 |
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Accessibility |
1-3 |
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Observe Basic Human Interface Principles |
1-4 |
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Metaphors |
1-4 |
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Direct Manipulation |
1-6 |
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Feedback |
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1-7 |
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See and Point |
1-7 |
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Consistency |
1-7 |
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User Control |
1-8 |
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Forgiveness |
1-8 |
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Stability |
1-9 |
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Aesthetic Integrity |
1-9 |
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Design for the Newton System |
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1-10 |
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Observe the Built-In Applications |
1-10 |
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Use the Common Pool of Data |
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1-10 |
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Keep Applications Simple |
1-11 |
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iii
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Use Screen Space Wisely |
1-11 |
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Check the Screen Size |
1-11 |
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Involve Users in the Design Process |
1-13 |
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Define Your Audience |
1-13 |
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Analyze Tasks |
1-13 |
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Build Prototypes |
1-14 |
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Observe Users |
1-14 |
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Ten Steps for Conducting a User Observation |
1-15 |
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Chapter 2 |
Container Views |
2-1 |
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How Views Look |
2-3 |
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View Controls |
2-3 |
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View Title |
2-4 |
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View Border |
2-6 |
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Matte Border |
2-6 |
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Striped Border |
2-7 |
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Wavy Border |
2-7 |
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Plain Border |
2-8 |
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Drop Shadows |
2-8 |
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View Fill |
2-9 |
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Main Views |
2-9 |
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Title or Folder Tab |
2-10 |
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Primary Controls and Status Bar |
2-11 |
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Separator Bars |
2-11 |
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The Main View’s Border |
2-13 |
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Auxiliary Views |
2-14 |
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Slips |
2-15 |
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Notification Alerts |
2-17 |
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Confirmation Alerts |
2-18 |
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Status Slips |
2-20 |
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Title and Message |
2-21 |
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Progress Indicator |
2-22 |
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Close, Stop, or Cancel |
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2-23 |
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User Decision |
2-24 |
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Palettes |
2-24 |
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Drawers |
2-26 |
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Roll Views |
2-27 |
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How Views Work |
2-28 |
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Opening Container Views |
2-28 |
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View Display Order |
2-28 |
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The Backdrop |
2-29 |
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What Is Active |
2-29 |
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View Position |
2-30 |
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Position of a Main View |
2-30 |
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Position of Auxiliary Views |
2-31 |
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Closing a View |
2-32 |
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Closing a Main View |
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2-32 |
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Closing a Slip |
2-33 |
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Closing a Drawer |
2-33 |
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Moving a View |
2-33 |
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Changing a View’s Size |
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2-34 |
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Scrolling |
2-36 |
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Scrolling With Scroll Arrows |
2-37 |
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Universal Scroll Arrows |
2-38 |
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Local Scroll Arrows |
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2-39 |
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Four-way Scrolling |
2-41 |
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Automatic Scrolling |
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2-43 |
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Scrolling Performance |
2-44 |
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Overview |
2-44 |
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Overview Contents |
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2-44 |
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Overview Button |
2-46 |
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Switching to and from an Overview |
2-47 |
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Scroll and Overview in an Overview |
2-48 |
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Closing an Overview |
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2-49 |
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Nonfunctional Scroll and Overview Controls |
2-49 |
v
Chapter 3 |
Controls |
3-1 |
Buttons |
3-2 |
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Text Buttons |
3-2 |
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Text Button Sizes |
3-3 |
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Naming Text Buttons |
3-4 |
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Naming Take-Action Buttons |
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3-4 |
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Naming Canceland Stop-Action Buttons |
3-5 |
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Picture Buttons |
3-7 |
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Designing Picture Buttons |
3-8 |
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Button Behavior |
3-9 |
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Button Feedback |
3-9 |
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Button States |
3-10 |
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Button Placement |
3-11 |
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Button Spacing |
3-12 |
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Large Buttons |
3-14 |
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Close Boxes |
3-14 |
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Where to Use a Regular Close Box |
3-15 |
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Where to Use a Large Close Box |
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3-15 |
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Radio Buttons |
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3-16 |
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Checkboxes |
3-18 |
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Sliders |
3-20 |
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Hot Spots |
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3-21 |
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Standard Newton Buttons |
3-22 |
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Analog Clock Button |
3-23 |
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Info Button |
3-23 |
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Recognizer Button |
3-24 |
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Keyboard Button |
3-25 |
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New Button |
3-26 |
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Show Button |
3-26 |
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Filing Button |
3-27 |
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Action Button |
3-28 |
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Item Info Button |
3-29 |
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Rotate Button |
3-30 |
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vi
Chapter 4 |
Pickers |
4-1 |
List Pickers |
4-2 |
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Elements of List Pickers |
4-2 |
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Check Marks |
4-3 |
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Icons |
4-3 |
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Item Names |
4-3 |
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Table of Items |
4-4 |
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Unavailable Items |
4-5 |
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Organization of List Pickers |
4-6 |
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Sources of List Pickers |
4-7 |
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Position of List Pickers |
4-8 |
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Using a List Picker |
4-9 |
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Picking an Item |
4-9 |
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User Editing of Pickers |
4-11 |
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Scrolling |
4-12 |
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Index Tabs |
4-13 |
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Hierarchical List Pickers |
4-14 |
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Number Picker |
4-16 |
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Date and Time Pickers |
4-17 |
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Overview Pickers |
4-19 |
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Contents of Overview Pickers |
4-19 |
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Position of Overview Pickers |
4-20 |
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Using an Overview Picker |
4-21 |
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Picking Items |
4-21 |
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Scrolling Items |
4-22 |
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Creating New Items |
4-23 |
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Standard Newton Pickers |
4-23 |
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Info Picker |
4-24 |
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New Picker |
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4-25 |
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Show Picker |
4-26 |
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Action Picker |
4-26 |
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People Picker |
4-27 |
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vii
Chapter 5 |
Icons |
5-1 |
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Designing Effective Icons |
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5-1 |
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Thinking Up an Icon Image |
5-2 |
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Make Shapely Icons |
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5-3 |
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Design for the Newton Display |
5-3 |
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Avoid Text in Icons |
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5-4 |
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Make All Sizes of an Icon Look Alike |
5-4 |
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Use Icons Consistently |
5-5 |
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Think About Multicultural Compatibility |
5-6 |
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Extras Drawer Icons |
5-6 |
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Extras Drawer Icons Together |
5-6 |
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Extras Drawer Icon Size |
5-8 |
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Extras Drawer Icon Shape |
5-9 |
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Extras Drawer Icon Names |
5-9 |
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Animating an Extras Drawer Icon |
5-9 |
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Title Icons |
5-11 |
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Button Icons |
5-12 |
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Icons in a Picker |
5-12 |
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Chapter 6 |
Data Input |
6-1 |
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Input Fields |
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6-1 |
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Tapping |
6-3 |
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Pickers |
6-3 |
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Scrolling Lists and Tables |
6-4 |
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Radio Buttons |
6-6 |
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Checkboxes |
6-7 |
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Sliders |
6-7 |
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Writing, Drawing, and Editing |
6-8 |
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Text Input |
6-8 |
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Simple Input Line |
6-9 |
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Labeled Input Line |
6-10 |
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Text Input Lines that Expand |
6-11 |
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Paragraph Input |
6-12 |
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Structured List Input |
6-12 |
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viii
Shape Input |
6-13 |
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General Input |
6-14 |
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Recognition |
6-15 |
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User Control of Recognition |
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6-16 |
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Deferred Recognition |
6-18 |
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Forcing Recognition |
6-19 |
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Configuring Recognition |
6-19 |
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Editing |
6-21 |
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Selecting Text and Shapes |
6-22 |
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Erasing Text or Shapes |
6-24 |
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Joining Words |
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6-26 |
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Breaking Paragraphs |
6-26 |
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Inserting Space in Text |
6-26 |
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Inserting New Text |
6-27 |
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Replacing Text |
6-29 |
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Correcting Misrecognized Text |
6-29 |
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Changing Capitalization of Text |
6-31 |
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Changing Paragraph Margins |
6-31 |
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Removing Extra Space from Paragraphs |
6-31 |
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Duplicating Text or Shapes |
6-31 |
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Changing Shapes |
6-31 |
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Moving Objects |
6-32 |
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Typing |
6-32 |
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Displaying Keyboards |
6-33 |
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Keyboard Position |
6-34 |
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Keys |
6-34 |
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Character Keys |
6-34 |
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Return |
6-35 |
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Tab |
6-35 |
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Del |
6-35 |
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Shift |
6-35 |
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Caps |
6-35 |
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Option |
6-36 |
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Arrow Keys |
6-36 |
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Type-Ahead and Auto-Repeat |
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6-36 |
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ix
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Error Handling |
6-37 |
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Error Correction |
6-37 |
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Error Detection |
6-38 |
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Chapter 7 |
Routing and Communications |
7-1 |
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The In/Out Box |
7-2 |
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The In Box |
7-3 |
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The Out Box |
7-4 |
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In/Out Box Items |
7-4 |
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Viewing Items in the In/Out Box |
7-5 |
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Viewing Routing Information |
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7-6 |
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Routing Outgoing Items |
7-7 |
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Action Button and Picker |
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7-8 |
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An Action Button’s Location |
7-9 |
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Action Picker Contents |
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7-10 |
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Building an Action Picker |
7-11 |
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Routing Slips |
7-12 |
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Sender Picker |
7-13 |
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Recipient Pickers |
7-15 |
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Choosing a Printer |
7-15 |
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Choosing Fax or E-mail Recipients |
7-16 |
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Transport Picker |
7-18 |
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Send Button and Close Box |
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7-18 |
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Other Routing Slip Elements |
7-20 |
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Format Picker |
7-20 |
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Preview Button |
7-23 |
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Sending Out Box Items |
7-24 |
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Routing Incoming Items |
7-24 |
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Receiving In Box Items |
7-25 |
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Receiving Remote In Box Items |
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7-26 |
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Disposing of Received Items |
7-26 |
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Putting Away Received Items |
7-27 |
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Putting Away Items Automatically |
7-28 |
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Filing Items That Are Put Away |
7-28 |
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Extending the Tag Picker |
7-29 |
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x
Routing Status |
7-29 |
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Stopping a Send or Receive in Progress |
7-31 |
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Transport Preferences |
7-32 |
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Routing Alternatives |
7-34 |
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Routing by Intelligent Assistant |
7-35 |
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Programmed Sending |
7-36 |
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Chapter 8 |
Newton Services |
8-1 |
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Automatic Busy Cursor |
8-2 |
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Notify Button and Picker |
8-2 |
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Alarms |
8-4 |
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Unacknowledged Alarms |
8-5 |
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Alarm Etiquette |
8-5 |
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Sound |
8-6 |
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|
Find |
8-6 |
|
|
|
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|
|
Text Searches |
|
8-7 |
|
|
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|
|
Date Searches |
|
8-8 |
|
|
|
|
|
The Scope of a Search |
8-8 |
|
|
|||
|
Customizing the Standard Find Slip |
8-9 |
|||||
|
Initiating or Canceling a Search |
8-11 |
|
||||
|
Search Status |
|
8-11 |
|
|
|
|
|
Search Results |
|
8-11 |
|
|
|
|
|
Filing |
8-13 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Filing Button and Slip |
8-14 |
|
|
|||
|
A Filing Button’s Location |
8-15 |
|
||||
|
A Filing Slip’s Contents |
8-16 |
|
||||
|
Editing Folders |
8-18 |
|
|
|||
|
Folder Tab |
8-19 |
|
|
|
||
|
Intelligent Assistant |
8-22 |
|
|
|||
|
Invoking the Assistant |
8-22 |
|
|
|||
|
Interpreting the Request Phrase |
8-23 |
|
||||
|
Assist Slip |
8-24 |
|
|
|
||
|
Task Slips |
8-27 |
|
|
|
||
|
Help |
8-28 |
|
|
|
|
|
xi
|
Preferences |
|
8-30 |
|
|
|
|
|
System-wide Preferences |
8-30 |
|
||||
|
Application Preferences |
8-31 |
|
||||
Appendix |
Avoiding Common Mistakes |
A-1 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Info Button |
A-1 |
|
|
|
||
|
New and Show Buttons |
A-1 |
|
||||
|
Screen Size |
A-1 |
|
|
|
||
|
Tapping v. Writing |
A-1 |
|
|
|||
|
Picker Placement and Alignment |
A-2 |
|||||
|
Field Alignment |
A-2 |
|
|
|||
|
Close Box Size |
A-2 |
|
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|
||
|
Button Location |
A-2 |
|
|
|||
|
Button Spacing |
A-2 |
|
|
|
||
|
Button Size |
A-3 |
|
|
|
||
|
Capitalization |
A-3 |
|
|
|
||
|
Picker Icons |
A-3 |
|
|
|
||
|
Dismissing a Slip |
A-3 |
|
|
|||
|
Take-Action Button |
A-3 |
|
|
|||
|
Fonts |
A-4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Keyboard Button |
A-4 |
|
|
|||
|
Punctuation to Avoid |
A-4 |
|
|
|||
|
Extras Drawer Icons |
A-4 |
|
|
|||
|
Storage |
A-5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Date and Time Input |
A-5 |
|
|
Glossary GL-1
Index IN-1
xii
Figures
Chapter 1 |
Newton and Its Users |
1-1 |
|
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||
|
Figure 1-1 |
Metaphors help people quickly grasp how |
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|||||||
|
|
software works |
|
1-5 |
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||
|
Figure 1-2 |
Users should feel they are directly controlling |
|
|||||||
|
|
something tangible |
1-6 |
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|
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|
|||
|
Figure 1-3 |
An application adjusts its size, position, and layout to |
||||||||
|
|
fit the screen |
1-12 |
|
|
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|
|||
Chapter 2 |
Container Views |
2-1 |
|
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|
||||
|
Figure 2-1 |
Examples of container views |
2-2 |
|
|
|
||||
|
Figure 2-2 |
Standard controls for manipulating views |
2-4 |
|
||||||
|
Figure 2-3 |
Various title styles |
2-5 |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Figure 2-4 |
A matte border indicates a movable view |
2-6 |
|
||||||
|
Figure 2-5 |
A striped border suggests routing |
2-7 |
|
||||||
|
Figure 2-6 |
An alert box has a thick wavy border |
|
2-8 |
|
|||||
|
Figure 2-7 |
Some views need the simplicity of a |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
plain border |
2-8 |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Figure 2-8 |
Sparing use of some types of shadows is OK |
2-9 |
|||||||
|
Figure 2-9 |
A title or a folder tab tops a main view |
|
2-10 |
|
|||||
|
Figure 2-10 |
A status bar anchors primary controls at the bottom |
||||||||
|
|
of a main view |
|
2-11 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Figure 2-11 |
Separator bars separate multiple items in a |
|
|||||||
|
|
scrolling view |
2-12 |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Figure 2-12 |
Main views have matte or plain borders with |
|
|||||||
|
|
rounded corners |
2-13 |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Figure 2-13 |
Examples of auxiliary views |
2-14 |
|
|
|
||||
|
Figure 2-14 |
Users can move most slips |
2-15 |
|
|
|
||||
|
Figure 2-15 |
Dismissing slips that complete actions |
2-16 |
|
||||||
|
Figure 2-16 |
A notification alert tells the user something |
|
|||||||
|
|
important |
2-17 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Figure 2-17 |
A Snooze button enables a user to dismiss an alert |
||||||||
|
|
temporarily |
|
2-18 |
|
|
|
|
xiii
Figure 2-18 A confirmation alert tells the user about a grave situation 2-19
Figure 2-19 |
A status slip reports on a lengthy operation |
2-20 |
|||||
Figure 2-20 |
A sequence of status messages traces the steps |
||||||
|
of an operation |
2-22 |
|
|
|
||
Figure 2-21 |
A gauge in a status slip measures elapsing |
|
|||||
|
progress |
2-23 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2-22 |
A status slip can report a condition that demands |
||||||
|
a user decision |
2-24 |
|
|
|
||
Figure 2-23 |
A palette provides handy access to useful |
|
|||||
|
settings |
2-25 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2-24 |
A drawer slides open and closed |
2-26 |
|
||||
Figure 2-25 |
Where to position a small auxiliary view |
2-31 |
|||||
Figure 2-26 |
Dragging a view’s drag handle moves |
|
|
||||
|
the view |
2-34 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2-27 |
Dynamically adjust a view’s position, size, and layout |
||||||
|
to fit the screen |
|
2-35 |
|
|
|
|
Figure 2-28 |
A view may change size in response to user |
|
|||||
|
actions |
2-35 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2-29 |
Ready to scroll Notepad notes into view from |
||||||
|
above or below |
2-36 |
|
|
|
||
Figure 2-30 |
Scrolling by tapping a down arrow |
|
2-37 |
|
|||
Figure 2-31 |
The universal scroll arrows at the bottom of a |
||||||
|
MessagePad screen |
2-39 |
|
|
|
||
Figure 2-32 |
How scroll arrows work in the Date Book’s |
|
|||||
|
Day view |
2-40 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2-33 |
Scroll arrow color may indicate what scrolling |
||||||
|
will reveal |
2-41 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2-34 |
A control for scrolling in four directions |
2-42 |
|||||
Figure 2-35 |
An alternate control for scrolling in four |
|
|||||
|
directions |
2-42 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2-36 |
Automatic scrolling |
|
2-43 |
|
|
|
|
Figure 2-37 |
How an overview relates to a detail view |
2-45 |
|||||
Figure 2-38 |
The Overview button at the bottom of a |
|
|||||
|
MessagePad screen |
2-46 |
|
|
|
||
Figure 2-39 |
Getting an overview |
2-47 |
|
|
|
xiv
Chapter 3 |
Controls |
3-1 |
Figure 3-1 |
Tapping a button initiates an action |
3-2 |
|
||||||
Figure 3-2 |
A text button’s name states what the |
|
|
||||||
|
button does |
|
|
3-2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 3-3 |
Leave standard margins between a button’s name and |
||||||||
|
its borders |
|
|
3-3 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 3-4 |
Name buttons distinctively wherever possible |
3-5 |
|||||||
Figure 3-5 |
Where to use a button named Cancel |
3-6 |
|
||||||
Figure 3-6 |
A Stop button lets a user halt an operation |
3-6 |
|||||||
Figure 3-7 |
A picture button depicts what the button does |
3-7 |
|||||||
Figure 3-8 |
Where to use borders with small, self-bordered |
||||||||
|
picture buttons |
3-8 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
Figure 3-9 |
Tapping a button highlights it |
3-9 |
|
|
|||||
Figure 3-10 |
A button disappears when it isn’t available |
|
3-10 |
||||||
Figure 3-11 |
Where to put buttons in a view |
3-12 |
|
|
|||||
Figure 3-12 |
Group buttons by function |
3-12 |
|
|
|
||||
Figure 3-13 |
Regular spacing between buttons on a |
|
|
||||||
|
MessagePad |
|
3-13 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 3-14 |
A Close box compared to a large Close box |
3-14 |
|||||||
Figure 3-15 |
Where to use a regular Close box |
3-15 |
|
||||||
Figure 3-16 |
Where to use a large Close box |
3-16 |
|
|
|||||
Figure 3-17 |
Only one radio button in a cluster can |
|
|
||||||
|
be selected |
|
|
3-17 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 3-18 |
Each checkbox can be on or off |
3-19 |
|
|
|||||
Figure 3-19 |
One checkbox vs. two radio buttons |
3-20 |
|
||||||
Figure 3-20 |
A slider used for data input |
3-21 |
|
|
|
||||
Figure 3-21 |
Providing feedback for small, transparent |
|
|
||||||
|
hot spots |
|
3-22 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 3-22 |
How the Analog Clock button works |
3-23 |
|
||||||
Figure 3-23 |
Where an Info button goes |
3-24 |
|
|
|
||||
Figure 3-24 |
Where a Recognizer button goes |
3-24 |
|
||||||
Figure 3-25 |
The Recognizer button indicates the type of |
|
|||||||
|
recognition in effect |
3-24 |
|
|
|
|
|||
Figure 3-26 |
Where a Keyboard buttons goes |
3-25 |
|
|
|||||
Figure 3-27 |
Where a New button goes |
3-26 |
|
|
|
||||
Figure 3-28 |
Where a Show button goes |
3-26 |
|
|
|||||
Figure 3-29 |
Where a Filing button goes |
3-27 |
|
|
|
||||
Figure 3-30 |
A Filing button reports where a data item |
|
|
||||||
|
is stored |
3-28 |
|
|
|
|
|
xv
|
Figure 3-31 |
Where an Action button goes |
3-29 |
|
|
||||
|
Figure 3-32 |
Seeing an Item Info slip |
3-30 |
|
|
||||
|
Figure 3-33 |
A Rotate button lets users change the screen |
|
||||||
|
|
orientation |
3-31 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chapter 4 |
Pickers |
4-1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Figure 4-1 |
The parts of list pickers |
4-2 |
|
|
|
|||
|
Figure 4-2 |
A list picker can contain a two-dimensional table |
|||||||
|
|
of items |
|
4-5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 4-3 |
Remove unavailable items from a list picker |
4-5 |
||||||
|
Figure 4-4 |
Grouping items in list pickers |
4-7 |
|
|
||||
|
Figure 4-5 |
Pickers can pop up from buttons, labels, and |
|
||||||
|
|
hot spots |
|
4-8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 4-6 |
How a list picker should align with its label |
|
||||||
|
|
or button |
|
4-9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 4-7 |
Using a list picker from a button |
4-10 |
|
|||||
|
Figure 4-8 |
Using a list picker from a label |
4-10 |
|
|
||||
|
Figure 4-9 |
List pickers that are too long to display all at once |
|||||||
|
|
have scroll arrows |
4-12 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Figure 4-10 |
A lengthy picker can include scroll arrows and |
|
||||||
|
|
index tabs |
4-13 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 4-11 |
How a two-level hierarchy of list pickers works |
4-15 |
||||||
|
Figure 4-12 |
A number picker simplifies specifying a numerical |
|||||||
|
|
value |
4-16 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 4-13 |
Time pickers specify a time, a time range, or a |
|
||||||
|
|
time offset |
4-17 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 4-14 |
Date pickers specify one date or a date range |
4-18 |
||||||
|
Figure 4-15 |
The parts of overview pickers |
4-20 |
|
|
||||
|
Figure 4-16 |
Entering a new value in an overview picker |
4-22 |
||||||
|
Figure 4-17 |
An Info picker lists information items |
4-24 |
|
|||||
|
Figure 4-18 |
The New picker lists types of data items that users |
|||||||
|
|
can create |
4-25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 4-19 |
The Show picker lists alternate ways to see an |
|
||||||
|
|
application’s data |
4-26 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Figure 4-20 |
The Action picker lists commands for acting |
|
||||||
|
|
on data |
|
4-27 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 4-21 |
A People picker excerpts items from the Names File |
|||||||
|
|
and Owner Info applications |
4-28 |
|
|
xvi
Chapter 5 |
Icons |
5-1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 5-1 |
|
Distinctive icon shapes are easier to recognize than |
||||||
|
|
|
rectangular icons |
5-3 |
|
|
|
||
|
Figure 5-2 |
|
Avoid text in icons |
5-4 |
|
|
|
||
|
Figure 5-3 |
|
Small icon resembles large icon |
5-5 |
|
||||
|
Figure 5-4 |
|
Use icon elements consistently |
5-5 |
|
||||
|
Figure 5-5 |
|
The good, the bad, and the ugly in Extras |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Drawer icons |
5-7 |
|
|
|
||
|
Figure 5-6 |
|
Large icons crowd the Extras Drawer |
5-8 |
|||||
|
Figure 5-7 |
|
An icon’s mask either highlights or animates |
||||||
|
|
|
the icon |
5-10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 5-8 |
|
Combining an icon with its mask to animate |
||||||
|
|
|
the icon |
5-11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 5-9 |
|
An icon in a slip title should decorate |
|
|||||
|
|
|
and inform |
|
5-11 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 5-10 |
An icon can label a button |
5-12 |
|
|
||||
|
Figure 5-11 |
Icons can help communicate picker item |
|
||||||
|
|
|
functions |
|
5-13 |
|
|
|
|
Chapter 6 |
Data Input |
6-1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
Figure 6-1 |
|
Users enter and edit data in input fields |
6-2 |
|||||
|
Figure 6-2 |
|
How a picker works for data input |
6-4 |
|
||||
|
Figure 6-3 |
|
Data input using scrolling lists with or without |
||||||
|
|
|
checkboxes |
|
6-5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 6-4 |
|
With radio buttons, a user can select one value |
||||||
|
|
|
for a field |
|
6-6 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 6-5 |
|
With checkboxes, a user can select more than one |
||||||
|
|
|
value for a field |
6-7 |
|
|
|
||
|
Figure 6-6 |
|
A slider used for data input |
6-7 |
|
|
|||
|
Figure 6-7 |
|
How an unlabeled text-input line works |
6-9 |
|||||
|
Figure 6-8 |
|
How labeled text input lines work |
6-10 |
|||||
|
Figure 6-9 |
|
How expandos work |
6-11 |
|
|
|
||
|
Figure 6-10 |
Interface element for multiple-line or paragraph |
|||||||
|
|
|
text input |
|
6-12 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 6-11 |
A user can rearrange a structured list by dragging |
|||||||
|
|
|
topic markers |
6-13 |
|
|
|
||
|
Figure 6-12 |
Interface element for shape input |
6-14 |
||||||
|
Figure 6-13 |
Interface element for general input |
6-15 |
xvii
Figure 6-14 |
The Recognizer button and picker give users control |
|||||||
|
over recognition |
6-16 |
|
|
|
|
||
Figure 6-15 |
Users may need to control recognition separately |
|||||||
|
in a slip |
6-17 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 6-16 |
In an Alpha Sorter picker, users select a sort key |
|||||||
|
for ink text |
|
6-19 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 6-17 |
Selecting words and shapes |
6-23 |
|
|
||||
Figure 6-18 |
Orientations of the scrubbing gesture |
6-24 |
|
|||||
Figure 6-19 |
Scrubbing a little or a lot |
6-25 |
|
|
||||
Figure 6-20 |
Joining two words |
6-26 |
|
|
|
|||
Figure 6-21 |
Breaking a paragraph into two paragraphs |
6-26 |
||||||
Figure 6-22 |
Inserting space in text |
6-27 |
|
|
|
|||
Figure 6-23 |
A caret marks the text insertion point |
6-27 |
|
|||||
Figure 6-24 |
The Caret picker lists 14 hard-to-write characters and |
|||||||
|
three actions |
6-28 |
|
|
|
|
||
Figure 6-25 |
How a Correction picker works |
6-29 |
|
|
||||
Figure 6-26 |
How a Corrector view works |
6-30 |
|
|
||||
Figure 6-27 |
The four built-in keyboards |
6-32 |
|
|
||||
Figure 6-28 |
A Keyboard picker lists alternate on-screen |
|
||||||
|
keyboards |
|
6-33 |
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 6-29 |
A keyboard can be embedded in a data- |
|
|
|||||
|
input slip |
|
6-34 |
|
|
|
|
|
Chapter 7 |
Routing and Communications |
7-1 |
|
|||
|
Figure 7-1 |
The In/Out Box application displays either the In Box |
||||
|
|
or the Out Box |
7-3 |
|
||
|
Table 7-1 |
Meanings of status words in the In/Out Box |
|
|||
|
|
headers |
|
7-5 |
|
|
|
Figure 7-2 |
A Show button provides access to alternative |
|
|||
|
|
views |
7-6 |
|
|
|
|
Figure 7-3 |
Viewing routing information in an Item Info slip |
7-7 |
|||
|
Figure 7-4 |
An Action picker lists the transports available |
|
|||
|
|
for sending |
7-8 |
|
|
|
|
Figure 7-5 |
An Action button at the bottom of a view affects the |
||||
|
|
entire view |
7-9 |
|
|
|
|
Figure 7-6 |
An Action button above an item affects only |
|
|||
|
|
that item |
|
7-10 |
|
|
|
Figure 7-7 |
An Action picker can include two kinds |
|
|||
|
|
of actions |
|
7-11 |
|
|
xviii
Figure 7-8 |
A routing slip shows sender, recipient, and type |
|||||
|
of transport |
7-13 |
|
|
|
|
Figure 7-9 |
Changing the sender’s name or location |
7-14 |
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Figure 7-10 |
Choosing a printer in a routing slip |
7-16 |
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Figure 7-11 |
Choosing fax or e-mail recipients in a |
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routing slip |
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7-17 |
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Figure 7-12 |
Switching to another transport in a group |
7-18 |
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Figure 7-13 |
Setting format and content options in a |
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routing slip |
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7-20 |
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Figure 7-14 |
Format choices vary by transport and class |
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of data |
7-21 |
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Figure 7-15 |
A format can get supplemental information in |
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an auxiliary view |
7-22 |
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Figure 7-16 |
Previewing outgoing page images |
7-23 |
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Figure 7-17 |
The Out Box’s Send picker lets users send items to |
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output devices |
7-24 |
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Figure 7-18 |
The Receive picker lists the transports available |
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for receiving |
7-25 |
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Figure 7-19 |
Connection setup varies by transport |
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7-26 |
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Figure 7-20 |
The Tag picker disposes of currently selected |
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In Box items |
7-27 |
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Figure 7-21 |
Status slips apprise users of lengthy transport |
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activities |
7-30 |
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Figure 7-22 |
Accessing transport preferences from the In/Out Box’s |
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Info picker |
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7-32 |
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Figure 7-23 |
Some common preference items for |
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transports |
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7-33 |
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Figure 7-24 |
A Call routing slip sets up an outgoing |
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phone call |
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7-34 |
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Figure 7-25 |
Routing with the Intelligent Assistant |
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7-35 |
Chapter 8 |
Newton Services |
8-1 |
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Figure 8-1 |
A busy cursor indicates the system is temporarily |
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engaged |
8-2 |
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Figure 8-2 |
The Notify button signals an ongoing action or |
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deferred alert |
8-3 |
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Figure 8-3 |
The Notify picker lists ongoing actions and |
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deferred alerts |
8-3 |
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Figure 8-4 |
An alarm notification alert’s Snooze button can |
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postpone the alarm |
8-4 |
xix
Figure 8-5 |
A standard Find slip specifies what to find and where |
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to look |
8-7 |
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Figure 8-6 |
Specifying text or date searches in a Find slip |
8-7 |
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Figure 8-7 |
Specifying a date in a Find slip |
8-8 |
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Figure 8-8 |
Searching specified applications |
8-9 |
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Figure 8-9 |
A custom Find slip displays application-specific |
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criteria at the top |
8-10 |
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Figure 8-10 A status slip shows the progress of a Find operation 8-11
Figure 8-11 A Find overview lists items that match search criteria 8-12
Figure 8-12 The Find slip reports which found item is currently displayed 8-13
Figure 8-13 A Filing slip names available folders and storage locations 8-14
Figure 8-14 |
A Filing button at the bottom of a view affects the |
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entire view |
8-15 |
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Figure 8-15 |
A Filing button above an item affects only |
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that item |
8-16 |
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Figure 8-16 |
A Filing slip can include storage locations, folders, |
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or both |
8-17 |
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Table 8-1 |
Headings for radio button clusters in |
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Filing slips |
8-18 |
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Figure 8-17 |
Slips for entering and editing folder names |
8-19 |
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Figure 8-18 |
A folder tab allows users to filter a view |
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by folder |
8-20 |
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Figure 8-19 |
A Folder picker can list available storage |
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locations |
8-20 |
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Figure 8-20 |
A folder tab can include a digital clock and |
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calendar |
8-21 |
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Figure 8-21 |
A folder tab can include a view title |
8-21 |
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Figure 8-22 |
The Assist button makes the Assistant try a written |
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action request |
8-23 |
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Figure 8-23 |
An Assist slip appears when the Assistant needs |
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more information |
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8-25 |
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Figure 8-24 |
The Assistant’s Please picker lists known actions and |
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recent phrases |
8-26 |
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Figure 8-25 |
Online help has a topical outline and concise |
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instructions |
8-28 |
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Figure 8-26 |
The Prefs application shows system-wide |
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preference settings |
8-30 |
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Figure 8-27 A preferences slip contains application-specific settings 8-31
xx
P R E F A C E
About This Book
Newton 2.0 User Interface Guidelines describes how to create software products that optimize the interaction between people and devices that use Newton 2.0 software. The book explains the whys and hows of the Newton 2.0 interface in general terms and in specific details.
Newton 2.0 User Interface Guidelines helps you link the philosophy behind the Newton 2.0 interface to the actual implementation of the interface elements. Examples from a range of Newton software show good human interface design. These examples are augmented by descriptions and discussions of the reasoning behind the guidelines.
This book also contains examples of how not to design human interface; they are marked as such and appear with a discussion that points out what’s inappropriate and how to correct it.
This book is for people who design and develop software for Newton devices. If you are a designer, a human interface professional, or an engineer, this book contains information you need to design and create software that fits the Newton model. It also provides background information to help you plan your software product’s design.
Even if you don’t design and develop software for Newton, reading this book will help you understand the Newton interface. This understanding is useful to managers and planners who are thinking about developing Newton software, as well as to people who are studying human interface design in general.
xxi
P R E F A C E
This book assumes you are familiar with the concepts and terminology used with Newton devices, and that you have used a Newton device and its standard applications.
This book begins with a chapter that describes Newton devices such as the Apple MessagePad, what people do with them, and how they differ from personal computers. The first chapter also presents important principles you should keep in mind when designing Newton software, and explains how to involve users in designing the interface. The rest of the chapters define various parts of the Newton 2.0 interface. They describe each interface element in general language and show examples of how to use the elements correctly. For the more technical reader, the book specifies dimensions, spacing, and other specific implementation details for the Apple MessagePad. The book concludes with a list of common interface mistakes and a glossary.
This book does not explain how to create Newton software with Newton Toolkit, the Newton development environment. For that you’ll need to refer to these other books, all of which come with Newton Toolkit:
■Newton Programmer’s Guide. This set of books is the definitive guide and reference for Newton programming. This book explains how to write Newton programs and describes the system software routines that you can use to do so.
xxii
P R E F A C E
■Newton Toolkit User’s Guide. This book introduces the Newton Toolkit (NTK) development environment and shows how to develop Newton applications using Newton Toolkit. You should read this book first if you are a new Newton application developer.
■Newton Book Maker User’s Guide. This book describes how to use Newton Book Maker and Newton Toolkit to make Newton digital books and to add online help to Newton applications. You have this book only if you purchased the Newton Toolkit package that includes Book Maker.
■The NewtonScript Programming Language. This book describes the NewtonScript programming language.
Throughout this book you’ll see visual cues to certain types of information.
■Boldfaced text indicates that a new term is being defined and that a definition of the word appears in the glossary.
■ This symbol indicates an example of the correct way to use a
Newton interface element.
■ This symbol indicates an example of the wrong way to use a Newton interface element. It specifically calls out common mistakes.
APDA is Apple’s worldwide source for hundreds of development tools, technical resources, training products, and information for anyone interested in developing applications for Apple computer platforms. Customers receive the Apple Developer Catalog, which
xxiii
P R E F A C E
features all current versions of Apple development tools, as well as popular third-party development tools. APDA offers convenient payment and shipping options, including site licensing.
To order product or to request a complimentary copy of the Apple Developer Catalog, use the following information:
APDA
Apple Computer, Inc.
P.O. Box 319
Buffalo, NY 14207-0319
Telephone |
1-800-282-2732 (United States) |
|
1-800-637-0029 (Canada) |
|
716-871-6555 (International) |
Fax |
716-871-6511 |
AppleLink |
APDA |
America Online |
APDAorder |
CompuServe |
76666,2405 |
Internet |
APDA@applelink.apple.com |
If you provide commercial products and services, call 408-974-4897 for information on the developer support programs available from Apple.
xxiv
C H A P T E R 1
Figure 1-0
Table 1-0
Before you can begin to design an application, it is crucial that you have a clear picture of what a Newton device can do and how people will use your Newton software. This chapter introduces some high-level concepts that will help you clarify that picture. In addition, this chapter presents some basic principles of user interface design that apply to all types of software. The chapter concludes by detailing how to conduct user tests of your product during its development.
Newton is a software and hardware technology designed for a family of products in the category of personal digital assistants (PDAs), such as the Apple MessagePad. The goal of Newton technology is to help people and businesses become more productive by simplifying basic tasks and making it easier for people to manage bits and pieces of information while on the move. Information entered on a Newton device can be moved to a desktop machine or a mainframe computer, where it can be manipulated in powerful applications.
Understand Newton |
1-1 |
C H A P T E R 1
Newton and Its Users
Newton is not a small portable computer with another graphical user interface. There may be similarities between portable computers and Newton devices, but the differences summarized below are more important than the similarities when it comes to designing a user interface for an application.
Newton
Focused function
New architecture optimized for mobility and communications— use it anywhere, any time
Tapping, writing, and drawing with a pen
Intelligent assistant
New and custom applications
It’s a communications assistant
Simple
Portable Computers
General purpose
Derived from desktop computer architecture, which is optimized for stationary operation
Typing, pointing, and clicking with mouse and keyboard
Scripting and macros
Existing desktop applications
It’s a personal computer
Complex
To take advantage of its distinguishing features and capabilities, Newton has distinctive user interface elements.
Identifying and understanding your target audience are among the most important first steps when you start designing your product. To create a product that people can and will use, study the people who make up your target audience.
It’s useful to create scenarios that describe a typical day in the life of a person you think uses the type of product you’re designing. Think about the different work spaces, tools, and constraints and limitations that people deal with.
You can also visit actual work places and study how people do their jobs.
Analyze the steps necessary to complete each task you anticipate people wanting to accomplish. Then design your product to facilitate those tasks,
1-2 |
Know Your Audience |
C H A P T E R 1
Newton and Its Users
using a step-by-step approach by thinking of how a person might get from one place to the next in a logical fashion.
Involve users throughout the design process and observe them working in their environment. Use people who fit your audience description to test your prototypes and development products. Listen to their feedback and try to address their needs in your product. Develop your product with people and their capabilities, not computers and their capabilities, in mind. For more information, see “Involve Users in the Design Process” on page 1-13.
The features and capabilities that make Newton what it is also strongly influence what people want to do with Newton devices. These expectations indirectly affect the user interface of Newton software. An application must make it easy for people to accomplish the following tasks on demand:
■Capture information fragments—write, sketch, pick from lists, specify dates and times, and select options
■Organize information—file, sort, schedule, prioritize, copy, delete, and format
■Retrieve information—find, recall, browse, skim, read, and view
■Send and in some cases receive information by various means—print, fax, mail, and direct transfer
Your software needs to appeal to and be useful to people with a wide range of abilities and backgrounds. There are likely to be members of your target audience who are different from the so-called average user that you envision. Users will undoubtedly vary in their ages, styles, and abilities. They may also have physical or cognitive limitations, linguistic differences, or other differences you need to consider. Identify how the individuals in your target audience differ and what special needs they may have.
Know Your Audience |
1-3 |
C H A P T E R 1
Newton and Its Users
Make your application accessible to people around the world by including support for worldwide capabilities in your designs from the beginning of your development process. Take stock of the cultural and linguistic needs and expectations of your target audiences.
Effective software adheres to certain basic principles no matter whether it runs on a Newton PDA, a personal computer, or a high-powered computer workstation. These principles are based on the capabilities and processes not of the machine but of the human operator—how people usually think, act, and work.
Wherever possible, model the actions and objects in your program on something from the real world. This trick especially helps inexperienced users quickly grasp how your program works. Folders are a classic metaphor. People file things in folders in the real world, so they immediately understand the concept of filing data items in folders on a Newton. Other common metaphors include scrubbing to delete data, tapping buttons to make things happen, sending and receiving things through an in box and out box, setting dates and times on calendars and digital clocks, and homing in on information with alphabetic index tabs. Figure 1-1 illustrates some Newton metaphors.
Metaphors suggest a use for objects and actions in the Newton interface, but that use doesn’t define or limit the implementation of the metaphor. For example, a paper folder has a limited storage capacity, but a folder on a
1-4 |
Observe Basic Human Interface Principles |
C H A P T E R 1
Newton and Its Users
Figure 1-1 Metaphors help people quickly grasp how software works
Folder button and folder tab for filing notes
Calendar for specifying a date
Newton doesn’t have to be constrained by the same limitation. Newton folders can hold a limitless number of items (up to the storage capacity of the hardware), and this is an advantage that the Newton can offer. Try to strike a balance between the metaphor’s suggested use and the ability of the Newton to support and extend the metaphor.
Naturally you can’t find a metaphor for everything. Be sure to use the established metaphors, but if you can’t come up with a solid metaphor for another object or action, then do without. Don’t distort the real world into a caricature in a slavish attempt to find a metaphor.
Observe Basic Human Interface Principles |
1-5 |
C H A P T E R 1
Newton and Its Users
Your product should let users feel that they are directly controlling something tangible, not abstract. Make sure objects on the screen remain visible while a user performs actions on them, and make the result of the user’s actions immediately visible. For example, a user can reschedule a meeting in the built-in Date Book application by dragging the meeting’s icon from one time to another. Figure 1-2 illustrates direct manipulation.
Figure 1-2 Users should feel they are directly controlling something tangible
1. User drags a meeting icon to a new time |
2. Icon appears at new meeting time |
1-6 |
Observe Basic Human Interface Principles |